...“Where, after all, do universal human rights begin? In small places, close to home - so close and so small that they cannot be seen on any maps of the world. Yet they are the world of the individual person; the neighborhood he lives in; the school or college he attends; the factory, farm, or office where he works. Such are the places where every man, woman, and child seeks equal justice, equal opportunity, equal dignity without discrimination. Unless these rights have meaning there, they have little meaning anywhere. Without concerted citizen action to uphold them close to home, we shall look in vain for progress in the larger world.” -Eleanor Roosevelt Introduction Millions have suffered crimes against humanity. Millions are left poor, without any of the basic needs to survive. Millions more suffer in forced labor. Other millions are discriminated on because of their race, gender, and nationality. When do these millions become less, or none for that matter? When will crimes against humanity stop? When will one’s race not matter? “The idea of human rights has a long history, but only in the past century has the international community sought to galvanize a regime to promote and guard them” (Council on Foreign Relations, 2013, 1). Particularly, since the United Nations was created in 1945, the world community has cooperated to codify human rights in a universally recognized regime of treaties, institutions, and norms...
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...institutions of State. Many people and groups see the prospect of a lessening of tensions, and the beginnings of a return to social harmony and economic progress, in Constitutional reform. In response to these pressures, the present government has appointed a commission to review the constitution, and the work of that commission is now open for public comment in a series of open meetings. Response to the official draft has been sporadic but largely negative. The best informed commentators have unanimously seen in it an increase in the power of the Executive, although excessive executive power without adequate checks and balances was said to be the major problem of the existing Constitution. Some human rights organisations have detected in it the beginning of sever erosion of fundamental rights. In addition, other groups, including one newly-formed national political party, have prepared their own drafts, and suggestions for reform of particular aspects have been bandied about for some years. All these proposals, however, are subject to the accusation of catering to the desires of particular groups. This is natural and not to be condemned. Politics is, precisely, the process of conciliation of diverse interests. Such conciliation, however, can only be successful if it takes place within a universally, or near-universally,...
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...Summary International Law Week 1: International law: Rules and principles that govern the international relations between sovereign states and other institutional subjects of international law. * Created primarily by states. * The fact that rules come into being in the manner accepted and recognized by states as authoritative, is enough to ensure that ‘law’ exists. * When a country breaches international law, the Security Council may take enforcement action, or it can result in the loss of corresponding legal rights and privileges. * However, international law lacks many of the formal institutions present in national legal systems. * The International Court of Justice is the judicial organ of the UN and the ICC deals with serious violations of international law of individuals. There are also a few ad hoc tribunals that are concerned with discrete issues of international law. * Another disadvantage is that the system of flexible and open-ended rules is a lack of certainty. Effectiveness: - International law is needed in order to ensure a stable and orderly international society. - There is a psychological barrier against breaking international law, simply because it is law. - The practitioners of international law may have a ‘habit of obedience’ derived from their own training as national lawyers which serves to encourage respect for international law. Weaknesses: - Lack of formal institutions present in national legal systems. - Customary law-making process...
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...of civics originates from the nature of human being itself i.e. from the natural behavior and level of interaction of human beings it self. One basic nature of human beings related with this statement is the fact that “man is a social animal” whose life is closely related to each other. Almost all instincts, demands and progresses of human beings are fulfilled in society. The superiority that human beings try to achieve over nature and other living things is the result of the social bond among human beings. If such bond is a requirement for the survival of human beings, then what should be the pattern of social interaction that exist among human beings is closely related with the subject matter of civics. In this regard civics is considered as a subject field which is mainly concerned with teaching citizens as to how they can live harmonious and peaceful life with other citizens and as to how they can resolve conflicts peacefully among them selves. The other basic nature of human being is the political view of philosophy by Plato that, “Man is a political animal”, which means no human being can escape from the deeds of politics and its dayto-day life is either directly or indirectly affected by it. For this reason human beings have to know the workings of politics, institutions that affect their day to day life, norms, principles and laws which are set in motion by politicians to govern their societies and above all the duties and rights that they have in the political community...
