...Introduction As a new pedagogics in teaching the language of science to second speakers, the content-based instruction has gained great success all over the world. It aims at combining organically the systematic knowledge of a subject with the training of the second language skills. It is considered as an effective pedagogics as it helps improve students’ language skills and study in relevant subjects. The traditional pedagogics in foreign language teaching only lay stress on the training of language skills, lack of the integration with language content such as professional knowledge (Kasper, 2000). With a view to this, this essay gives a detailed elaboration to the teaching concepts, theories, teaching principles, and teaching mode of the content-based pedagogics in teaching the language of science to second speakers. The essay will firstly introduce the teaching concepts of content-based instruction (hereinafter referred as CBI). Then it will give a view of the theory basis of CBI. Following it will explain the teaching principles and the teaching mode of CBI. Altogether the essay will argue from different levels for the significance of the content-based instruction. The content-based instruction conduct the teaching the language of science to second speakers according to the communicative approach teaching principles. Studying second language in real situations not only accords with the language acquisition laws, but also help cultivate students’ competence of language usage....
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...Bachelor in Secondary Education Major in English By: Albino, Rey Jee Dagunan, Maeflo Fariolen, Amilou Ace Saga, Alyanna Mae S.Y. 2014-2015 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Rationale It is unquestionably that language plays a very important part in people’s learning process and of course, it can depict the line between excellence and mediocrity. Indeed, mastery of the field is needed and must be developed. Language, as a general thought has numerous definitions due to the fact that people would likely see things from various viewpoints. However, majority of the characterizations of language appears to be analogous with one another. Among the definitions, language is primarily a mental faculty that allows humans to undertake linguistic behavior: to learn languages and to produce and understand utterances (Haser and Fitch 2003). Furthermore, language is seen as a formal system of signs governed by grammatical rules of combination to communicate meaning (Trask, 2007). This definition stresses that human languages can be described as closed structural systems consisting of rules that relate particular signs to particular meanings. Subsequently, one can never really learn how to apply something if he/she was not able to understand deeply the different concepts and perplexity of language. Moreover, language areas include; English 1 which primarily focuses on the basic Grammar and Vocabulary, English 2 is about Writing in the Discipline and English 3 is on Speech and Oral Communication...
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...(Volume 4, # 1, February, 1997). Literacy Volunteers of America - New York State Communicative Competence and Second language Teaching: Lessons Learned from the Bangalore Project A review of N.S. Prabhu (1987) Second Language Pedagogy by N.S. Prabhu. 1987. New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press N. S Prabhu's objectives in Second Language Pedagogy are twofold: to present the “communicative comptence” theory of second language acquisition, and to describe the Bangalore Project which consisted of a small number of elementary and secondary English classes in India. This five-year project, which illustrates the importance of grounding practice in theory, is relevant for adult ESL programs like Literacy Volunteers of America (LVA) because of its transition from direct instruction to communicative competence through “meaning making” in real contexts. Prabhu’s book is full with provocative insight about second language acquisition (SLA) that practitioners and theorists would do well to explore whether or not they agree with all of Prabhu’s assumptions. One purpose of the Bangalore Project was to develop a methodology in a “sustained teaching” environment consistent with theory in part as a way of refining the theory, but also to shape practice according to a specific theoretical framework. This kind of interaction between theory and practice is a special concern among teacher researchers in the United States (Cochran- Smith and Lytle, 1993). If the theory comes out of...
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...INSIDE THE P.E.T. EXAM (Preliminary English Test) A complete kit designed to prepare students for the P.E.T. language certificate Level B1/Threshold Online ©DIDAEL English TARGET USERS INSIDE THE PET EXAM is a series of online teaching resources designed by DIDAEL for all those who wish to obtain the second of the five European language certificates. It enables them to assess their level of English and receive specific and focused preparation. INSIDE THE PET EXAM can be used by individuals or groups within organisations. OBJECTIVES The aim of INSIDE THE PET EXAM is to offer students the possibility to prepare for the P.E.T. (Preliminary English Test) certificate exam, which is awarded by the University of Cambridge Local Examination Syndicate (UCLES) and is internationally recognised. It certifies that the student has reached the second of the five levels of knowledge designed by UCLES itself. The preparation offered by DIDAEL aims to test the candidate's actual language competence and provides a training ground on which to practice for the exam using the PET format and requirements . It also provides the means to fill the gaps in one's knowledge and to strengthen any weaknesses. CONTENT AND STRUCTURE INSIDE THE PET EXAM is made up of resources developed exclusively by DIDAEL using a preparation strategy which enables the student to sit the exam after having received the necessary information and preparation. The following resources are offered by DIDAEL for this purpose:...
