...Tetani also known as Tetanus. This bacterium is a “Gram-positive, meaning it lacks an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane and possesses only a thick peptidoglycan cellular wall”. Tetanus is an acute, usually a fetal illness caused by Clostridium Tetani infection at a break in the skin, for example in a wound. It can also occur in burns as a complication and surgical site infection (2). During its premature stages the bacteria has a very low heat tolerance and can barely survive where oxygen is located. When formed on the human skin it takes the shape of a hard spore like infection which can withstand antiseptics and heat rising up to 249.8 degree F (121deg C.) for almost ten minutes. History The history of this disease dates back to the 1800’s, when the physician Arthur Nicolaier, discovered the disease, within the same year both Antonio Carle and Giorgio Rattone demonstrated how it was transmitted by using a rabbit. The rabbit was placed in a simulated area while it was injected with tetanus which later ended up killing the animal. Towards the end of the 1800’s both Kitasato Shibasaburo and French microbiologist and veterinarian Edmond Nocord prove that tetanus could be prevented or treated using antitoxin. Through the discovery made by these men the reported tetanus cases in the US has decline at a drastic rate, from “several thousand cases in the late 1940’s to 27 cases and two deaths in 2005”. Several factors have contributed to the decline in tetanus morbidity and mortality...
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...Part II POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR THE PHYSICIANS’ INJECTABLE DRUG LIST GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH DIVISION OF MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PLANS Published October 1, 2013 PREFACE The Physicians’ Injectable Drug List (PIDL) manual contains basic information regarding Georgia’s Fee for Service (FFS) Medicaid and PeachCare for Kids programs and should be used in conjunction with Policies and Procedures Manual for Medicaid and PeachCare for Kids Part I, Part II Policies and Procedures Manual for Physician Services, and other applicable program manuals. We urge you and your office staff to familiarize yourselves with the contents of this manual and refer to it when questions arise. Use of the manuals will assist in the elimination of misunderstandings concerning the coverage levels and billing procedures that can result in delays of claims processing or payments, inaccuracies and/or denials. The PIDL is reviewed and updated quarterly, it is re-priced annually. Drugs that are not re-priced by the manufacturer or are no longer manufactured, or obsolete may not be re-priced or changed— refer to the Schedule of Maximum Allowable Payments (Appendix A) in this manual. For quality purposes, the PIDL is periodically purged of drugs with no or low (fewer than 50 units of service annually) utilization over a three (3) year period; except for orphan drugs and certain chemotherapeutic agents. Requests for coverage of purged drugs will be considered on a case-bycase...
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...prescribing information for GARDASIL. GARDASIL [Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent (Types 6, 11, 16, and 18) Vaccine, Recombinant] Suspension for intramuscular injection Initial U.S. Approval: 2006 --------------------------- RECENT MAJOR CHANGES --------------------------Indications and Usage (1) Girls and Women (1.1) 12/2010 Boys and Men (1.2) 12/2010 Limitations of GARDASIL Use and Effectiveness (1.3) 04/2011 ----------------------------INDICATIONS AND USAGE ---------------------------GARDASIL is a vaccine indicated in girls and women 9 through 26 years of age for the prevention of the following diseases caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types included in the vaccine: • Cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancer caused by HPV types 16 and 18 • Genital warts (condyloma acuminata) caused by HPV types 6 and 11 And the following precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18: • Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2/3 and Cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) • Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1 • Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) grade 2 and grade 3 • Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) grade 2 and grade 3 • Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) grades 1, 2, and 3 GARDASIL is indicated in boys and men 9 through 26 years of age for the prevention of the following diseases caused by HPV types included in the vaccine: • Anal cancer caused by HPV types 16 and 18 • Genital warts (condyloma acuminata) caused by HPV types 6 and...
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...divisions, pharmaceuticals and consumer healthcare. This profile deals with the pharmaceuticals division, which generates 85% of GSK’s sales. The five largest selling GSK products are Seretide/Advair for asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); Paxil/Seroxat and Wellbutrin, both antidepression drugs; Avandia/Avadamet for type 2 diabetes; and the antibiotic Augmentin. Each of these drugs generated above £800 million of sales in 2003. GSK produces a broad range of products of special importance to developing countries, including: Anti-malaria drugs Zentel (albendazole), for de-worming and the prevention of lymphatic filariasis Pentosam, against leishmaniasis Anti-retrovirals (ARVs) for the treatment of HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis drugs Vaccines for developing countries Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) CSR refers to the responsibility of a company for the social, ecological and economic impacts of its operations. GSK follows a proactive and comprehensive CSR approach. In 2003, the company formally adopted a set of Corporate Responsibility Principles. The company is highly transparent about its CSR policies and has a clear governance structure on CSR. Reporting...
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...for the distinction between ophthalmology, pediatrics, trauma surgery, or geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts at the end of each chapter. These can be used for "cram sessions" after the concepts have been studied in the text. 3) Concentrate more on clinical and infectious disease issues...
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...Emerging Trends in Healthcare A Journey from Bench to Bedside 17 February 2011 © 2011 KPMG, an Indian Partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. Acknowledgement India’s competitive advantage lies in the lower production and research cost, its large pool of low cost technical and scientifically trained personnel, and large number of compliance certified manufacturers and service providers, which make us different from others. ASSOCHAM feels that technology incubation is no longer confined to a few institutions; it is a responsibility that we have to share, if we wish to see a better and a healthy future ahead. There is an immense need to develop skilled manpower in the area of healthcare and modern as well as traditional medicines. I am glad that this Summit on Emerging trends in Healthcare will bring forth the journey from research desk to the bedside of patient, as we will look at healthcare at the frontline to identify some common challenges that may help explain the complex nature of healthcare and the scale of the “change” challenge. I wish to thank KPMG for unanimously contributing towards this Knowledge Paper, which gives a rich and comprehensive insight of the trend in healthcare. I would also take the opportunity to thank QCI for supporting this event. The case studies contributed providing the best of...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...Practice Examination One Part One You will have two hours and 30 minutes to complete Part One. 1. The nurse is instructing an unlicensed assistant on how to collect a urine specimen from an indwelling catheter. Which of the following statements indicates that the assistant understands the instructions? A. "I will empty the catheter drainage bag, have the client drink some water, and an hour later collect the urine that drains into the bag. " B. "I will get a sterile syringe and remove urine from the catheter through the collection port to place in the specimen container. " C. "I should collect urine from the catheter drainage bag at the end of the shift and place it in the specimen container. " D. "I will disconnect the drainage tube from the catheter and let urine run from the catheter into the specimen container. " 2. Linda is a 19-year-old primipara who delivered a viable male neonate 2 hours ago. She has decided to breast-feed. Her 22-year-old husband supports her decision. She tells the nurse, "My mother breast-fed all of her children, but I'm going to need lots of help with breastfeeding. I'm worried that I won't be able to do this. " Which of the following should the nurse include when assessing the client? A. Determine the client's level of motivation to breast-feed. B. Perform a complete physical examination to determine her need for help. C. Assess her body-to-fat ratio and nutritional status before beginning...
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