...Question 1. One of the important concepts in Canadian taxation is integration. Discuss the mechanisms built into the Canadian tax system for Canadian controlled private corporations to allow for integration. In your discussion, include the taxes put into the system to prevent deferral, the dividend gross-up and dividend tax credit prior to 2014 and for tax years after 2013. Discuss both investment income and business income. Question 2. Memo To: Staff Accountant From: Manager Date: June 6, 2014 Subject: Hema Ltd. Share Issues Hema Ltd., was incorporated in Ontario in 1991 to carry on a small manufacturing business. The corporation has been a client since its incorporation. Both of the two classes of the issued shares of Hema Ltd. are qualifying small business corporation shares. Penny has always owned all 10,000 of the Class A shares which have a PUC and an ACB of $100 and a FMV of $950,000. All 1,000 of the Class B shares are owned by Jacqui, a long-time key employee. Jacqui paid $10,000 for the Class B shares at the time of their issuance. The Class B shares now have a FMV of $50,000. Below is a summary of my notes from a meeting that I had with Penny in connection with several transactions involving Hema Ltd. and its shares. Penny has been talking with a business associate whose accountant has offered some advice that has attracted her attention. Penny respects her associate’s decisions and, thus, is contemplating a freeze of her shares of Hema...
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...hours may be obtained through a discrete course or offered through an integrated approach. If the course content is offered through integration, the college or university must advise the Board which course(s) contain the research and analysis content. Courses identified through integration must dedicate 1 semester hour, or quarter hour equivalent, to research and analysis. Courses used to meet this requirement may not be used to meet the requirement for accounting or business communications described below. Course(s) identified by a university to meet the requirements for research and analysis in accounting or taxation should primarily address the identification, organization, and integration of diverse sources of information such as authoritative literature and pronouncements, to reach a conclusion or make a decision; and should analyze accounting and taxation issues by reviewing information, using empirical data and analytical methods, recognizing data in patterned activities, forecasting, and integrating data. CPAs may be asked to conduct research and analysis when providing attest services, professional accounting services, or professional accounting work for clients and/or employers. The Texas State Board of Public Accountancy requires each candidate to complete a minimum of two semester hours in accounting communications or business communications from a recognized college or university. The semester hours may be obtained through a discrete course or offered...
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...[pic] Department of Accounting Term Paper On [pic] (Value Added Tax) Submitted To – Supervisor Mrs. Ummea Hazera Khatun Assistant Professor Department of Accounting Lalmatia Mahila College Submitted By – Nilima Akther BBA (Honor’s) 2nd year Roll No. - 9808944 Registration No. – 1860636 Session – 2010-2011 Department of Accounting Lalmatia Mahila College Date of Submission – 21 May 2014 Acknowledgement At first I would like to express my gratitude to the almighty Allah. It is the part of BBA program to submit a term paper. And as a student of BBA program of Lalmatia Mahila College, I have to submit a term paper report. My term paper topic is “Value Added Tax”. I have completed this term paper with the supervision of the Department of Accounting of Lalmatia Mahila College. Her cordial assistance and advice have influenced me much to complete this task. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all my teachers of the Department of Accounting of Lalmatia Mahila College, who have conveyed all the knowledge and necessary information to make enable to complete my Term paper successfully and provide me the opportunity to prove myself in the vigorously competitive modern area. I would like to deliver my special thanks to all my classmates and my entire well-wishers for their inspiration without which I would not be able to complete this term paper report. Declaration I do hereby...
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...purposes of calculating income tax. • Legal entities o Companies, which have separate legal personalities, are legal entities. Income flows • Income should be considered as a cash flow stream, where timing is important. • The question is, when the income recognised as earned or deducted (because tax delayed is tax denied)? CLASS 1.2 Patterns of taxation Income tax • Income tax is a progressive system. • Income tax is mainly a rich person’s tax once franking credits are taken into account to produce an “effective tax rate”. • Wealthy people pay less tax overall by reducing their tax burden through using the lower rate paid on capital gains and other tax minimisation schemes. • Total tax as a percentage of GDP is lower in Australia compared to many other countries across the world. However, these results must be considered in light of the high level of income (where it may not be as much of a burden to pay high taxes where there is high income) and quality of public goods provided in counties such as Sweden (which has the highest total tax rate as a percentage of GDP). Justifications for taxation Why do we need taxes? • Public goods argument: the government can provide some benefits to society better than anyone else. Examples include defence, and law and order. • Market failure (merit goods) argument: the public does not spend enough for their own benefit. o Examples include education where some people do not emphasise tertiary education and therefore...
