...Cassie is a Hispanic, 14-year-old, female, who is currently in foster care due to her out of control behavior and overdose of Tylenol that brought her to the emergency room. Based on the background information, Cassie’s current situation can be understood from the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) concept. ACEs are traumatic events that can have negative, lasting effects on health and well-being (Chapman, Dube, & Anda, 2007). Cassie is dealing with PTSD, which is a personal experience that involves actual threat to one’s physical integrity, due to her childhood trauma. Biologically, Cassie’s PTSD is impacting her brain development due to poor behavioral choices that are harmful to the brain. For example, Cassie’s out of control behavior puts her body in a state of arousal, and high alert because neurologically she doesn't have the capacity to return back to baseline where her parasympathetic nervous system kicks in and signals the brain to relax and rest (Cozolino, 2014). Therefore, the stress hormone cortisol remains throughout her body, which is toxicity to the body and mind....
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...Evaluate the evidence for borderline personality disorder being (a) caused by adverse events in childhood, and (b) treatable? Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is psychiatric disorder characterised by a ubiquitous pattern of instability and impulsivity. Those with BPD struggle to maintain interpersonal relationships due to social inhibition and impulsive aggression. They also tend to find it difficult maintaining a positive self-image, often resulting in a nagging feeling of inadequacy. Of the general population, 1-2% are affected by BPD-Many psychologists have suggested that BPD balances on the line between mood and personality (Tyrer, 2009), which means that there can often be some confusion when diagnosing. A range of factors have...
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...many mental disorders are proved to have been related to biological vulnerability and/or some form of brain abnormality (Sue et al., 2016). Consistent to this, numerous studies provided evidence that genetic inheritance was a key feature of the biological contribution on the development of major depression (e.g. Klein, Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seely & Durbin 2002; Schreier, Höfler, Wittchen & Lieb 2006). However, Mr. X’s case did not present any family history of depression which meant that there were no evidences that him having depression was associated with genetics. Ingram & Ritter (2000) noted that several cognitive theories suggested that disruptions on the basic bonding processes between a child and their caretaker produce...
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...1. AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY Modern health research defines childhood adversity as a range of unfavorable experiences that a child may have experienced before attaining the age of 18 (Pais & Bissell, 2006). A more recent definition provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes Adverse Childhood Experience as a range of challenges, including abuse (emotional, physical and sexual), household challenges (violent treatment of the mother, household substance abuse, mental illness within household, parental separation or divorce and criminal household member) and neglect (emotional and physical) that affects a child before the age of 18 (CDC 2016). As such, the question on what defines an adverse...
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...The Impact of Stress on a Developing Child Rae Ann Parsons Liberty University References Dubois-Comtois, K., Moss, E., Cyr, C., & Pascuzzo, K. (2013). Behavior problems in middle childhood: The predictive role of maternal distress, child attachment, and mother-child interactions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(8), 1311-1324. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=b2d75575-0df6-4400-8735-241e5dd64815%40sessionmgr102&vid=23&hid=116 Summary: The article provided results of a continued study. Behavior developments arising from stressful child attachment situations of 243 French mothers and daughters were gathered. The quality of caregiving, attachment development, relationship between mother and child along with influences of maternal distress predict future psychosocial behaviors of middle school children. Insecure, distressed children have behavior problems such as trying to control their parents. How children externalize or internalize stress reflects future behavior issues, attachment relationships, and parental interaction. Strengths or Weaknesses: The validity of individual mother and child reports were valuable tools for problem assessments within the family regarding maladaptive attachment security. Various testing variables were also used to strengthen the results. Evaluation: Prior attachment...
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...settings within the UK. This has allowed us to understand how certain things may affect people’s childhood experiences in negative ways and effect their future. It also allows us to understand how people may potentially develop mental health illnesses. Freud stated that mental illnesses can be caused due to disagreement between ID and superego and the overuse of defence mechanisms which could be caused due to bad childhood upbringing. An example would be experiencing abuse as a child or losing a close relative. This helps us today by highlighting the importance and severity of everyone’s childhood and how the protection of children should be priority. This will allow us to decrease the amount of mental health illness cases later on. It has helped the adaption of social services and care services because they have more of an understanding of what to provide and how to care for the child. Also, in schools, it helps us to understand that children may respond with defence mechanisms such as aggression or denial in circumstances that don’t need that response due to the fact that it is their personal way of coping and dealing with what is happening in their private lives e.g. at home. The psychodynamic approach has helped to develop medicine so we are able to have what we have today. Nadine Burke suggested that doctors have found the adverse childhood experiences can affect a child massively due to brain development and their hormones. Unfortunately, they also...
