...Option 1 – Tectonic Activity and Hazards What are tectonic hazards and what causes them? 1. Introduction Tectonic hazards have to be distinguished from tectonic events. Hazards tend to refer to those events or items that pose a threat to humans and their lifestyle. Therefore, a tectonic hazard is one which involves tectonic processes being hazardous to humans. In the first part of my essay I will be explaining exactly what is meant by tectonic processes and will be referring to the relatively new concept of Plate Tectonics which, although being presented as a theory in 1912 by Alfred Wegener, was not actually taken as the standard model until the late 1960’s and even then was being criticized by many learned scholars into the 1980’s. I will then explain what the main types of hazards are in tectonics, namely volcanoes (openings in the earth crust from which material from below the earth’s surface can be ejected) and earthquakes (movement in the earth’s crust that causes shaking of the ground above). However, there are many more hazards that can be associated with these two, namely tsunamis and from volcanoes, pyroclastic flows, lahars and volcanic gases. What causes these hazards should be explained in my explanation of plate tectonics. Throughout my assignment, I will be using many examples of tectonic hazards from around the globe, but will be focusing on certain case studies to try and explain exactly what causes tectonic hazards. I will be using the San Andreas Fault...
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...Explore the physical causes of tectonic hazards, including the significance of differing plate boundaries and other factors. Research the spatial pattern of tectonic hazards and their causes in contrasting tectonic locations. For question 1, you would probably need to go into some detail about continental and oceanic plates and how they move (by convection currents in the core). You should consider the following types of plate boundary: 1. Destructive boundaries These are sub-divided into: -Oceanic-continental boundaries -Continental-continental boundaries (collision zones) -Oceanic-oceanic boundaries 2. Constructive boundaries 3. Conservative/transform boundaries You should research what happens at each type of boundary, the resulting tectonic hazards and any landforms that are produced. Remember that different plate boundaries vary considerably - some produce very violent earthquakes and explosive volcanic activity whereas others produce gentle eruptions and earthquakes. I would also note down some named examples of each type of boundary and perhaps case studies of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that were caused by a specific boundary. For question 2, it seems to me that they might be looking for some human factors to be mentioned, i.e. factors that make one particular tectonic hazard much more severe than others. For example: degree of preparation, population density, distance from epicentre, secondary impacts (e.g. tsunami, fire), magnitude...
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...GLG/200 Allen Fronabarger PLATE TECTONICS AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN LOS ANGELES There are many serious hazards associated with earthquakes in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. This includes ground shaking, ground displacement, liquefaction, fires, and tsunamis (Girty, 2009, Chapter 7). During an earthquake there are varying degrees of vibration of the ground, dependent on the magnitude of the earthquake. This violent movement of the soil can compromise the structure of buildings or other structures made by man, causing them to crumble to the ground and crushing anything, or anyone, that may be in close proximity. If some sort of structure, made by man or by nature, happens to lie upon a fault line, the ground displacement of the foundation of the structure can also cause immense damage by ripping apart the land. In some instances, where soil is highly saturated, such as coastal areas or low elevation, liquefaction is another hazard. When the ground shakes, any present liquid will rise up through the soil and make sinkhole conditions where structures can sink right into the ground. With this kind of destruction, comes the hazard of fires as well. During a violent earthquake, electrical and gas lines can be destroyed and exposed to ignition sources that can ignite and cause fires that may be inaccessible and be extremely destructive. Lastly, tsunamis are a risk to L.A. when there are quakes offshore that launch large quantities of sea water over the coastal land. Earthquakes...