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...acquisition INTRODUCTION For ages, researchers have been developing their own methods, techniques and approaches in the field of learning English as a Second Language. Due to the fact that in the last decades communicative competence has emerged as a main goal; several theories have appeared. They have communication as an aim and are mainly learner centered. AIM The aim of this essay is to look at the concepts of communicative language teaching and task based language teaching. How are these concepts discussed by pedagogical researchers? Furthermore, the dissertation will analyze how communicative approaches are used in the example given where a chart is presented for the students to complete it, and later to serve as a basis for lively questions and discussions according to their level. The first questions ask us to justify the method used in this activity, whereas the second one gives us the opportunity to compare and find similarities or evidence of any other method. Finally, a view on how this activity promotes learners` second language acquisition will be presented. The task states “The use of charts was introduced in Chapter Four as means of providing comprehensive imput …( ) The construction of tables of information about the students can serve as a basis for interesting discussions …” . Then, the teacher creates a chart on the board so as to be completed with the weekly routines of some of the students in the class. BACKGROUND Ever since...
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...Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Outline of Task-Based Learning 1.2 Why the Task-Based Syllabus was Chosen 2. Theories of Language and Learning 2.1 Theories of Language 2.2 Theories of Language Learning 3. Strengths and Weaknesses of a Task-Based Syllabus 3.1 Strengths of a Task-Based Syllabus 3.1.1 SLA Theory Base 3.1.2 Focus on Form and Noticing 3.1.3 A Learner-Centred Approach 3.1.4 Real-World Language Use 3.1.5 Tasks Build Fluency and Create Motivation 3.1.6 Flexibility of the Task-Based Syllabus 3.2 Weaknesses of a Task-Based Syllabus 3.2.1 SLA Theory Base 3.2.2 Focus on Form and a Concern with Syntax 3.2.3 Fluency at the Expense of New Language 3.2.4 Difficulties for Teachers 3.2.5 Difficulties for Learners 3.2.6 Sequencing, Difficulty and Assessment 4. Practical Applications of a Task-Based Syllabus 4.1 Contexts for Use 4.2 Arguments for Choosing a Task-Based Syllabus 5. Conclusion 2 1. Introduction. This paper will examine the task-based syllabus, assessing its positive and negative factors, and investigating contexts for which it is best suited. The paper begins by briefly defining the task-based syllabus and outlining why this syllabus was chosen....
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...INTERLANGUAGE Introduction In this part, it is discussed that there are differences between teaching and learning. For example, in teaching perspective, anyone may write very well a methodology paper which related desired output to known inputs in a principled way. But in learning perspective, anyone may write very well a paper describing the process of attempted learning of second language. The interlanguage part is written from the learning perspective, regardless of one’s failure or success in the attempted learning of a second language. The concept of interlanguage was suggested by Selinker in order to draw attention to the possibility that the learner’s language can be regarded as a distinct language variety or system with its own particular characteristics and rules. There is a key term which is named ‘meaningful performance’. It is used to refer to the situation where an adult attempts to express meanings, which he or she may already have, in a language which he or she is in the process of learning. The writer thinks that one of our greatest difficulties in establishing a psychology of second language learning which is relevant to the way people actually learn second languages, has been our inability to identify unambiguously the phenomena we wish to study. I agree with the writer, because we have difficulty in learning second language and a correct understanding of this phenomenon leads to the postulation of certain theoretical constructs...