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...Doing Business in Ireland Team Arrow [Year] Doing Business in Ireland Team Arrow [Year] Course: INB 372 Section: 10 Semester: Fall 2015 NAME | ID | Fuad Bin Saif | 141 1722 630 | Md. Sadman Sakib | 141 1428 030 | Monis Ahmed | 141 0637 030 | Ashrafl Alam Galib | 141 0734 030 | Omar Farhan Khan | 141 1689 630 | Prepared For Krishna Biswas (GpB) Lecturer Dept. Of Marketing & International Business NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The most pleasant part of submitting the report is to get the opportunity of completing and learning from it. We would like to thank those who have contributed to it a lot. Unfortunately, the list of expression of thanks- no matter how extensive is always incomplete and inadequate. These acknowledgements are no exception. Our first thank goes to the almighty Allah for bestowing us the patience and courage to finish this huge task within its deadline. Thanks must go to the team members, whose unflagging patience and astounding capacity for creative work, and long hours made the project both possible and successful – under the pressure of the knocking deadline. At last, we sincerely acknowledge our debt to Krishna Biswas, our honorable faculty, for...
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...Ethnicity, Identity and Public Policy Critical Perspectives on Multiculturalism David Bromell Institute of Policy Studies Ethnicity, Identity and Public Policy Critical Perspectives on Multiculturalism David Bromell Institute of Policy Studies First printed in 2008 Institute of Policy Studies School of Government Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington © Institute of Policy Studies ISBN 158 IPS/Pub/978-1-877347-26-9 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced without the permission of the Institute of Policy Studies. Copy editor: Belinda Hill Cover design: Milne Printers Ltd Printed by Milne Printers Ltd Contents List of Tables iv List of Figures iv List of Boxes iv Foreword v Acknowledgments and Disclaimer ix Part One: Introduction and Context of Inquiry 1 Introduction 2 New Zealand Context 3 21 Part Two: Communitarian Responses to Liberalism Introduction to Part Two 61 3 Civic Republicanism: Michael Sandel 63 4 The Politics of Recognition: Charles Taylor 83 Part Three: Multiculturalism Introduction to Part Three 105 5 Multicultural Citizenship: Will Kymlicka 107 6 Common Citizenship in a Multicultural Society: Bhikhu Parekh 151 Part Four: Critical Responses to Multiculturalism ...
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...caribbean studies notes MODULE ONE LOCATION AND DEFINITION OF THE CARIBBEAN REGION Definition of the Caribbean Region Geographical This describes the area washed by the Caribbean Sea and is often described as the Caribbean Basin. It would therefore include most of the islands of the Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles as well as the mainland territories in Central America (Costa Rica, Belize, Panama, Honduras) and Northern South America such as Columbia and Venezuela. The common link here is the Caribbean Sea. Geological There are deep seated structural features of Caribbean geology which also identifies commonalities. It is the area that is defined by the Caribbean Plate and which experiences similar tectonic, seismic and volcanic features and processes. Historical It describes the area that saw the impact of European colonization, slavery, indentureship and the plantation system. this refers to all the territories so that one way of defining the Caribbean is to identify those countries that experienced the rule of specific European countries. Thus the Caribbean may be defined as being broken up into the English, French, Dutch and Spanish speaking countries and territories. Political In the Caribbean at least three types of governmental systems are found. They include Independent States, Associated States and Colonial Dependencies. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY Society Society is a collection of people occupying a defined geographical...
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...Connecticut. This article received the Holmes-Cardozo Award for Outstanding Submitted Conference Paper as well as the Ralph J. Bunche Best Paper Award at the Academy of Legal Studies in Business Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN, August 2007. Our thanks for comments and support go to Jayashree Watal, Peter Yu, Douglas Lippoldt, and the other participants at the University of Connecticut’s Center for International Business Education and Research Conference, ‘‘The Impact of Intellectual Property Rights on Innovation, Knowledge Diffusion, and Foreign Direct Investment in the Global Economy,’’ Storrs, CT, May 2007. Additional thanks to Anthony Kwasnica and Larry Cata-Backer for helpful comments. nn Associate Professor of Business Law, Smeal College of Business, The Pennsylvania State University. My research was supported by funding from the 2007 Smeal Competitive Research Grants Program. 1 The term ‘‘compulsory license’’ can refer to any compelled relaxation of an intellectual property owner’s right to exclude in exchange for a licensee’s...
