...457). Wyatt’s (2008) statement indicates that our society’s technological advancements determines our culture values, social structure and...
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...determined by environment and genetics? (M.U.S.E, 2010). In my perspective, freedom is the ability for a human being to act as desired, in other words having self-determination and no restrains. In society, individual’s rights are protected by the first amendment of the constitution, which gives freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and so on. However, there are laws that humans must abide by to prevent consequences. Human behavior has been influenced by the environment and genetics to a certain degree, however, every individual is a unique mind or as I call “a different world”, it all depends on an individual perspectives and reactions to certain circumstances. Socrates: What is the definition of determinism? Grislen: Determinism consist that every event has a cause; therefore if human actions are to be considered events, then, all choices made are determined by cause and not free will. Nothing in life is predetermined, the choices we make in life is the only one that can alter our future. Socrates: What is the definition of free will? Grislen: The philosophical term of “free will” consists of the capacity of humans to choose from a course of actions among various alternatives. Humans act as desired, therefore we have self-determination and no restrains. All humans acting with free will must also assume full responsibility of their actions. Socrates: Do you agree that every event has an explanatory cause? Grislen: Yes, I agree that every...
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...“Human actions are causally determined and therefore not free” Discuss. Determinism argues that all human actions are determined as they apply to natural laws. However, to say actions are determined means that human action isn’t free and we do not have free will. Free will is the term given to the idea of human ability to do what we like whenever we like without restraint. I disagree with the claim that human action is not free and I will put forth arguments in this essay to discuss this conclusion. Firstly, libertarians would argue that we freely chose our actions as we have an overall feeling of freedom. This relates to our common experiences of choosing and deciding and when we have to make choices we are open to all other alternatives before making a decision. Surely, we only have the ability to freely choose something if we have free will to do so and if our actions were causally determined then we wouldn’t have other alternatives to decide from. Therefore this strong feeling of free will and freedom to do as we choose to would prove that human actions isn’t causally determined. However, determinists would claim that this ‘feeling’ of freedom is not sufficient evidence to say that we are free since it is possible for us to feel free even when we are not. For example, if I had a brain tumour that I didn’t know of which caused me to drink repeatedly then I am unaware that the tumour is making me do so yet I feel as if I am freely choosing to drink. It may seem as though...
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...a good set of morals, this is because it is our morals that help is to freely decide which decisions to make, and encourage us to act selflessly and ethically. Eventhough, we have the ability to exercise our free will in all manner of ways and make choices, do we always have free will ? I believe freedom to be the ability to make your own choices, which are not influenced by anyone else’s opinions or decisions, when faced with either a difficult or easy decision. Some philosophers believe that our ability to make free choices is an illusion which means that we are not free at all. Others state that there is something else beyond our understanding that may cause our actions to be determined. These theories can be linked to Determinism. Determinism says that there are laws that exist outside of our control that cause the things that happen-laws such as gravity. Scientific laws determine all our actions based on what has happened before. Previous events have consequences that may be determined and which in turn will cause more consequences. This can be linked to Aristotle’s teachings which stated that every action has some sort of cause and therefore an effect. Therefore we cannot help our actions when they have already been decided for us. In contrast, from a religious viewpoint there are mixed theories. The traditional Judeo-Christian view is that human beings are free, autonomous agents, responsible for their actions. A perfect example of this is Adam and Eve who...
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...Study Guide for Test 2 Sophie’s World: p. 105 “Philosopher and Scientist” – p. 116 1. Know the order of students from Socrates to Aristotle. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (Oldest to Youngest). 2. Know the difference between Plato’s forms and the world. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Know how Aristotle thought of forms. “Form” is each things specific characteristics. Example: A chicken’s form is fluttering, crackling and laying eggs. (What is does). But if the chicken dies, the form no longer exists. Aristotle believed there was purpose in everything that happened in nature. 4. Know how Aristotle comes to “know” something. Logic. 5. Know what Aristotle meant by “substance”. “Substance” is what things are made of. When the chicken dies, the only thing remaining is that it’s substance. 6. Know what Aristotle meant by “causes” and know the different kinds of cause. “Cause” is how something came to happen, and Aristotle cared about purpose as well. Material Cause, Efficient Cause and Final Cause. 7. Know the difference between sufficient and necessary causes. If you have (A) is sufficient for (B) it means that every time you have (A) you will have (B), without exception. If you have (A) is necessary for (B) it means that every time you have (B) you will have (A), without exception. 8. Know how Aristotle viewed happiness. “Man can only achieve happiness by using all his abilities and capabilities...