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...TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a growing concern for children in their preschool years. Children of young ages undergo many developmental changes during the ages of two through five. These changes are significant for their growth and maturity. They include cognitive, social, and behavioral development as well as development in executive functioning. Sustaining a traumatic brain injury during these years can pose as a direct risk of developmental deficits in any or all of these areas. After an extensive literature review, it was found that most of the previous research resulted in areas of consensus. These areas compare the how TBI severity and the age of the TBI effect developmental. Results from multiple studies show that the more sever the TBI, the more prevalent the developmental deficiencies (Gerrard-Morris, A., Taylor, H., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., Minich, N., & Wade, S., 2009; McKinlay, A., Grace, R., Horward, L., Fergusson, D., & MacFarlane, M., 2008; Morse, S., Haritou, F., Ong, K., Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., & Rosenfeld, J., 1999; Taylor, H., Swartwout, M., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., & Wade, S., 2008). It is also found that children injured in early childhood are more vulnerable to developmental deficits, According to Taylor et. al (2008), a younger age at the time of injury is a predictor...
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...involves the above experience (APA, 2013). “Research… has revealed that trauma produces actual physiological changes, including a recalibration of the brain’s alarm system, an increase in stress hormone activity, and alterations in the system that filters relevant information from irrelevant” (Van der Kolk, 2014, p. 2-3). In his book, Van der Kolk discusses his colleague Dr. Ruth...
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...Assignment on Submitted To: Afreen Choudhury Lecturer Department of Marketing Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka How does Overcrowding Affect Human Being? Department of Marketing Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka “Leopards” Group Profile: SL NO | NAME | ID | 1 | S. M. Fahim Uddin | 20 | 2 | Ariful Islam | 92 | 3 | Shima Akter | 104 | 4 | Imran Hossain | 156 | 5 | Md. Tareq Hossain | 178 | Definition of overcrowding: According to the World Health Organization, overcrowding refers to the situation in which more people are living within a single dwelling than there is space for, so that movement is restricted, privacy secluded, hygiene impossible, rest and sleep difficult. The terms crowding and overcrowding are often used interchangeably to refer to the same condition. The effects on quality of life due to crowding may be due to children sharing a bed or bedroom, increased physical contact, lack of sleep, lack of privacy, poor hygiene practices and an inability to care adequately for sick household members. While population density is an objective measure of number of people living per unit area, overcrowding refers to people's psychological response to density. But, definitions of crowding used in statistical reporting and for administrative purposes are based on density measures and do not usually incorporate people’s perceptions of crowding. The social and psychological effects of overcrowding: The social and psychological...
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...domestic violence are more likely than their peers to experience a wide range of difficulties. These difficulties fall into three main categories: • Behavioral, social, and emotional problems. Children in families experiencing domestic violence are more likely than other children to exhibit aggressive and antisocial behavior or to be depressed and anxious (Brown & Bzostek, 2003). Other researchers have found higher levels of anger, hostility, oppositional behavior, and disobedience; fear and withdrawal; poor peer, sibling, and social relationships; and low self-esteem. • Cognitive and attitudinal problems. Children exposed to domestic violence are more likely to experience difficulties in school and score lower on assessments of verbal, motor, and cognitive skills. Slower cognitive development, lack of conflict resolution skills, limited problem solving skills, pro-violence attitudes, and belief in rigid gender stereotypes and male privilege are other issues identified in the research (Brown & Bzostek, 2003; Edleson, 2006). • Long-term problems. Research indicates that males exposed to domestic violence as children are more likely to engage in domestic violence as adults; similarly, females are more likely to be victims (Brown & Bzostek, 2003). Higher levels of adult depression and trauma symptoms also have been found (Silvern et al., 1995). Exposure to domestic violence is also one of several adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that have been shown to contribute to premature...