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...affect Earth’s surface * Internal processes come from forces within Earth * Plate tectonics * Result of internal energy of Earth * External processes come from forces on Earth’s surface * Atmospheric effects * Energy from the sun Definitions * Hazard – probability that a specific damaging event will happen within a particular period of time * Risk – a function of the hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and coping capacity * Disaster – hazardous event that occurs over a limited time in a defined area * Catastrophe – massive disaster that requires significant amount of money or time to recover Disaster Trends * Recently, there has been an apparent increase in natural disasters * Eg. Japan tsunami, Haiti earthquake, Hurricane Katrina * The United Nations designated the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Hazards Reduction * [graph] The cost of natural hazards is increasing worldwide, partly b/c world population doubled from 3bill to 6bill in only 40yrs [graph] The cost of natural hazards is increasing worldwide, partly b/c world population doubled from 3bill to 6bill in only 40yrs Mitigation – reduce the effects of something; natural disaster preparation Death and Damage Caused by Natural Hazards * Those hazards that have a great impact on human life may not cause the most property damage * Hazards vary greatly in their ability to cause catastrophe Magnitude and Frequency of Hazardous Events ...
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...serious need of repair. Project Document: Risk is a powerful force in innovative organizations for the obvious reason that it means the future outcomes of decisions are uncertain and, less obviously, because it can foster decision biases like loss aversion and over-optimism. The construction or retrofitting of a school building is a valuable educational opportunity with the potential to further strengthen community ownership of the school and demonstrate hazard-resilient techniques that can be replicated in homes and other buildings. Every school must be constructed as a safer school and existing unsafe schools must be retrofitted to be disaster resilient. The Education for All will not be achieved without the construction of safer and more disaster resilient education facilities. At a time when the frequency and magnitude of extreme climatic events is rising, a growing number of the world’s school-going children are increasingly exposed to earthquakes, wildfires, floods, cyclones, landslides and other natural hazards. For example: • The Sichuan earthquake (2008) killed more than 7,000 children in their schools and an estimated 7,000 classrooms were destroyed. • The cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh (2007) destroyed 496 school buildings and damaged 2,110 more. • The Super Typhoon Durian (2006) in the Philippines caused $20m USD damage to school, including 90-100% of school buildings in three cities and 50-60% of school buildings in two other cities. • The earthquake in Pakistan...
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...new framework to cultivate good safety habits in individuals in order to create a strong safety culture in the workplace. It requires stakeholders to implement reasonable measure to ensure the safety and health of employees and everyone affected by the environment. Purpose of OHS Act Body Beautiful KAPLAN CITY CAMPUS 8 WILKIE ROAD, LEVEL 5, WILKIE EDGE Singapore 228095 Importance for Safety Management General • Transfer of information between trainers • Injury due to impaired equipments • Issues realating to employees’ delivery • Electrical equipment hazards • Hazards relating to contracted services Exercise Area • Health risk relating to members’ over exertion • Injury due to improper use of equipment • Risk of infection from unhygienic conditions • Exercise machinery obstructing the walkway • Trip hazards due to obstacles on...
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...Health Hazards in the IT profession When you tell someone you are in the IT profession they usually come back with something like “oh so you get to sit around all day playing on a computer!” The truth is there are lots of risks with “sitting around playing on a computer”. Being at a desk and in front of a computer can be just as hazardous as being a construction worker or a mover for a moving company. There are health hazards that go along with sitting all day. Blood clots from lack of movement, the lighting of the computer screen which cause headaches and eye strain. With a busy work environment, often time there is no time for a nice long lunch hour which leads to grabbing something quick and usually not the healthiest on the menu. This is just to name a few of the problems with being an IT. It’s hard to believe an industry such as Information Technology can actually be hazardous to your health. Did I mention stress? Although there are a lot of physical issues that come with the IT profession, I would like to focus on the stress of the IT profession. It was not long ago that I worked in an office environment and had no idea what it took to be an “IT person”. I was one of the many that complained about how long it took to get and IT person to look at my computer to see what was wrong with it. Until now, I had no idea. With the tighter budgets caused by the economic strain, there has been a problem with understaffing in the IT field. Unfortunately, understaffing...
