...IPRI Journal XIII, on 1 (Winter 9/11 Pakistan’s Contribution to Global War no. Terror after2013): 37-56 37 PAKISTAN’S CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR AFTER 9/11 Dr. Hidayat Khan∗ Abstract Pakistan’s contribution to the “War on Terror” far exceeds its strength and size. Pakistan lost more than 35000 lives to save American people from another 9/11 attack. Pakistan’s economic loss amounted to 67 billion US dollars but still the US is not satisfied with Pakistan’s performance and pressurizes it to “Do More.” In this situation what should Pakistan do as a sovereign state? At the same time what is the international community’s responsibility towards Pakistan as a partner in this global war? The United States (US) and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) have been fighting against the Taliban for the last decade but the war is nowhere near its end. This study is an exploration of the question whether war is the solution or the problem? Key Words: War on Terror, World Response, Pakistan’s Contribution, Operations, Agreements. Background P akistan has always played a constructive role in the United Nations (UN) — it is one of its largest net troop contributors and its active role in the solution of world issues is internationally recognized. It borders three major strategic regions; South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East, and its geographical proximity to Afghanistan has made it an important partner of the United States. Pakistan has played a...
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...Allan R. Life The Evocation of Terror in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher In his Philosophy of Composition, Edgar Allan Poe informs us that he begins writing with “the consideration of an effect” (430). Most of Poe’s poetry and fiction exemplifies his assertion that a preconceived effect upon a reader is undoubtedly fundamental to his creative work. Poe’s tales of terror in particular epitomize the supremacy of his craft in that each component of his narrative strategy functions to achieve the final effect of generating unmitigated terror in his readers. Focusing primarily on The Fall of the House of Usher, I argue that Poe employs a preconceived narrative strategy that ultimately functions to evoke terror; I assert that Poe elicits fear to challenge us to reexamine out perceptions of ostensibly impossible circumstances and recognize the limits of our intellect. I will first examine the aspects of Poe’s narrative style that culminate to achieve his desired effect of the evocation of terror. I will then analyze the narrator’s response to this evocation of terror and how this emergent response elicits fear in the reader. Last, I will illustrate how the narrator’s evolving response is emulated in the style through which the tale is narrated. In The Fall of the House of Usher, Poe tactically exploits a first person narrator, setting, imagery, and tone to achieve a “unity of effect,” the aforethought effect of which is terror. The narrator in Usher acts as...
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...courageously laid down their lives for the nation. The attacks were unprecedented considering the fact that The United States had been attacked before by terrorist. In 1993 the World Trade Centre was bombed, in 1988 US embassy bombing took place in Kenya and Tanzania and in and October 2000 the USS Cole Bombing took place in Yemen 1 just to mention a few. The attacks were considered an act of war and as such required decisive action which was clearly spelt out by President George W. Bush in his September 20th joint address to congress that same year. "Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated…And we will pursue nations that provide aid or safe haven to terrorism. Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists. From this day forward, any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime."2 Here the president clearly outlined a new foreign policy objective for the for the United States government. The United...
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...strategy is derived from the nature of war. In the following parts, evidence would be mentioned to show how similar nature of war generates similar strategy, military tactics and consequence (Waldman, 2012). Nature of war Both Afghan and Iraq military campaign are war on terror. In September 20, 2001, George Bush, the U.S president, mentioned that the war on terror would start at Ai-Qaeda. War would end until all terrorist groups are found out and eliminated. He also said countries supporting terrorism would be punished. Bin Laden was the most wanted which was the leader of Ai-Qaeda (Barker, 2003). For the Afghan military campaign, it occurred because of September 11 attacks which caused more than 3000...
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...some works of literature, childhood and adolescence are portrayed as times graced by innocence and a sense of wonder; in other works, they are depicted as times of tribulation and terror. In Lord of the Flies by William Golding, the meaning of adolescence is represented by innocence as well as terror which shapes the theme, savagery vs. civilization. The boys’ adolescence is represented by the amount of innocence they present when first arriving on the island. “Ralph pursed his lips and squirted air into the shell, which emitted a low, farting noise. This amused both boys so much that Ralph went on squirting for some minutes, between bouts of laughter”, (Golding, 17). Ralph and Piggy find a shell while walking around the island and try to figure out how to use it. Their innocence is shown through the happiness and enjoyment they get from making a funny noise with the shell. The scene represents their innocent characters before conflicts arise and change them for the worst....