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...characteristic of domestic violence is its innate ability to affect individuals regardless of age, race, nationality, or economic status. Although countless studies have researched the adverse effects of domestic on battered women, the effect of the violence on the children involved has been greatly ignored. It has been determined through myriad studies that domestic violence not only affects the mother’s caregiving abilities but also...
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...& Marmot (2006), the improvement of health may only be achieved if living conditions are improved and therefore, focus must be placed on solving the source of the problems instead of dealing with the underlying symptoms. Another social factor affecting health is the distribution of income. This is because it is the level of incomes which shapes how people live. Low incomes results to social and material deprivation as the basic needs are a challenge to meet for the low income earners (Raphael, 2010). Food, clothing and shelter are the prerequisites of health and for the people with low incomes it results to social exclusion which later affects one’s health. People living in deprived conditions experience high death rates and the suicide levels are high too. Additionally, studies show that adult-onset diabetes and heart attacks are far more common among low income earners (Jones, 2000). Education is also an important social determinant of health since people...
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...Jovanny Quesada BSC4925 Epel ES, Blackburn EH, Lin J et. al. (2004). Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. PNAS. 101, 49, 17312-17315. Chronic stress has been demonstrated to be correlated with poor health in various studies which include risks to cardiovascular disease and poor immune function (Epel et. al, 2004). Epel et. al investigates whether stress may accelerate cellular aging translating to diseases associated with organismal aging. Telomeres, a vital component of chromosomes, provides chromosomal stability as a repeated nucleotide sequence cap. DNA Polymerase struggles to replicate the ends of linear molecules therefore the ends of telomeres are not fully replicated causing telomeres to shorten with each replication in somatic cells (Epel et. al). As a result, their length are typically used as a measure of biological “age”. Additionally, telomerase is another crucial component considered to analyze cellular aging. Telomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of required T2AG3 repeats onto 3’ ends of the telomeres; individuals with diminished telomerase may suffer from shortened telomeres (Epel et. al). Zglinicki et. al has demonstrated in vitro that oxidative stress can result in shortened telomeres and notably perceived stress has been linked to oxidative stress in leukocytes. Epel et. al hypothesize that chronic psychological stress may result in telomere shortening, oxidative stress, and reduced telomerase activity in peripheral blood...
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...concerning the specific definition that Resilience is, "a psychological study of individuals and groups in adverse circumstances"(Harrington,2012). "Resilience research analyzes why some people go on to experience more problems, while others develop into adults who can contribute positively to society (Werner, 2004),(Harrington,2012). This very statement gave room to spark such a revelation of testimony within me. As a child, I was raised in a neglected home riddled with physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Being raised in this environment, caused emotional trauma, deep hurt and rejection to burrow within my soul. This environment fragmented the core of my being, which left me shattered from watching, hearing, and experiencing so many things no one should have seen, let alone a child! I didn't grow up in a solid foundation of Christ but what I did have was Religion, which led us to more Confusion, and eventually chaos. Hosea 4:6 says that, "my people are destroyed...
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...various methods used to determine if violent behavior is a function of nature or nurture. There was a study conducted in Germany and the UK, which involved a child’s behavior due to their environment and how much is due to their genetics. “It is society (or culture, respectively) into which the children are born, with its prevailing behavioral norms, creeds, social structures, attitudes, mentalities, etc., which imprints and profiles the newborn humans” (Voland, E., 2000). Nature are the elements which make up a person such as their qualities. Nurture is to raise, educate, support and love a person. Violence is a natural phenomenon that should be treated, or violence is a learned behavior that children should be taught to avoid. Before making an assumption or decision, onlookers of the debate should consider how genetics may come into play in the behaviors of individuals, how environment may affect an individual’s behaviors, and how they both may interact to create violence as a whole. Nature refers to an individual's innate qualities or nativism. For example, nature is in your genes. The researcher’s hypothesis is how much of violent behavior is due to the environment and how much is due to genetic influence. There are various methods used to determine if violent behavior is a function of nature or nurture. The conclusion, violent behavior is due to the adverse childhood environment. NATURE VS NUTURE...
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