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...On a mission, each of us must comply with the host nation, with Federal, State and Local environmental laws and Regulations. Protecting the environment is everyone responsibilities. The best way we can comply with this is identifying the different areas such as: Areas of environmental concerns, mission- related environmental risks and Potential effects of environmental factors on missions and operations. 1-. Areas of Environmental Concerns: A-.Hazardous Waste (HW): Units must • Have a collection and turn in point • Keep a cleanup, report and document any hazardous spill properly. • Transport all HW according to local and installation procedures. B-.Hazardous material (HM): Units must • Report the location of any unexploded ordnance. • Conduct maintenance involving that HM only after being trained. • Maintain a current inventory and a material safety data sheet (MSDS). • Support the Installation Recycling Program. • Remove materials such as expended brass, communication wires, concertina, booby traps, and propellant charts from training sites. • Conduct police calls to collect and dispose of solid-waste materials (trash). • Dispose of liquid waste from kitchens, showers and baths properly. • Avoid entering terrain drainage areas with vehicles unless the area is dry and the ground will support such activities. C-. Noise Pollution; Units must • Avoid tactical maneuvers in erosion susceptible areas and refill fighting positions. • Verify range restrictions...
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...Risk assessment P3 Assignment: carry out a risk assessment in a health and social care setting. M2: Assess the hazards identified in the health and social care settings. D1: Make a re-commendation in relation to the identified hazards to minimize the risk to the service user group. For this assignment I am going to carry out risk assessment that can occur in child nursery playground these includes: * Slide- cars, trike * water table * open gate * slippery floor, trips and fall * smaller toys laying around * banned swing IDENTIFIED HAZARD | RISK M2 | CONTROL D1 | Slide- cars, trike (broken slide, broken toys cars and broken wheels on the trike) the children can come in to contact with this toys and they get injured. | Likelihood 1 | Severity 2 | Risk 1X2 =2 | This hazard would affect the both staffs and children but mainly the children. So for this hazard to be controlled or prevented, all staffs are to looking after and supervising the children and also they should always ensure that all toys used for playing is be inspected and maintained regularly by the person in charged. Another way this hazard can be prevented or controlled is if playing toys were to be made with rubber to prevent serious injuries if the kids were to by any chance come in contact with any broken toys. Children playing outside nursery should be supervised at all times by a member of staff to ensure that the kids don’t hurt them while playing with other toys available...
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...Risk prediction in the chemical industries can be presented in a way it allows easy judgemental of the acceptability of risks. This helps to reduce hazards in chemical process plant operations. Risk can be defined as the likelihood of an accident or unwanted event occurring at a particular period of time. Hazard can be a situation that can cause damage or injury. As it is known it is not possible to have ZERO risk in any operation. So it is highly important risk are identified, controlled if possible and therefore reduced. Risk Assessment is defined as the process of examining the chances of a hazard in a workplace. For example the hazards in a flare gas recovery system can be analysed for possible hazards to workers and the public. The stages of risk assessment include: * Identification of the hazard which can be based on past events. There are also tools like HAZOP, FMEA, SWIFT etc to determine any potential hazard. * Next is the frequency analysis which gives an estimate of how likely an accident can occur. In the case of a flare gas recovery system, it may be how likely is it to have the release of gas into the flare header due to equipment failure. Fault tree analysis and even tree analysis are mostly used for this estimation. They are both use to determine the probability and frequency of an incident (hazard). The results from these are used to analysis the acceptability of a particular chemical plant activity. * After frequency analysis is the consequences...
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...1. Define Risk to a business in your own words - The risk to a business would be considered as anything that would keep business from happening as business as usual. A risk could come from natural occurances to cyber attacks design to cripple the process of how a business function. 2. What would cause some Risk to be greater than others - how would you measure or score these Risks? The greater risk would be if the attack can be rebound from. I would have to rate a natural event as a greater risk especially if it is a flood or mud slide. Cyber attacks also are a great risk to operations because client information maybe stolen and this can cause life changing results. I would rank them at the top as far as damage to recovery goes. 3. In the technology growth we are in today - list 3 of the Risks that business or individuals face by doing business via the Internet. Identity thief, malware attacks, and viruses 4. How prepared are you for a disaster? How prepared do you feel most businesses are for a disaster? What could be done to minimize the effect of a natural or man-made business outage? I think that I am prepared for the risk as a use will face with the help of firewalls, anti-virus technologies, and backup of important data specific to me. Most businesses are well prepared for risk because this is somewhat the norm of doing business these days. They all use some sort of backup to systems and are deploying the help of IT departments from 3rd party outsources. 5...