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...more student-centred or more teacher-centred. Justify your answers. Group work .This type of work is student-centred in regard to the active participation of the students in the task given. Closed-ended teacher questioning. This is a teacher-centred interaction. The students direct their communication to the teacher waiting for approval. There seems to be a kind of feedback; however, it shouldn't be focused on individuals as it should be done as a whole class. Individual work. This is a student-centred pattern. Students work independently and at their own speed. It is an excellent opportunity for them to explore and perceive their own learning style. However, the only drawback is the lack of social-educational components and the risk of idling. Choral responses. This is teacher-centred interaction. The teacher is in control of the whole interaction in the class by building the drills, during which students don't have the chance to deal with the new language information in their own minds. Collaboration. This is a student-centred activity. There is an observable interaction in sharing experiences and joining intellectual effort, working together to search for understanding and solutions in their tasks. Student initiates, teacher answers. Both students and teacher are fairly equally active with the students thinking and asking the questions and the teacher responding them. The activity is completed with the participation of both the teacher and the students. Full-class...
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...CHALLENGES STUDENTS FACE IN LEARNING ESSAY WRITING SKILLS IN ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MANGA DISTRICT, NYAMIRA COUNTY, KENYA BY NYANG’AU BENARD NYASIMI E55/CE/14078/2009 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION KENYATTA UNIVERSITY JULY 2013 * DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for degree in any other university. Signature: ______________________________ Date: ________________________ BY NYANG’AU BENARD NYASIMI E55/CE/14078/2009 We confirm that this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision as university supervisors. Signature------------------------------------------------------ Date-------------------------- Dr .Sophia. Ndethiu. Department of Educational Communication and Technology. Kenyatta University. Signature------------------------------------------------------ Date------------------------- Dr. John. Kimemia. Department of Educational Communication and Technology. Kenyatta University. * DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my loving wife Zipporah Nyasimi and our sons Philemon Siko and Enock Ongeri . * ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge the support of those individuals who made it possible for a successful completion of this work. Special thanks go to my supervisors Dr. Sophia Ndethiu and Dr. John. Kimemia for the support, guidance...
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...ELO 6. Discuss curriculum documents related to Language Education Introduction In this unit you are going to study curriculum documents related to Language Education. Upon completion of this unit you should be able to: paraphrase the language policy for schools with specific reference to medium of instruction, languages as subjects, phase implementation per phase as well as for students with disabilities; discuss academic opinions on the successes and challenges in educational language policy application in Namibia; compare current and alternative policy options critically. 6.1 Paraphrase the language policy for schools with specific reference to the medium of instruction, languages as subjects, phase implementation per phase as well as for students with disabilities. 6.1.1 The History of the National Language Policy Read the information out of Toward Education for all: Gamsberg Macmillan MEC, (1993): I. CRITERIA FOR LANGUAGE POLICY FORMULATION Language policy formulation in a multilingual society is a difficult task. What is required is a fair balance between the abilities of individuals to choose their medium of communication and the public interest in a common language to facilitate citizen participation and decision making in a democratic society. The Ministry has been guided by the following understandings to develop a language policy for schools in Namibia: • All national languages are equal regardless of the number of speakers or the level of development of...
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...Documents under Lecture Notes Last modified: Wednesday, December 31, 1969, 07:00 PM · Homework Assignments--Chapters 1 and 2, due May 28th (online)[->1] Portfolio Assignment: After reading and studying Chapters 1 & 2 in Beginnings and Beyond, complete the following assignments for each Chapter. As a suggestion, as you complete your work, add the page number where you located your information. The page will be easy to find again if you need to prove the veracity (or accuracy) of your work. · Chapter 1 1. Define and be able to explain Key Terms. (pg. 36) 2. Complete Review Questions #1&4 (pg. 36) 3. Define pedagogic creed and then complete Learning Activity #2. (pg. 37) · Chapter 2 1. Define and be able to explain Key Terms. (pg. 71) 2. Complete Review Questions # 1 thru 4. (pg. 71) Chapter 1: KEY TERMS 1) Professionalism – the competence or skill expected of a professional; in early childhood education, this includes a sense of identity, purpose to engage in developmentally appropriate practices, a commitment to ethical teaching and to child advocacy, and participation in the work as a legitimate livelihood. 2) Early childhood education – Education in the early years of life; the field of study that deals mainly with the learning and experiences of children from infancy through the primary years (up to approximately eight years of age.) 3) Building block years – The phrase refers to the foundation years of early...
