1. Why does Sandel assert that "A 700 SAT score from a student who attended poor public schools in the South Bronx means more than the same score from for a graduate of an elite private school on the Upper East Side of Manhattan"? a. Studies show that Blacks and Hispanics students as a whole score lower than whites students on standardized testing. Sandel mentions that for whatever reason there is a testing gap. To utilize standardized testing to predict academic success would require the interpretation of the students’ academic scores and to include the family’s social, culture and educational background. Sandel states that the A 700 score for a student who attended poor public schools in the South Bronx has more meaning than that of a student from an Upper East Side of Manhattan. 2. What is the essence of Richard Dworkin's argument in support of affirmative action university admissions policies? b. Dworkin’s idea of the supporting argument on affirmative action in relations to the universities admission policies is stated that possibly the right at stake should be based according to academic criteria alone. The fact of being good at football, or coming from Idaho, or having volunteered in a soup kitchen. Dworkin views the facts of grades, test scores, and other measures of academic promise land me in the top group of applicants, therefore I should be admitted. One should be considered based on academic merit alone. 3. What does it mean to sever the idea of "moral desert" from our notions of what constitutes justice? Would this be helpful? c. Severing the idea of “moral desert” signifies that our nation should reject the talents that one has that enable them to compete more successfully than others in not entirely one’s own doing. He also states an equally decisive contingency where the quality of societal values at any given time is also considered morally arbitrary. Even if I had sole, unproblematic claim to my talent. (Rawls 162) 4. What is (are) the social purpose(s) of universities? d. Universities excist to serve certain civic purposes and the purpose to become a leader in a diverse society. 5. What is teleological reasoning? Give an example of a teleological argument that you support? e. Teological reasoning refers to purpose, end or goal. An example of a Teological argument would be. What is the purpose to be a living human? My argument would consist of the purpose of a human is to be born into the world to live, love, cry, laugh, hurt, study, work, play.. etc… The ending goal of a human is to someday die. 6. Why does Aristotle believe that living a good and meaningful life requires our political involvement? f. Aristotle’s interpretation of living a good and meaningful life requiring political involvement. He does not believe that the purpose of politics is to set up a framework of rights that is neutral among ends. Aristotle identifies that politics is to form good citizens and to cultivate good character. (Sandel 193).