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Las Organizaciones sin Fines de Lucro en 2007:
Una Fuerza Económica

Página 4

Recomendaciones
Modificar las disposiciones del Código de Rentas Internas en lo concerniente a los 1 donativos, teniendo como meta moverse hacia una legislación similar a la de Estados Unidos en la cual la deducción fomenta en mayor medida las contribuciones caritativas. Considerar establecer una exención en el pago del IVU y/o arbitrios para las 2 entidades sin fines de lucro. Promover y facilitar los procesos necesarios para que las OSFL cumplan con los 3 requisitos y obtengan la certificación 501(c3), como alternativa para poder acceder otras fuentes de fondos. Mejorar, sistematizar y agilizar los procesos de transferencia de fondos de parte del 4 Gobierno a las OSFL.
5

Sectores o Grupos

Crear un organismo facilitador (entidad no gubernamental o cuasi pública) que permita al Gobierno llevar procesos de "accountability" que contribuyan a facilitar los procesos de monitoreo de los fondos que se otorgan y, a la vez, contribuya a solidificar la credibilidad y transparencia del Sector. Diversificar fuentes de fondos a través del desarrollo de actividades de autogestión y empresarismo social que sean viables para las entidades y que vayan de acuerdo a su misión y visión.

6

Insertar y considerar las OSFL en los procesos de toma de decisiones concernientes a la política pública, a través de medidas, como por ejemplo, el restablecimiento de la Comisión del Tercer Sector en la legislatura. Establecer y formalizar procesos que hagan uso de la Internet para lograr un uso más 8 eficiente del medio, que incida en sus procesos de comunicación, así como en su estructura fiscal, programática y administrativa. Realizar talleres y otras actividades educativas enmarcadas en maximizar el uso de 9 Internet para procesos programáticos, fiscales y administrativos. Desarrollar actividades dirigidas a fortalecer el conocimiento y peritaje sobre el Tercer 10 Sector en diversas disciplinas, como por ejemplo: la contabilidad, el derecho y la administración, entre otras.
7

Las Organizaciones sin Fines de Lucro

en 2007: una fuerza económica

Tercer estudio sobre las OSFL en Puerto Rico
RESUMEN EJECUTIVO

Profundizar y documentar la gestión del Sector a través de la investigación en otros temas, como por ejemplo, el papel de las fundaciones, el movimiento de voluntariado, el uso de las nuevas tecnologías, el empresarismo social y la autogestión. Fortalecer las destrezas de evaluación de las organizaciones con miras a mover el 12 Sector a otros niveles de medición. Desarrollar sistemas uniformes de recogida de información y continuar con esfuerzos 13 como el de la depuración del banco de datos del Departamento de Estado que faciliten la investigación sobre las OSFL. Desarrollar una medida o índice anual del Tercer Sector que permita documentar de 15 manera consistente su gestión e impacto, así como facilite la comparación con el Sector a nivel internacional. Desarrollar guías o publicaciones que permitan a las organizaciones educarse sobre 14 temas de mejoramiento administrativo y fiscal. Continuar dirigiendo esfuerzos hacia la asistencia técnica a las organizaciones en las 16 áreas administrativa y fiscal.
11

Desarrollar una acreditación basada en el concepto de “Good Housekeeping Seal” que fomente el mejoramiento de procesos fiscales y administrativos en las OSFL, a la vez que contribuya a fortalecer su imagen ante nuestra sociedad. Continuar propiciando el desarrollo de cursos y programas dirigidos a formar el recurso humano que trabaja en el Tercer Sector, así como integrar el tema a la 19 enseñanza de otras disciplinas en las áreas de Mercadeo y Administración de Empresas. Orientar a las organizaciones sobre el papel de las Juntas de Directores, criterios que 20 se deben considerar para su selección y responsabilidades.
17 21

Auspiciadores:

Incrementar el desarrollo de esfuerzos tendientes a fortalecer el nivel de conocimiento sobre las OSFL y concepto de marcas específicas dentro del Tercer Sector.
Organizaciones sin fines de lucro Fundaciones Gobierno Academia y Asociaciones Profesionales Investigadores Empresa Privada

Fundación Carvajal • Fundación Flamboyán • Fundación Banco Popular • Miranda Foundation • Fundación Ferré Rangel • Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico • Fundación José J. Pierluisi

Las Organizaciones sin Fines de Lucro en 2007:
Una Fuerza Económica

Página 2

Las Organizaciones sin Fines de Lucro en 2007:
Una Fuerza Económica

Página 3

Una fuerza económica…

E

l Tercer Sector, compuesto por las organizaciones sin fines de lucro (OSFL), aporta de manera significativa a la economía de Puerto Rico, a la vez que desempeña un papel importante en la solución de los problemas sociales que afectan al País. Este estudio es parte de un esfuerzo por presentar un nuevo perfil de las OSFL en Puerto Rico. Con el estudio se pretende documentar el impacto de las OSFL en la creación de empleos, la movilización de voluntarios que producen estas organizaciones y el costo que el Gobierno se evita gracias al trabajo que realizan.