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...prevention is a local and national necessity with a strong institutional basis for implementation. Institutions that develop policy, legislative and institutional frameworks for disaster risk reduction and can track the progress through specificied and measurable indicators that have greater capacity to control risks. They are also able to manage widespread consensus for involvement and compliance with disaster risk control measures in all sectors of a society Action 2: Outline, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance pre-caution. The start of reducing disaster risk and promoting a culture of disaster resilience lies in the understanding of the hazards. The knowledge extends to the social, physical, the environmental and economic vulnerabilities to disasters that most communities suffer from, and of the ways in which hazards and proneness are changing in the short and long term. The understanding is followed by action taken on the basis of...
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...Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) There are pros and cons to a BYOD policy. Each company must carefully weigh both sides of the situation before making a decision. As the business world moves forward, there may be more companies using BYOD. There are some benefits to a BYOD policy. Having employees use their own devices can save the company money. Instead of buying devices for everyone, they can just buy them for the ones that need them, and the ones that work on projects that need more security. BYOD could also lower maintenance and IT costs, as users would be responsible for their own devices. Since storage would be accomplished via cloud storage, there would not be much risk to the company concerning lost files or shared files. Many users would probably welcome the chance to work on their own devices instead of company devices. Users may feel more comfortable using their own device which might lead to a more productive employee. There are still many risks involved with BYOD. The biggest risk is the possibility of lost files or someone loaning their own device to someone else. It is not uncommon for someone to pass their device around to different people. Another risk is that with BYOD, the company has to support several different brands of devices and also different platforms. The company may have to structure their company to accommodate this. The company also doesn’t have control over what items the employee puts on their device...
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...To be able to explain why written emergency plans are drafted It is best to plan for the worst when it comes to an emergency. The HCF leaders duties is to develop a written disaster plan that explains the duties of staff and making this plan available to the staff for crisis preparation. To ensure that the safety and well being of patients are certain during emergencies. The development plan must be assigned to personnel who are familiar with the facility. Depending of the community and location. For example, California prepares for an earthquake, Florida for hurricanes, and Montana for snowstorms. It is also required by the Joint Commission to have the HCF to have a hazard vulnerability analysis under the EC 4.10. (Environmental Control). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations an National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and standards must also be taken into account as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response to biological and Chemical terrorism. The American Institute of Architects (AIA) has also issued certain guidelines for design and construction of facilities in locations where there is a recognized potential for certain natural disasters. This plans must provide a process to: Initiate a plan HCF role with community-wide emergency response agencies, including who is in charge, Notify external authorities Notifying Identify and assign personnel during emergencies ...
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...Case Study: Natural Disasters & the Decisions that follow Step 01: Problem Definition Natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes. An example includes hurricanes, floods, severe weather, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and other geologic processes. Step 02: Justification of the problem: A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic damage. And when we face a disaster during business running, we have to find a way to solve the dilemma between the organizations and the customers. Step 03: List of Alternatives: A- Aware people about the risk reducing measures. B- Planning and prevention. C- Organizations business ethics. Step 04: Evaluating Alternatives: A- With good data, the public understands the need for preparation and risk reducing measures. Governments, the private sector and the media build awareness of risks and risk-mitigation principles at national, regional, and community levels. Education in the community is required to ensure that awareness building continues in adult life. B- The coordination between the government and the private sector can presents accurate data to predict the risk before disaster strikes, which require to study all the information and the details provided to analyze the cost and benefits of natural disaster response. It is important to consider the relative cost effectiveness of disaster prevention and disaster recovery. ...
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