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Komplettering av kapitel 10 och 11

Rövik lyfter fram fem av samtidens trender men även ide´ vågor eller strömningar som Rövik själv kallar nämner det som. Jag kommer att koppla de teorier som Rövik lyfter fram i kapitlet som jag anser är viktigast.
Trenderna som Rövik lyfter fram innebär recept på utformandet av organisationers olika aktiviteter. Dessa aktiviteter berör t.ex. ledning, strategi och hur organisationen hanterar sin omgivning. Avbyråkratisering, styrningstänkande, processorienterad organisering, radikalekonomism och omdömeshantering lyfts fram som de absolut viktigaste nyckelorden för huvudtrenderna.
Moderna organisationer har enligt Rövik förmågan och kapaciteten att ta in och hantera olika organisationsidéer. Den moderna organisationen menar Rövik har en idealtyp som innebär att organisationen är en multistandardorganisation. Multistandardorganisation omfattar alla fem trender.
Flexibilisering och kontraktion, mindre ledning och mer styrning, från mjuk till hård HR, radikal ekonomism och omdömeshantering är komponenter som den moderna organisationen omfattar. Den moderna organisationen kan inneha en eller flera av de ovannämnda komponenterna. Med flexibilisering menas att organisationen genomgår fler omorganiseringar än tidigare, en orsak till det kan vara att marknaden idag är mer volatil än vad den var för tjugo år sedan. Projekt och team är utmärkande trender för flexibilitet. Vad bidrar då team eller projektbaserade arbeten med? Team kan fatta snabbare beslut vilket är viktigt i den marknad som organisationer befinner sig i idag, projekt leder till mer integration genom att samförande mellan olika avdelningar görs när en organisation ska tillexempel ta fram en ny produkt.
Moderna organisationer går allt mer ifrån ledning till styrning. Det innebär en rad förändringar inom organisationer. Mindre fokus på ledarskap, ökad kontroll för verksamhets toppen och rehierarkisering för att nämna några förändringar i den nya trenden där organisationer går mot styrning. Eftersom styrning önskas så innebär det att satsning på ledarskapsutveckling minskat. Toppen av verksamheten har fått allt mer kontroll genom rehierarkisering. Ett resultat av styrnings inriktningen har inneburit att organisationer har flyttat upp HR till en strategisk nivå. Från att ha arbetat med löner, hälsa och andra administrativa uppgifter har HR kommit att fungera som ett styrinstrument för organisationen. HR ägnar sig idag allt mer åt att utforma belöningssystem och nya typer av styrinstrument som ledningen kan implementera inom organisationen.
Moderna organisationer började bli mer och mer upptagen av sitt omdöme eller anseende enligt Rövik efter millenniet. Moderna organisationer vill genom planerade aktioner presentera organisationen på ett så bra sätt som möjligt för sina intressenter. Intressenterna kan vara investerare, kommuner, länder och såklart befintliga eller möjliga kunder. Organisationer kan genom olika event påverka sitt anseende. Storytelling innebär att organisationer försöker genom positiva berättelser skapa bättre omdöme och anseende. Ett exempel från verkligheten gällande storytelling är reklamer för whisky. Företagen försöker koppla sin whisky till en berättelse som har en positiv och slagkraftig bakgrund.
Radikal ekonomism innebär att företag måste t.ex. prestera maximalt och generera avkastning för att locka till sig kapital. Företag behöver driva aggressiva strategier för att tillväxten skall vara snabb och kraftig och på så sätt bli attraktiv för investerare. Precis som inom omdömeshantering gäller det att locka till sig och presentera sig på bästa möjliga sätt för intressenter som i detta fall berör bland annat investerare. Radikal ekonomism har givetvis en klar baksida, det kortsiktiga tänkandet och girigheten leder till bland annat marknadsbubblor och ohållbar tillväxt enligt mig.
En trend som också har inspirerat organisationer är processbaserad organisering. Organisationer går ifrån silo baserade till processbaserade. Man vill skapa horisontella värdekedjor som framställer varor och tjänster på högsta kvalitet och med största möjliga vinstmarginal. Ett exempel på denna trend berörs i just in time eller inom lean production. Toyota är ett företag som är känt för just in time metoden.