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...International Business ( Semester 2, 2014) * Topic 1: Context * Globalization: There is no agreed or consistent definition for globalization but the key features including: * Everything and everyone equal * Intensive and rapid flows cross border flows (eg product, finance) * Not just economic but social, culture also. * Implication for nation states (countries)- a loss on power for the countries on politically as well as economically. * “ Globalization is about growing mobility across frontiers- mobility of goods and commodities, mobility of information and communications products and services, and mobility of people” ( Robins 2000). * Globalization has become a leading concept in doing business during last few decades, there are various aspects of globalization that influencing in doing business such as Competition, exchange of technology, knowledge/information transfer. * Competition: there is increase in competition. It can relate to product, service cost, price, target market, technological adaptation, quick response, quick production by companies. Company needs to focus on production with less cost to sell cheaper in order to increase its market share. On the other hand, customers also have a large multitude of choices in the markets and it affects their behavior: they want to acquire goods and services quickly and in more efficient way than before with high expectation in quality and low prices. * Exchange of...
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...%McDonald’s%and%iPods%help%create%a%global%market%% Significant%differences%still%exist%between%national%markets%along%many%dimensions,%i.e.%tastes/preferences,%distribution% channels,%value%and%business%systems,%and%legal%regulation% Most%global%markets%–%markets%for%industrial%goods%and%materials%that%serve%universal%need% Sourcing%of%goods/services%from%locations%around%the%globe%to%take%advantage%of%national%differences%in%cost%and%quality% of%factors%of%production%+ Aim%is%to%lower%overall%cost%structure%of%an%entity%and/or%improve%quality/functionality%of%product%offering%+ Impediments% to% global% production% include% –% formal/informal% barriers% to% trade,% barriers% to% foreign% direct% investment,% transportation%costs,%and%issues%associated%with%economic%+%political%risk+ Regulation,%management,%and%policing%of%global%marketplace%necessary%as%markets%globalize%further% General+Agreement+on+Tariffs+and+Trade+(GATT):+international%treaty%that%committed%signatories%to%lower%barriers% to%the%free%flow%of%goods%across%national%borders%–%led%to%WTO% World+Trade+Organization+(WTO):%responsible%for%policing%world%trade%system%and%ensuring%nationTstates%adhere%to% rules%laid%down%in%trade%treaties%% o Promoted%lowering%of%barriers%to%crossTborder%trade%and%investment%%...
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...Northern Consortium United Kingdom – Politics Past paper questions for June exam < Module 1 > Section A 1a What are the differences between Public Bills Committees and Select Committees? [5] Public Bills Committee is part of legislative process, whereas Select Committee is part of scrutiny process. In the former committee, the bill is examined by line by line to ensure that its wording and language is clear to allow any amendments on the bill. In the latter committee, there are two departments – governmental and non-governmental. They examine government departments’ expeditures , policies and policies. There are between 16 to 50 members in the PBC who are selected by Committee of Selection whose 7 out 9 members are ships. On the other hand, there are 11 members in the SCs and to eliminate “the conflict of interest, all the members are backbench members who are elected using the Alternative vote system. 2a What are the main functions of Parliament and how well does it perform them? [5] < This question is a 20-mark question > 3a What are the differences between direct and representative democracy? [5] In direct democracy, people are directly involved in decision-making processes, whereas in representative democracy, people elect MPs who will represent and form a government in Parliament. For instance, some qualified members of Athenian society were involved in decision-making and a referendum is a limited form of direct democracy. Also general elections...