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...to his knowledge of the future thus humans’ free will contradicts an omniscient god or an all knowing god and from this, we can say that god is dead. C. Thesis Statement Therefore, the question of god is meaningless because humans have free will so their decisions are independent of god, and that he creates or promotes conflict. II. Body A. Argument 1: Humans have free will so their decisions are independent of god A.1. Introduction - Definition and concept of free will: capacity of rational agents to choose a course of action from among various alternatives 1. God created a universe, which is random a) Randomness is a requirement for free will b) Life and universe as a game simulation (“The Sims”) c) Determinism is impossible for god because if god knows everything that we’ll do and every event that will happen to us, then it seems that we have no free will because of the plans laid out for us. 2. Free will as being the source of our actions a) God cannot control the behavior of humans b) Criminal acts and good deeds c)...
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...questioned due to this. Locke maintained that all actions have prior causes and humans are not free to act, our acts are determined. Everything we do is caused by something we cannot control. He illustrates his point of view by describing a sleeping man in a locked room, awakening and deciding to remain where he is, not realising the door in the room is locked. The illustration suggests that the man believes that he has a choice but he has no choice at all in reality. Hard determinism can be seen as a pessimistic view as events that have changed history such as the holocaust are seen as predetermined events therefore no one can be held blameworthy as Hitler was determined by prior causes to do as he did. Hitler does not have diminished responsibility, as he didn’t have a mental illness but he may have been in an extreme emotional state, he should be blameworthy for what he did but hard determinists appear to think differently. Does Hitler have diminished responsibility? As it could be suggested that hard determinism excuses criminal crimes and removes human responsibility. Freewill is an illusion for those who are poor and feel that anything they do they will still result in them being in poverty, feel most of their lives everything has been determined. Our socio-economic backgrounds, religious cultural backgrounds and experience of life may affect us in such a way that our behaviour...
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...way I felt that day. It could also be based on past habits, information about how healthy both choices are, belief, or my own eating habits. This option can be seen as being determined or free will, but in this instance we will pretend I chose whatever I chose freely. The argument above is both valid and sound. It is valid because both of my premises are true in any circumstance therefore there is no way of proving it false. The soundness is proven when we line up both premises and it gives us a conclusion. One can also conclude that there is no possibility for free will. According to casual Determinism a person’s decisions are determined by both nature and past experiences. Casual Determinism is the basic principle of all natural and exact sciences therefore it cannot be false because if so, sciences such as mathematics, chemistry, biology, etc are false as well. Determinism describes free will as an illusion and not achievable. One...
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...One strength of compatibilism is that it provides a basis for universal, enforceable laws; this strength is based on reason. The causes behind our choices are internal to the agent. Our choices flow from our desires and are not determined by any other factor. This gives us a certain degree of responsibility. I may choose to hit my friend Alex on the head and it seems fair that Alex will blame me for doing so. This argument also supports the argument for moral responsibility. To add further weight to the soft determinist argument, there is another reason used to support view that we are responsible for our choices. Without determinism, we could never be morally responsible because our choices would be random – they would be uncaused – and meaningless. Without free will and determinism, there could not be moral responsibility. Many people in today’s society...
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...Human beings act as they have been conditioned to act through reinforcement and punishment according to Fraud. Since we are never free to act, as we desire the consequences of our actions are being pre determine by prior events in our lives. Yet again people need to be held responsible for their actions not only morally responsible but legally also. According to Baron d’Holbach who view free will as a Hard determinism and human actions that are being modified by the brain and that the human will can be shaped by the qualities of good, bad, agreeable of painful! And that the human being acts depending on his necessity or desire. For every idea that directs his/her will the person has the option to change its course of the will is there are new stronger ideas or desires for that...
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...Leslie Jordan April 19, 2010 Paper 5 Does Free Will Exist? The idea of free will has always been a very interesting topic for me to discuss, because there really is no wrong answer of if free will exist or not. No one can provide proof of us having free or not unless they can talk with God and we all know that being able to actually talk to God and he actually respond is considered “crazy”. I believe that if you believe you have free will than you have free will. As children were always told that you can do and be whatever you want as long as you believe so I figure the same rule applies to free will. I am discussing the idea of free will with in the character Billy Pilgrim. The Tralfamadorians live with the knowledge of the fourth dimension, they believe that all moments of time are happening and taking place simultaneously. Because the Tralfamadorians believe that all moments of time have already taken place; they also believe their life path has been predetermined and they have no control over it, therefore causing the aliens not to believe in free will and finding it strange that humans do. According to the Tralfamadorians earthlings are the only species that believe they have free will, humans for some reason think of time as a linear progression. Most humans believe they have control over their lives and their destiny. Billy seems to have no control in his life or any free will at all throughout this novel, his free will is constantly being challenged. In one instance...