Breakthrough Ideas
I den senare delen av kapitlet redogörs fyra punkter lite tydligare gällande breakthrough ideas under perioden 2001-2007. Jag har valt att fokusera på den första punkten eftersom jag tycker att den är väldigt aktuell och kan kopplas till vad som tidigare togs upp nämligen radikal ekonomism. * Långvarighet, långsiktighet, långsamhet
Den första punkten handlar om långvarigheten i ledarskapsutövningen. Idealet är att stanna inom organisationen under en lång tid. Dessa chefer har en större kunskap om driften, verksamheten och andra aspekter eftersom de har varit inom organisationen under en lång tid. Långsiktighet innebär att mål ska och bör sätta långsiktigt och inte som dagens marknad ser ut nämligen kortsiktigt. Tillväxten och lönsamheten ska nås genom långsiktiga mål och att kortsiktigt tänkande och utövande kan få allvarliga konsekvenser. Förändringar ska och bör ske stegvis och långsamt, det tydliggörs av denna teori. Förändringar kan skapa motstånd och anställda kan sätta emot sig förändringen om den ske drastiskt och radikalt. Genom att ge tid och ha tålamod för förändringar har de större chans att lyckas. Radikal ekonomism är enigt mig precis tvärtemot långvarighet, långsiktighet och långsamhet. Jag får mig en rejäl tankeställare när jag inser att den radikala ekonomismen dominerar idag och vilka konsekvenser den kan föra med sig.

Kapitel 11
Kapitel elva handlar om vad som utmärker det translationsteoretiska perspektivet. Vad innebär translation av organisations idéer och varför är det viktigt i dagens organisationssamhälle? Jag ska ta upp saker ur kapitlet som jag anser är viktigt och försöka koppla det till verkligheten.
Vad krävs för att lyckas med att överföra idéer från och till organisationer? Denna fråga intresserar sannerligen många, inte minst konsulter, chefer och forskare. Det är av hög relevans att idéer kan på ett korrekt och smidigt sätt överföras. För att detta ska kunna ske lyfter Rövik ett par punkter som är viktiga i samband med överföringar av idéer. * Förmågan att identifiera relevant kunskap och relevanta idéer * Kunna omforma och anpassa dem till den egna organisationen
Den första punkten handlar om innebörden att kunna hämta in kunskap och idéer som kan bidra till tillväxt, innovation och framgång. Utbudet av idéer är idag brett enligt Rövik. Komplexiteten för organisationer borde enligt mig öka i samband med det bredda utbudet. En anledning kan vara att det är svårare för organisationer att veta vilka idéer som är bäst för just deras specifika organisation pga. det bredda utbudet. Om ett företag som Volvo bestämmer sig för att ta in idén om att företaget ska gå ifrån att tillverka mellanklass bilar till att tillverka premium bilar. Man måste fråga sig själv vilka idéer som är bäst lämpade för att företaget skall kunna nå sitt mål. Tar man in fel sorts idéer in i organisationen finns risken till bakslag. Bakslagen kan vara t.ex. otydlighet inom produktutbudet. Idéerna som man tar in kan förstöra företagets image. Det behöver inte vara så att alla idéer som en organisation tar in är redan klara för implementering. När organisationer tar in idéer så kan de behöva anpassas till de nya kontexterna. Kunskapen och förmågan att kunna omforma och anpassa idéerna reflekteras i punkt två. Ska Volvo börja tillverka premium bilar är det kanske relevant att titta på vad Audi, BMW och Mercedes gör. Volvo kan inte och bör inte kopiera av alla idéer och implementera in det i det egna företaget i hopp om att nå premium kunderna. Idéerna bör omformas så att de passar Volvo, annars löper företaget risken att misslyckas och att tappa redan befintliga kunder.
Translatorkompetens blir allt viktigare ur en strategisk synpunkt enligt Rövik. Vi lever i en allt mer volatil marknad, många och snabba förändringar sker hela tiden. Jag anser att vi lever in alltmer trendmarknad. Vad som är trendigt ena året är ute andra året. Skalla företagen överleva måste de kunna anpassa sig till denna extrema marknad. Om översättningen av idéer inte skulle fungera smidigt skulle organisationer utsättas för störningar hela tiden. Konsekvenserna av dålig translatorkompetens kan vara sämre konkurrenskraftighet eftersom organisationen inte hänger med den snabba marknaden. För att sätta det i perspektiv kan man reflektera över varför Nokia och Sony-Ericsson har tappat marknadsandelar till Apple, HTC och Samsung. Anledningen är att Nokia och Sony-Ericsson inte har förstått vad marknaden vill ha. Dessa företag har inte lyckats översätta behovet från marknaden enligt mig.
Det modernistiska synsättet menar på att formella organisationer har stora likheter och därmed ska kunskaper och idéer kunna överföras utan några direkta hinder. Eftersom organisationer är likartade menar man inom det modernistiska synsättet att benchmarking är ett bra sätt att hitta bästa praktikern. När man har hitta bästa praktikern kan man överföra idéerna och kunskaperna till andra organisationer.
Det socialkonstruktivistiska synsättet menar att organisations idéer tas in för att organisationer ska verka bra och att organisationen är anpassningsbar till nya förändringar. Ur detta synsätt tas idéer in i organisationen men de behöver inte nödvändigtvis användas. Rövik nämner pragmatisk institutionalism som en utmanare till modernistiska och socialkonstruktivistiska synsättet. Modernism menar att idéer kan lätt överföras mellan organisationer eftersom organisationer är likartade, men detta avfärdas av det pragmatiska synsättet. Det pragmatiska tänkande menar att idéer inte är fysiska föremål som skall transporteras mellan punkt a och b utan de är mycket mer formbara. Som en utmaning till det socialkonstruktivistiska synsättet menar man att uppfattningen om att idéer och praxis är skilda fenomen är fel. Inom translationsteoretiska perspektivet menar man att det är möjligt att idéer överförs mellan organisationer för att sedan verkställas praxisplanet.
I slutet av kapitlet lyfter Rövik fram några problemställningar berörande translation av organisationsideer. * Varför blir organisationsidéer översatta? * Vad kännetecknar översättarna? * Översättningsregler * Översättningens effekter Översättningar enligt Rövik kan vara medvetna eller omedvetna. De flesta organisationsidéer menar Rövik är omedvetna. Översättningen sker omedvetet när idéerna överförs. Detta kan bero på att förmedlarna eller översättarna präglas av den kontext som översättaren kommer ifrån. Översättarens bör vara någon som inte låter sig påverkas eller som sätter sin egen prägel på översättningen. Översättaren bör enligt Rövik vara osynlig. Finns det regler för hur översättnigen av idéer bör ske? Det beror på vilken frihet som översättaren har. Man kan dra en parallell till de olika moduserna som Rövik lyfter fram. Reproducerande, modifierande och radikal modus. Dessa tre skapar en ram för hur mycket frihet översättaren har. Det är som jag ser det väldigt svårt att säga konkreta regler utan översättarens frihet anser jag är dess regelverk. Översättningarna som görs har ju såklart en verkan. Vilken verkan som översättningen har kan bero på t.ex. hur väl översättningen är gjord till det specifika sammanhanget. För att effekten ska bli bra bör man ta hänsyn t.ex. till var, vad och hur idéerna ska användas. Effekten blir inte genomslagskraftig ifall översättningen inte är gjord på ett lämpligt sätt i kontrast till sammanhanget.