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...INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Definition of international business International business involves commercial activities that cross national frontiers. It concerns the international movement of goods, capital, services, employees and technology; importing and exporting; cross-border transactions in intellectual property (patents, trademarks, know-how, copyright materials, etc.) via licensing and franchising; investments in physical and financial assets in foreign countries; contract manufacture or assembly of goods abroad for local sale or for export to other nations; buying and selling in foreign countries; the establishment of foreign warehousing and distribution systems; and the import to one foreign country of goods from a second foreign country for subsequent local sale. All the basic tools and concepts of domestic business management are relevant to international business (for information on these see the M & E text Management). However, special problems arise in international business not normally experienced when trading or manufacturing at home. In particular: * Deals might have to be transacted in foreign languages and under foreign laws, customs and regulations. * Information on foreign countries needed by a particular firm may be difficult (perhaps impossible) to obtain. * Foreign currency transactions will be necessary. Exchange rate variations can be very wide and create many problems for international business. * Numerous cultural...
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...Challenges to Criminal Law Making in the New Global Information Society: A Critical Comparative Study of the Adequacies of Computer-Related Criminal Legislation in the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore Warren B. Chik* Introduction Computer and Internet usage is on the rise due to lower costs of computer ownership and connectivity as well as faster and easier accessibility. As it is another mode of commercial and personal transaction and one that is heavily dependent on interaction through computers and automatic agents rather than face-to-face meetings, which increases distance and allows anonymity, it is another avenue for crimes to perpetuate. “Computer Crime” encompasses crimes committed against the computer, the materials contained therein such as software and data, and its uses as a processing tool. These include hacking, denial of service attacks, unauthorized use of services and cyber vandalism. “Cyber Crime” describes criminal activities committed through the use of electronic communications media. One of the greatest concerns is with regard to cyber-fraud and identity theft through such methods as phishing, pharming, spoofing and through the abuse of online surveillance technology. There are also many other forms of criminal behaviour perpetrated through the use of information technology such as harassment, defamation, pornography, cyber terrorism, industrial espionage and some regulatory offences. The existing criminal laws in most countries...
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...Oeriew International cooperation at a crossroads Aid, trade and security in an unequal world Every hour more than 1,200 children die away from the glare of media attention The year 2004 ended with an event that demonstrated the destructive power of nature and the regenerative power of human compassion. The tsunami that swept across the Indian Ocean left some 300,000 people dead. Millions more were left homeless. Within days of the tsunami, one of the worst natural disasters in recent history had given rise to the world’s greatest international relief effort, showing what can be achieved through global solidarity when the international community commits itself to a great endeavour. The tsunami was a highly visible, unpredictable and largely unpreventable tragedy. Other tragedies are less visible, monotonously predictable and readily preventable. Every hour more than 1,200 children die away from the glare of media attention. This is equivalent to three tsunamis a month, every month, hitting the world’s most vulnerable citizens—its children. The causes of death will vary, but the overwhelming majority can be traced to a single pathology: poverty. Unlike the tsunami, that pathology is preventable. With today’s technology, financial resources and accumulated knowledge, the world has the capacity to overcome extreme deprivation. Yet as an international community we allow poverty to destroy lives on a scale that dwarfs the impact of the tsunami. Five years ago, at the start...
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...Challenges to Criminal Law Making in the New Global Information Society: A Critical Comparative Study of the Adequacies of Computer-Related Criminal Legislation in the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore Warren B. Chik* Introduction Computer and Internet usage is on the rise due to lower costs of computer ownership and connectivity as well as faster and easier accessibility. As it is another mode of commercial and personal transaction and one that is heavily dependent on interaction through computers and automatic agents rather than face-to-face meetings, which increases distance and allows anonymity, it is another avenue for crimes to perpetuate. “Computer Crime” encompasses crimes committed against the computer, the materials contained therein such as software and data, and its uses as a processing tool. These include hacking, denial of service attacks, unauthorized use of services and cyber vandalism. “Cyber Crime” describes criminal activities committed through the use of electronic communications media. One of the greatest concerns is with regard to cyber-fraud and identity theft through such methods as phishing, pharming, spoofing and through the abuse of online surveillance technology. There are also many other forms of criminal behaviour perpetrated through the use of information technology such as harassment, defamation, pornography, cyber terrorism, industrial espionage and some regulatory offences. The existing criminal laws in most countries...
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