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...war gradually became universally used by many countries militaries that are used in the field of battle during the Cotemporary Era and through modern day campaigns. These principle guidelines are universal in military strategies and could have been used in any era where conflicts took place however, one principle that would of brought ultimate success in the example campaigns specified throughout these times of war is to have provided a better directive on the basic principles of logistics that seem to have hindered and faltered the most effective warring armies during their eras of history. A few examples that relate throughout wars fought in times such as the Napoleonic Wars, World War II and the United States current ongoing War on Terror have many relative tactics and strategies used during battles fought in these conflicts. Napoleons armies during the beginning of their conquest would defeat an enemy city utilizing all aspects of their military might (Cavalry, Artillery, Infantry) while maintaining immediate logistical support ensuring reinforcements and munitions were readily available. Napoleon’s enormous army on the invasion of Russia forced the Russian government to assemble all the empire’s supplies for the war effort. This greatly assisted Napoleon during his conquest of Europe. A crucial element in this mobilization was horses. In the warfare of that era, cavalry was the key to reconnaissance, to shock on the battlefield, and to the pursuit of a defeated enemy, which...
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...The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novel made by Robert Louis Stevenson, which invokes a sense of urban terror and the problems that threaten a city in London. Terror is represented by Mr. Hyde, whom is the alter personality of Dr. Jekyll. Dr Jekyll is a respected doctor; Dr. Jekyll is well known, charitable and kind, however, since his youth. Dr Jekyll has secretly engaged in corrupt behavior, as well as dissolute. Jekyll becomes annoyed by this dark side he has, therefore he starts experimenting on himself. Through these experiments he brings his dark side Mr. Hyde into being. Mr. Hyde is the living manifestation of terror in the tale, his appearance emits an evil aura, Mr. Enfield states that Hyde is deformed, ugly, and inspires an immediate revulsion. Mr. Utterson suffers from a nightmare after seeing Mr. Hyde. In Utterson’s nightmare, Utterson is haunted by nightmares in which a faceless man runs down a small child and in which the same terrifying, faceless figure stands beside Jekyll’s bed and commands him to rise. Mr. Utterson is terrified by this and starts to...
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...century during the French Revolution. However, it was not until the 9/11 attack that the world joined hands in the fight against global terrorisms. Some of the prevention and control measures that have been proposed include the deployment of military forces to counter terrorists, use of international peace and security conventions, and negotiations. Periodically, the application of violence and force against terrorists is one of the strategies that have proved effective in countering global terror networks. The force-for-force strategy entails deploying military personnel to fight against terrorists. The United States applied this approach in handling the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. This method is aimed at destroying the terror groups’ training grounds, weapons, and other war machineries. More often, it gets executed using air strikes and ground bombing of their military and training bases. Once these facilities get destroyed, their abilities and capacities to plan and execute terror attacks get paralyzed. Therefore, they become toothless...
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...dirty as could be. Inside the stone monoliths existed drug operations, brothels, cult gatherings, you name it. When the sun set is when the roles reversed, the filth being purged from their halls by police, and their hired mercenaries....
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...attacks in 93 countries have taken place, where 18000 died and 33000 were injured. 2014 and 2015 showed an exponential growth of terrorism in the Western world. (Ezinearticles.com). Terrorism is not a traditional war between countries but between religions, ideologies, and faith. It is a minority group that tries to grow and gain power to achieve independence, spread religion, and change an existing system. Canada is not immune from terrorism. Terrorists engage in terrorism activities on Canadian soil, or support terrorism beyond Canada’s borders, hostile to Canada’s order,...
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...THE BELLS – EDGAR ALLAN POE I Hear the sledges with the bells Silver bells! What a world of merriment their melody foretells! How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, In the icy air of night! While the stars that over sprinkle All the heavens seem to twinkle With a crystalline delight; Keeping time, time, time, In a sort of Runic rhyme, To the tintinnabulation that so musically wells From the bells, bells, bells, bells, Bells, bells, bells - From the jingling and the tinkling of the bells. II Hear the mellow wedding bells Golden bells! What a world of happiness their harmony foretells! Through the balmy air of night How they ring out their delight! From the molten-golden notes, And all in tune, What a liquid ditty floats To the turtle-dove that listens, while she gloats On the moon! Oh, from out the sounding cells What a gush of euphony voluminously wells! How it swells! How it dwells On the Future! -how it tells Of the rapture that impels To the swinging and the ringing Of the bells, bells, bells, Of the bells, bells, bells, bells, Bells, bells, bells - To the rhyming and the chiming of the bells! III Hear the loud alarum bells - Brazen bells! What a tale of terror, now, their turbulency tells! In the startled ear of night How they scream out their affright! Too much horrified to speak, They can only shriek, shriek, Out of tune, In a clamorous appealing to the mercy of the fire, In a mad expostulation with the deaf and frantic...