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...American Teacher The documentary American Teacher takes a deeper look inside the classrooms, buildings, and offices of these super heroes in education system called teachers. American Teacher tells the combined story by and about those closest to the issues in our educational system, the 3.2 million professional educators who spend every day in classrooms across the United States educating the adolescent minds. Through this film, it shares information about educational experts, student interviews, and documents day-by-day videos of struggling public school teachers. Why is it that our own people take for granted the gift of learning? Especially when there are people in the world who aren’t privilege to be educated. Why aren’t we valuing our strongest, most committed, and most effective teachers? How can the teachers teach if they aren’t supported? How will this effect how our children learn and the future of this country. Will the educational system only get worst? I found it unpleasant knowing that Erik Benner, the teacher from Texas who became a salesman and Jonathan Dearman who became a realtor, faded away from the profession due to compensation. It’s depressing when an ex-teacher is making more money selling cell phones than he was being a teacher. Jonathan Dearman story was one that touched me the most because he is a local guy from the Bay Area. He is someone who is only 45 miles away from home. From the interview of his previous student, he touched he life and he...

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Teacher Role

...How I can be a Reflective Teacher? I can be a reflective teacher by actually thinking through and reflecting on what I have taught. For example, what worked and what didn't work? How could I make this lesson better in the future? Do the students truly understand the content of the lesson? For me to become a reflective teacher I have to learn how to make time in my schedule to be strongly reflective. This is very hard task is to start with and maintain. I bet if you ask a teacher what they need and want the most, they will tell you it’s time. To be a reflective teacher I have to learn how to keep observation/ reflection journal so I can record all the things I should work on doing better in my class, and also to record the behaviors of each student. Being a reflective teacher will me to learn how to strategize better and have continual improvement in everything I do as a teacher. For me to become a reflective teacher I have think about how I can help my students become interested in what I am teaching and how I can help them to ask questions and inquire more on the subjects I teach them. As a teacher trying to be more reflective I could talk to a supportive colleague or even a friend about what I have discovered while teaching, then maybe I will be able to come up with some ideas for how to do things...

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