La contribución de las OSFL a la economía de Puerto Rico: hallazgos más relevantes
Los hallazgos más relevantes de la investigación son los siguientes:  El sector de las organizaciones sin fines de lucro (OSFL) contribuyó con $3,041 millones al Producto Bruto (PB) en el 20071. Al igual que en el caso de los estudios anteriores éste supone un estimado conservador que contabiliza sólo la nómina del Sector y el trabajo voluntario. Esta cifra representa alrededor de un 5.35% del PB. Si se añaden otros gastos, se calcula que el valor de los servicios alcanzó el 8.5 del PNB.  Aún cuando resulta difícil contabilizar la cantidad de beneficiarios del Tercer Sector por la duplicidad de servicios que puede recibir una persona en una o más organizaciones, se estima que las OSFL sirvieron a alrededor de 800,000 personas durante el año objeto de estudio.  Lo costos de proveer servicios de las OSFL se han mantenido por debajo del incremento en el nivel general de precios. El costo de servir a cada beneficiario aumentó en 1.2%, con respecto a lo encontrado en el estudio de 2002. Sin embargo, el crecimiento de precios de este período para Puerto Rico fue estimado en 3.8%.  Las OSFL generaron 229,608 empleos directos, lo que representa una cantidad mayor que los empleos generados por otros sectores, como por ejemplo, el sector de construcción (87,000) y el sector de servicios financieros y bienes raíces (44,000).  Las OSFL encuestadas emplearon 10 personas más en promedio en el año (36 empleados) que lo encontrado en el estudio de 2002 (26 empleados). Este crecimiento implica una tasa anual de crecimiento de 5.3%. En Puerto Rico el empleo no agrícola ha incrementado a una tasa anual de 0.3%, implicando que el Tercer Sector ha aumentado el número de empleo a un ritmo mayor que el resto de la economía.  Los gastos de nómina en el año investigado representaron unos 43 centavos de cada dólar de gasto operacional. Esta cantidad es menor que el gasto en nómina del Gobierno (Rama Ejecutiva) el cual se encuentra alrededor de los 65 centavos.  La cantidad de voluntarios (Full-Time Equivalent), prácticamente duplicó con respecto a lo encontrado en 2002 (17,708 en 2002 y 36,224 en 2007). Esto supera los empleos generados por sectores, como por ejemplo, el de agricultura (22,000 empleos).  Por cada $1 que el Gobierno transfiere a una OSFL para proveer servicios de salud, tendría que invertir $7 para brindar el mismo servicio. En el área educativa esta proporción aumenta aún más: por cada $1 que el Gobierno transfiere, tendría que invertir $11 para brindar el servicio.  La incidencia de uso de Internet entre las OSFL es de 75%.
1

Mientras, más de una tercera parte cuenta con una página sobre sus servicios en la Red.

¿Cuáles son las recomendaciones que surgen de la investigación?
A partir del 2001, la economía de Puerto Rico ha experimentado un ritmo de crecimiento muy lento en comparación a estándares históricos. Aún cuando se han tomado diversas medidas, los datos apuntan a que el Gobierno, incluso en el mejor de los casos, no tendrá mucha flexibilidad para atender los reclamos sociales. Esto sugiere que las OSFL continuarán teniendo un papel protagónico en cuanto a la prestación de determinados servicios que el estado no podrá ofrecer, mientras que los recursos del sector público estarán limitados por la situación fiscal. Este estudio, el cual provee una medida longitudinal sobre perfil y desempeño del Sector, así como su impacto en la economía, debe servir de base para el desarrollo de estrategias encaminadas a atender los retos que enfrenta el País y que inciden en las OSFL. En la tabla que se incluye en esta publicación se presentan las medidas que se recomiendan de acuerdo a los hallazgos de la investigación, así como los sectores que pudieran tener un papel importante en la implantación de las mismas. Estas recomendaciones se realizan partiendo de un escenario que reconoce que el Tercer Sector se encuentra en un momento histórico que requiere:  Diversificar las fuentes de fondos con las que cuentan las organizaciones como respuesta a la situación económica y fiscal que enfrenta el País.  Adoptar procesos de planificación estratégica que le permitan capitalizar en sus fortalezas y trabajar con sus debilidades.  Desarrollar sistemas de medición e investigación sistemáticos y continuos que aporten a un mejor entendimiento del Sector y su aportación.  Coordinar e integrar los esfuerzos de las organizaciones que componen el Sector como mecanismo para evitar la duplicidad y maximizar los recursos disponibles.