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...Chapter 22 S Corporations SOLUTIONS MANUAL Discussion Questions: 1. [LO 1] In general terms, how are C corporations different from and similar to S corporations? S corporations are incorporated under state law and thus have the same legal protections as C corporations. They are governed by the same corporate tax rules that apply in the organization, liquidation, and reorganization of C corporations. However, unlike a C corporation, an S corporation is a flow-through entity and shares many tax similarities with partnerships. For example, basis calculations for S corporation shareholders and partners are similar, the income or loss of an S corporation flows through to its owners, and distributions are generally not taxed to the extent of the owner’s basis. 2. [LO 1] What are the limitations on the number and type of shareholders an S corporation may have? How are these limitations different from restrictions on the number and type of shareholders C corporations or partnerships may have? Only U.S. citizens or residents, certain trusts, and certain tax-exempt organizations may be shareholders, no corporations or partnerships. In addition, S corporations may have no more than 100 shareholders; family members and their estates count as one. C corporations and partnerships do not have a limit on the amount or type of shareholders or partners. 3. [LO 1] Why can’t large, publicly traded corporations be treated as S corporations? A publicly traded corporation...
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...Chapter 10 Property: Dispositions SOLUTIONS MANUAL Discussion Questions: 1. [LO 1] Compare and contrast different ways in which a taxpayer triggers a realization event by disposing of an asset. A realization event for tax purposes is created in many ways. Virtually any disposal will result in a sale or other disposition. These include a sale, trade, gift to charity, disposal to the landfill, or destruction in a natural disaster. In a sale or trade (exchange), the taxpayer receives something of value in return for the asset. In contrast, a charitable contribution, disposal, or destruction from a natural disaster generally results in a loss of any remaining basis in the asset without compensation (unless reimbursed by insurance). 2. [LO 1] Potomac Corporation wants to sell a warehouse that it has used in its business for 10 years. Potomac is asking $450,000 for the property. The warehouse is subject to a mortgage of $125,000. If Potomac accepts Wyden Inc.’s offer to give Potomac $325,000 in cash and assume full responsibility for the mortgage on the property, what amount does Potomac realize on the sale? When the property disposed of is subject to a liability and the buyer assumes the liability, the relief of debt increases the amount realized. Thus, Potomac’s amount realized consists of $450,000, which is cash of $325,000 plus $125,000 relief of debt. This assumes that the buyer hypothetically transfers cash to the seller in order to pay...
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...TAX COMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS AND INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE AMONG SMEs IN UGANDA BY ANNET NAKIWALA 2007/HD10/11264U A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT S FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY September, 2010 TAXCOMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS & INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE DECLARATION I, Annet Nakiwala, declare that this dissertation is my own work and that it has never been presented for a degree award at any other university. Signature: ………………………………………… Date: ……………………………………………… ii TAXCOMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS & INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE APPROVAL This is to certify that this dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of a Masters of Science degree in Accounting and Finance of Makerere University with my approval as University Supervisor. Joseph Ntayi (PhD) Supervisor Signature: ………………… Date: ……………………… Arthur Sserwanga Supervisor Signature: ………………… Date: …………………….. iii TAXCOMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS & INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE DEDICATION I dedicate this entire effort to my late Mother Gorreth Nabagereka. We miss you dearly. iv TAXCOMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS & INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completion of this research has been a result of both direct and indirect support of many people to whom I owe acknowledgement. I owe profound gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Joseph Ntayi and...