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...15th out of 16 countries in advanced mathematics and placing 16th—dead last—in physics. France and Norway, respectively, finished first in those disciplines. Asian nations scored highest in earlier TIMSS studies of fourth and eighth graders, but chose not to participate in the high school study. United States Secretary of Education Richard Riley called the results “entirely unacceptable” and said they “confirm our need to raise our standards of achievement, testing, and teaching.” Students must be encouraged to “understand the importance of math and science,” Riley said. Only 25 percent of U.S. high school students take physics and only 10 percent take calculus, Riley said. Meanwhile 28 percent of high school mathematics teachers and 55 percent of physics teachers did not specialize in those subjects during college. In the earlier TIMSS studies, U.S. students scored above the international average among fourth graders, but by the eighth grade fell behind their international peers. Riley blamed the drop-off on “low expectations and low standards” in math and science for...
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...How to teach Grammar What is Grammar? Why should we teach Grammar? APPROACHES The deductive approach – rule-driven learning The inductive approach – the rule-discovery path The functional- notional approach Teaching grammar in situational contexts Teaching grammar through texts Teaching grammar through stories Teaching grammar through songs and rhymes Some rules for teaching grammar 2 3 6 10 15 21 25 27 28 31 1 What is Grammar? • • Language user’s subconscious internal system Linguists’ attempt to codify or describe that system • Sounds of language • Structure and form of words • Arrangement of words into larger units • Meanings of language • Functions of language & its use in context • • • • • Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics • • “Grammar is the business of taking a language to pieces, to see how it works.” (David Crystal) Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no language has rules. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time. Grammar is the mental system of rules and categories that allows humans to form and...
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...Ministry of Education and Science Stockholm, Sweden The Development of Education National Report of Sweden by The Ministry of Education and Science and The National Agency for Education Spring 2001 2 NATIONAL REPORT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION – SWEDEN ........................................................................................................3 1 The Swedish education system at the end of the 20th century ..................... 3 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Major reforms and innovations introduced in the education system during the past decade...................................................................................................... 6 Major achievements attained over the past decade ............................................ 16 The lessons learned in the process of changing and reforming education systems............................................................................................................... 21 The main problems and challenges facing national education as we enter the 21st century .................................................................................................. 22 Curriculum development, principles and assumptions ...................................... 24 Changing and adapting educational content ...................................................... 26 2. Educational content and learning strategies for the 21st century ......... 24 2.1 2.2 References..................................................
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...Quality, and Implications for Reform Mohammad Niaz Asadullah Department of Economics, University of Reading & Department of Education, University of Oxford Nazmul Chaudhury The World Bank Syed Rashed Al-Zayed Josh The World Bank Draft: March 15, 2009 Human Development Sector South Asia Region Acknowledgements This study was made possible by generous funding from the EPDF Trust Fund. We also express our appreciation for additional funding and institutional support from the Education Unit of South Asia Human Development, World Bank as well as the Bangladesh Country Management Unit. The authors would like to highlight the services provided by the survey firm, DATA, who conducted this complex survey with utmost professional competence. Furthermore we are grateful to DATA for providing valuable statistical input in preparing this report. The authors are grateful from valuable comments and feedback received from the Ministry of Education and Economic Relations Division, Government of Bangladesh. The authors would also like to thank Rafiqul Huda Chaudhury, Markus Goldstein, Michelle Riboud, and Halsey Rogers for their valuable comments. This report does not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank or the Governments they represent. ii Executive Summary 1. A unique feature of the Bangladeshi secondary education sector is the large presence of Islamic institutions of religious learning, commonly known as madrasas. However, unlike other countries in the region...
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