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...The Use of the Predator Drone in Afghanistan and Pakistan: An Essential Component of the War on Terror [pic] Photo Source: United States Air Force Website. Matthew R. Green CORE/PCON 322 Research Project March 27, 2007 I. Introduction/Thesis The last two decades of the 20th century and the first five years of the 21st century saw an increase in terrorist attacks around the world. Many were connected in some way to the conflicts in the Middle East and directed at the United States, culminating in the attacks of September 11, 2001. Terrorism is unique in that the majority of the acts perpetrated have no direct connection to foreign governments. Rather, terrorism emanates from extremist cells within the populace, with a network of individuals and properties living everyday life alongside the general population. The problem is further complicated because the enemy is hardly ever together as one, instead spread across different countries, and indeed continents. In present day War on Terror, it is necessary to eliminate small cells of extremists living among the general populace, often in a covert manner. Small, low-profile yet highly accurate and effective strikes that do not involve US military personnel are essential to avoid harming innocent civilians. One of the most famous weapons to be developed from these emerging necessities in the 1980’s and 1990’s is the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), more commonly...
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...The French Revolution is considered to be one of the greatest victories of the 18th century. The lower and middle classes united, and together overthrew their aristocratic oppressors to achieve an ideal place of liberty, equality, and community. Or so it would seem. The years following the defeat of the royal family and their court were a time where fear and terror ruled. Despite the initial goals of liberty, equality, and community for all, these promises were broken during what is now known as the Reign of Terror. The abuse, murder, and unease of this time were contradictory to what the Revolution was supposed to advocate. The French Revolution was a movement designed to liberate the common people from the oppression of aristocratic classes....
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...could be argued that from the very beginning, the Nazi regime utilised terror in order to keep control and order within Germany. However, it is equally arguable that the Nazi party only gained control in 1933, because they were the most popular party within the Reichstag with 43.9% of the votes, and so depended upon maintaining this popularity throughout their regime. Source 4, from Robert Gellately argues that the vast majority of ordinary German citizens had ‘no direct confrontation’ with agents of the terror, such as the Gestapo, and rumours of the terror were merely gossip spread by word of mouth and therefore this contributed to the Nazi regime maintaining a high level of popularity on which it could depend. On the other hand, source 5 by Richard Evans, completely contradicts this claim, and argues that the terror was experienced by everyone and was the means on which the Nazis depended to retain absolute control. To Evans, the Nazi regime was a ‘pervasive atmosphere of fear and terror’ by which control was maintained over the German population. However, due to the terrifying extent of cooperation with agents of the terror- post office workers, social services and even doctors and nurses all informed on those who did not fit in- it is arguable that perhaps there was a large amount of popularity for the regime as ordinary German citizens wanted to contribute. It is possible that the people were informing on each other for self-preservation from the terror, but it is equally...
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...Bioterrorism Countermeasures: Utilizing Intelligence Agencies over Biological Research ABSTRACT: The 21st century has seen a revolutionary biotechnology force, one that has led to developments in healthcare and other industries around the United States. Coupled with the growing development of biotechnology, however, is a force hoping to harness its power to create biological weapons. Presently, there are several nations pursuing biological weapons programs, making it easier for terrorist groups to gain access and attain advanced weaponry. Recently, terrorists have demonstrated their ability to execute acts of bio-terror without any moral repugnance or regret. Though these weapons have been taboo in past centuries, known for their sneakiness and deception, the use of biological weapons and the incidence of biological attack in the present century has –relatively speaking– dramatically increased. It is for this reason that congress and the federal government must intervene to prevent future bio-attack. The best method to stall further biological development within terrorist groups is by infiltration and detection via the Intelligence Community (IC). Unfortunately, we have diverted all our resources towards bio-terrorism research, without realizing that it is the further development and accessibility of biological weapons information that has promoted the spread of deadly knowledge within the terrorist community. Instead of trying to develop research plans for specific pathogenic...
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