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...The wealth of the nation is dependent on the wealth created by citizens, that wealth is created by people seeking opportunities to satisfy demands for new products and services, whether being of their own citizens or for exports the pursuit for those opportunities in a cost efficient way leads to profit for the individual and growth for the company. In this essay I will be describing the relationship between Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economical development. Well, in my view the relationship between these terms can only be explained thru a virtue circle. All of these 3 terms rely on each other if for example you reduce tax rate the government will get more tax going in because more companies would want to move to that country with a low tax rate => increase in infrastructure which will stimulate even more companies to move over, which will stimulate the economical development to increase this all was proven by Ronald Reagan. How do you stimulate innovation? Well, there are many ways to stimulate innovation: 1. Education: thru education you can stimulate young minds to innovate create new creative ideas. 2. Subsidies/funds: For example Israel grants a huge sum of money to whoever wants to start their own business, when the company is doing well the Israeli government sells their...
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...Week 4: Homework Problems Questions: 14-4 The purpose of the nonrecognition of gains/losses upon transfers of property is to encourage corporate formation. Gains and losses are not recognized upon transfer of property to corporations because essentially the transferee has retained their investment in the property through a different form - stock. When the property is transferred for the stock, the transferee does not recognize a gain or loss and therefore there is no tax burden on the transfer. 14-20 Corporations have the flexibility of choosing their tax year. They can choose to run on the calendar year or a different fiscal year. In addition, their fiscal year does not have to match up to the same accounting periods as the owners of the corporation. In the beginning of a corporation’s life, there is usually a net loss and having a different accounting tax year than that of the owners can lead for a tax benefit for the owners when applying this net loss. In a proprietorship and partnerships generally have to use the same tax year as the owners and S-corporations are generally required to use the calendar year as their tax year. Corporations definitely have the advantage here. 14-22 Corporate capital gains and losses computation is very similar to capital gain/loss for individuals. Capital gains and losses can be short-term and long-term, just like individuals’ capital gains and losses. When a capital gain occurs for corporations, they are required to be included in gross...
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...Fiscal and Monetary Policy The textbook states clearly that the aggregate supply curve (and the economy in general) is heavily influenced by unemployment: “The Keynesian range of the curve is horizontal because neither the price level nor production costs will increase or decrease when there is substantial unemployment in the economy.” (Tucker) This shows that high unemployment should be prevented as much as possible, and quickly alleviated if it begins to rise. “Our Fiscal Policy Paradox”, written by Alan S. Blinder, explores the current fiscal and monetary policy options, and describes which options should be implemented in order to pull the economy out of the recession. The fiscal options that are given are: 1. New jobs tax credit 2. Government hiring 3. Cut sales taxes The tax credit for new jobs would simply be an incentive for employers to hire more people in order to decrease unemployment, which will increase spending in general, a key factor in pulling the nation out of its economic trough. This strategy has been pursued, but not effectively. The author explains: The government could offer tax breaks to firms that increase their employment above some base level. In fact, Congress did just that with the HIRE (Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment) Act in March. But it was legislated on a pitifully small scale and will expire at year's end. We need a larger version that stays around for a while. (WSJ.com) Providing such a credit would theoretically...
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...I. Introduction The purpose of this report is to explain what I did and learned during my internship period with T and T Holdings Limited. This report is also a requirement for the partial fulfillment of University of Eastern Africa Baraton degree program. The report primarily focuses on the assignments handled, working environment, successes and short comings that the intern did encounter when handling various tasks assigned by supervisor. It is also imperative that recommendations and suggestions be given reflecting on the intern’s shortcomings, successes, observation and comments. II. Description of T and T Financial Sercices T and T holdings limited is a financial institution that started up around 14 April, 2008. It is generally involved in microfinance activities and currently provides three main services or products which are; small business lending, order finance, and salary based lending. 1. Vision To be recognized as being among the best financial service providers providing customers with advice, information and services to meet their financial needs. 2. Mission To make a positive difference in people’s lives through innovative financial products that are trusted and valued 3. Values The values of ministry of finance are; Transparency and Accountability, Professionalism, Impartiality, Teamwork and Responsiveness and Personal integrity. III. Duties and Responsibilities I began my internship program on 15th February, 2011 with T and T. The internship...