¿Como se realizó esta investigación y qué retos presenta para investigaciones futuras?
La metodología empleada para propósitos de este estudio es similar a la utilizada en los esfuerzos de investigación anteriores en aras de hacerlos comparables. Se partió de un acercamiento multimétodo a través del cual se combinó el uso de fuentes primarias y secundarias con el objetivo de contrastar y validar los hallazgos. Específicamente, se llevaron a cabo las siguientes tareas:  Revisión de estudios y otra literatura pertinente al tema.  Análisis de la legislación relacionada al tema en Puerto Rico y Estados Unidos.  Inventario de las organizaciones sin fines de lucro de acuerdo a diversas fuentes, entre ellas el registro de corporaciones del Departamento de Estado, el registro de corporaciones del Internal Revenue Service y los directorios de las fundaciones y otras entidades.  Encuesta a 177 organizaciones sin fines de lucro que operan en Puerto Rico.  Análisis de impacto económico de acuerdo a la encuesta llevada a cabo y otras fuentes oficiales sobre el tema. Por otro lado, las limitaciones principales encontradas en la investigación fueron las siguientes:  No existe un registro oficial depurado de las organizaciones que componen el Tercer Sector en Puerto Rico, por lo que se tuvo que recurrir a la combinación de diversas fuentes para llegar a un número aproximado del universo de entidades.  Hubiera sido deseable contar con una respuesta mayor de entidades para la encuesta. El método utilizado, por correo, tiende a tener una tasa de respuesta baja aún cuando se utilizan estrategias diversas de seguimiento, como en este caso.  No existe uniformidad en la forma en que las entidades recogen la información relacionada a gastos, ingresos y otros aspectos programáticos y fiscales, por lo cual, en algunos casos, se tuvieron que eliminar algunas entidades de la muestra cuyos datos no pudieron ser contabilizados.

¿Qué son las OSFL?
 Para propósitos de este estudio las organizaciones sin fines de lucro se definen como cualquier entidad no-gubernamental, legalmente constituida e incorporada bajo las leyes de algún estado, como una corporación sin fines de lucro o caritativa. Éstas incluyen una gama amplia de entidades, tales como organizaciones de bienestar social, clubes sociales y recreativos, fondos de pensiones de empleados, organizaciones religiosas, asociaciones empresariales y cooperativas. Las mismas no operan para el beneficio financiero de accionistas individuales y, en cambio, sirven al interés público. Esta definición parte de los planteamientos de Thomas Wolf y el Urban Institute.  A través del inventario realizado para propósitos del estudio se identificaron 6,378 organizaciones sin fines de lucro que ofrecen servicios en Puerto Rico. Esto representa una proporción de una organización por cada 597 habitantes.  Las concentraciones mayores de OSFL se encuentran en el Área Metropolitana extendida, Ponce y Mayagüez. Las áreas con menor presencia de estas entidades se encuentran en el centro de la Isla.  Los servicios principales que ofrecen las OSFL se concentran en las áreas de servicios sociales, servicios educativos y servicios de salud.  Las poblaciones principales servidas por las OSFL son jóvenes (59.3%); mujeres (51.5%); niños (49.1%); hombres (43.7%); y personas de edad avanzada (40.1%).

 Utilizar las nuevas tecnologías para el mejoramiento de procesos programáticos, fiscales y Distribución geográfica de las Organizaciones Sin Fines de administrativos. Lucro según identificadas en el inventario  Integrar las voces que componen el Sector para lograr ser más efectivos al insertarse en los procesos de toma de decisiones en el País y en la formulación de política pública.

El estudio se realizó en al año 2007 pero el análisis se basó en los datos disponibles de 2006.

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