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...Prof. Kellenberger Phil 310 Free Will When grumpy old Scrooge of the famous movie A Christmas Carol went home on Christmas eve, he had no idea what awaited him. He experienced a night of anguish and terror after three ghosts visit him. Scrooge was a grumpy mean-spirited man after the death of his sister Fan. Just to prepare him for his “life” in death, his dead partner and friend Marley, who facilitates the entire nightmare, shows him the lost lonely spirits who were mean-spirited in their earthly lives. The first ghost who visited him that night was “the ghost of Christmas past”. This ghost serves to remind him how others had been kind to him during past Christmases in his youth and how people in his past embodied the Christmas spirit. This ghost served to instill guilt and remorse. Next, “the ghost of Christmas present” appears to Scrooge and shows him how everyone is enjoying Christmas and spreading the Christmas spirit around town. It also shows how his servant Bob, despite his meager earnings enjoys Christmas with his family. It also shows Scrooge his nephew Fred enjoying Christmas with his family. The two families only show downcast moods when discussing Scrooge. However, Fred maintains hope that his uncle Scrooge can change. After that, the most dreary “ghost of Christmas yet to come” appears to Scrooge. He shows Scrooge how Bob’s son death saddens everyone and leaves them feeling a sense of loss. He then shows him a rich dead man who nobody misses and some...
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...Ted Honderich Determinism Vs Free Will Psychology 101-1322 Professor: James Pattison By: Belinda Bielicki July 2, 2011 Determinism versus Free Will: The most important and the oldest philosophical question is perhaps that of free will and determinism. Do people have free will, or are our actions pre-determined? Ted Honderich defined determinism as the philosophical idea that every event or state of affairs, including every human decision and action, is the inevitable and necessary consequence of antecedent states of affairs. "Nothing occurs at random, but everything for a reason and by necessity." Determinism is used by philosophers to account for some of the choices and actions that cause or create the effects of causal sequences; these sequences raise questions about the freedom of the choices and actions. Determinists believe our decisions are controlled by previous exposure to differing situations and environments and that each and every one of our actions is caused by a specific prior action or cause. (a occurs because of b, b occurs because of c..etc) In the belief of a determinist, man is no exception to this rule and therefore we are not "free" due to our actions being a result of a previous cause. If we are to dispute that this in fact is true, than we as human beings cannot be held responsible for our actions, as we have no control over them, they are automatic. However this is not the case, when a human commits an act, they are held responsible for...
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...Argument and logic Free will versus determinism is the excerpt I chose for this argument and logic assignment .Free will and determinism have opposite meanings so the belief of free will and also atoms doing what they do being predetermined cannot be true .unless the given circumstance makes it true .Let me explain free will is defined as the power given to human beings to make their own choices that is unconstrained by external circumstances or by fate or divine will .Determinism is defined as that every event or act and decision is an inescapable consequence of antecedents that are independent of free will .Which states that humans do not have free will to chose. This is not caused because anything or anybody is trying to control humans it just is. This belief is true in religion and cause and effect .Many religious people believe that the existence of god supports determinism .Because that god is all knowing and all powerful so there is nothing that god does not know or that he does not already know .If people had free will there would be things that people would do that god does not already know about and that would limit god being all powerful .The other argument about determinism is cause and effect this argument says the same thing would always occur due to the event .Let’s say you throw a rubber ball on the ground it would hit the ground and bounce back up .Throwing the ball against the floor was the cause and the effect was the ball bouncing .Based on this everything...
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...To Build a Fire Summary A man travels in the Yukon (in Alaska) on an extremely cold morning with a husky wolf-dog. The cold does not faze the man, a newcomer to the Yukon, who plans to meet his friends by six o'clock at an old claim. As it grows colder, he realizes his unprotected cheekbones will freeze, but he does not pay it much attention. He walks along a creek trail, mindful of the dangerous, concealed springs; even getting wet feet on such a cold day is extremely dangerous. He stops for lunch and builds a fire. The man continues on and, in a seemingly safe spot, falls through the snow and wets himself up to his shins. He curses his luck; starting a fire and drying his foot-gear will delay him at least an hour. His feet and fingers are numb, but he starts the fire. He remembers the old-timer from Sulphur Creek who had warned him that no man should travel in the Klondike alone when the temperature was fifty degrees below zero. The man unties his icy moccasins, but before he can cut the frozen strings on them, clumps of snow from the spruce tree above fall down and snuff out the fire. Though building a fire in the open would have been wiser, it had been easier for the man to take twigs from the spruce tree and drop them directly below on to the fire. Each time he pulled a twig, he had slightly agitated the tree until, at this point, a bough high up had capsized its load of snow. It capsized lower boughs in turn until a small avalanche had blotted out the fire. The man is...
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