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...Environmental sustainability is gaining much focus in the recent years as people are beginning to strive for a balance between economic growth and sustainability. In fact, many developed countries such as UK, Japan have implemented strict environmental policies to enhance the quality on the environment and to preserve the sustainability of its resources. It is viewed that Malaysia’s effort has been marginal in achieving effective management of resources, pollution control and prevention of environmental degradation. Tax Incentives ENERGY Energy sector is one of the target sectors of Green Technology under the National Green Technology Policy. Various attractive incentives are given to businesses to encourage the generation of renewable energy (RE) such as biomass, biogas, hydropower and solar power, and the efficient use of energy (EE). Conservation of energy is a promoted activity under the Promotion of Investments Act of 1986, companies providing EE services or companies that incur capital expenditure for conserving energy for own consumption can be considered for the Pioneer Status or the Investment Tax Allowance. Besides, for companies who intend to implement Power Quality Improvement Projects can apply for Accelerated Capital Allowance (ACA). On top of these, income received from the sale of certified emission reduction would be exempt from income tax. Incentives Available to Companies Adopting RE/EE Initiatives: a) Pioneer Status: Exempt from income tax on 100%...
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...MEMORANDUM To: File From: Date: October 24, 2012 Re: Craig - Structuring a cash transfer in the case of bankruptcy Facts Craig receives a $50,000 salary for running the day to day operations of Canterbury Corporation. He owns 100% of Canterbury’s stock, which is valued at $200,000. Canterbury currently needs $90,000 to meet short-term cash-flow needs, of which Craig is personally sending over to the business. We assume that when Canterbury goes bankrupt, there is no chance of further repayment of debt. Issues 1. How is debt treated at bankruptcy? 2. What are the tax consequences of contributing capital to a corporation when the company goes bankrupt? 3. If a loan is structured with the intent to protect investment, what are the tax consequences when the company goes bankrupt? 4. If a loan is structured to protect employment, what are the tax consequences at the time of bankruptcy? 5. Which of the above scenarios is the best way to structure a transfer for tax purposes? Conclusions 1. Debt will become wholly worthless upon bankruptcy. 2. The $90,000 capital contribution may be deducted as a capital loss to the extent of gains from such sales or exchanges, plus the lesser of $3,000 and the excess of such losses over such gains. 3. A nonbusiness bad debt may be deducted as a short term capital loss $90,000 in the year the loan becomes worthless to the extent of short term capital gains, plus the lesser of $3,000 and the excess of such losses over...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Since the 1960s to date, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) have been given due recognitions especially in the developed nations for playing very important roles towards fostering accelerated economic growth, development and stability within several economies (Yitzhaki, 2006). They make-up the largest proportion of businesses all over the world and play tremendous roles in employment generation, provision of goods and services, creating a better standard of living, as well as immensely contributing to the gross domestic products (GDPs) of many countries (OECD, 2000).Over the last few decades, the contributions of the SMEs sector, the development of the largest economies in the world have beamed the searchlight on the uniqueness of the SMEs; and this have succeeded in overruling previously held views that SMEs were only ―miniature versions‖ of larger companies (Al-Shaikh 1998; Gaskill et al. 1993). And although Small and Medium Enterprises have been at the center of the policy debate for quite some time in both developed and developing countries, little analytical work has been undertaken in this area.The dearth information that exists among researchers on Small and Medium Enterprises however provides a sense of how important this sector is for sustainable development in emerging economies (Medina, 2001). For instance, recent studies conducted by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concur that SMEs...
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...On September 8th 2011, President Obama gave a speech on what he calls the American Jobs Acts. It’s basically and act that consists of a combination of tax cuts and creation of jobs as well as helping the unemployed and Unemployment insurance. Taxes: * Helping small businesses by cutting taxes in half first five million dollars in wages and temporarily cutting payroll taxes all together on new employees. * Allowing all businesses to make immediate deductions on expenses for new plant and equipment * Working with the SEC to reduces burdens on small businesses and help them gin capital. * Tax credit for companies hiring veterans * Tax credit for businesses hiring long-term unemployed * Cutting payroll taxes in half Creating more jobs: * Preventing layoffs of union workers (teachers, cops, etc) * Renovating schools to both create jobs and improve learning. * Create more jobs by fixing and improving our roads, rails, and airports. And something called project rebuild which will create more construction jobs. * Expanding access to high speed wireless which will free up the nations spectrum (whatever that means). Unemployment: * Reform that includes extending unemployment benefits. * A work sharing plan that will allow employees to keep their jobs at less hours rather than being laid off * Wage insurance to help reemploy older workers and help people start their own businesses. * A discrimination act which prohibits...
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