Terms:- 1. Conservative: usually wealthy property owners a. Nobility b. They argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe. 2. Liberal: mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. c. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments d. but only the educated and the landowners would vote 3. Radical: favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. e. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution f. Liberty, equality, and brotherhood. 4. Nationalism: the belief that people should be loyal. g. loyal mainly to their nation h. That is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history—rather than to a king or empire. 5. nation-state: an independent i. geopolitical unit of people j. Having a common culture and identity. 6. the Balkans: the region of southeastern Europe k. Now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, and Romania. l. The European part of Turkey, and the former republics of Yugoslavia. 7. Louis-Napoleon: the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte m. Won the presidential election. n. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte took the title of Emperor Napoleon III. 8. Alexander II: Nicholas’s son o. decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change p. Alexander and his advisers believed that his reforms would q. Allow Russia to compete with Western Europe for world power.

Questions:- 2. European governments used the army to suppress them by force.
European governments used the army to suppress them by force.
Disunity among the individuals as well as lack of support from the peasant class and the strength of the reactionary powers.
Disunity among the individuals as well as lack of support from the peasant class and the strength of the reactionary powers.
One significant reason for these failures was the constant intervention of Austria and Klemens von Metternich. Metternich dominated European foreign policy and opposed any kind of revolution. He took measures to suppress the events around the Neapolitan Revolution in 1821 at every opportunity.
One significant reason for these failures was the constant intervention of Austria and Klemens von Metternich. Metternich dominated European foreign policy and opposed any kind of revolution. He took measures to suppress the events around the Neapolitan Revolution in 1821 at every opportunity.
Revolts
Revolts

3. How were radicals different from liberals? a. Liberals were mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. Radicals favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. 4. Why did France’s Third Republic fail? b. One side wanted political reform, the other side wanted social and economic reform. This led to bloody battles in the Parisian streets. 5. What was the driving force behind Russia’s industrial expansion? c. Their defeat in the Crimean war and the spread of nationalism. 6. Why might liberals and radicals join together in a nationalist cause? d. Because they both want to drastically change the power given to elected parliaments.

7. Why did some liberals disapprove of the way Louis-napoleon ruled France after the uprisings of 1848? e. Napoleon tight reign on the legislature, controlling the press & making life extremely difficult for liberals & other dissidents. 8. What consequences did Alexander’s reforms have on Russia? f. They all backfired and got him into a bigger mess and eventually Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 so all political and social reforms grounded to a halt.