...accustomed to the rats running over my face at night, a source of infection and nuisance. There were two different types/kinds of rats, the brown kind and the black kind. The black rats were definitely a nuisance, but everybody feared the brown rat. The brown rats were known to grow to the size of large cats, and they would gorge themselves on the dead and decaying bodies lying in the trench. Men were so scared and exasperated by the rats that they tried to kill the rats with guns, a bayonet or any weapon they could find. I myself tried to club rats to death every chance I could get. It was useless though, for every rat I killed, ten more would take it’s place....
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...WHEAT (Triticumaestivum) BACKGROUND TO THE CROP It is the one of most important food grain crops in India and occupies approximately 230 million ha all over the world. India is the second largest producer of wheat, with 25million ha area under cultivation resulting in wheat production of 70 million tonnes. About one tenth of the globe’s production is from India. Wheat is grown during winter in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. While in the northern states it is grown as an irrigated crop, it is grown largely under rain-fed conditions and with little or no irrigation support in many parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. In Maharashtra, wheat is grown in 7 lakh ha with average productivity of 13.2 q/ha against the national average of about 26.5 q/ha. Out of the four species, Triticum aestivum occupies almost 90% of the total wheat area. Soil Requirement Well-drained loams and clay loams are ideal for wheat cultivation. However, a good crop can be raised in sandy loams and black soils also. Soil pH below 6.5 and above 7.8 is not suitable. Season and Duration Being a low temperature crop, wheat is grown in winter, from the end of October to February under rain-fed conditions, and from the middle of November to March/April under irrigated conditions. Total duration of the crop ranges from 110 to 120 days under irrigated conditions, and 100–110 days under rain-fed conditions. Cropping Pattern Wheat...
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...epidemic. The city is filled with rats that carry the infection by themselves and die painfully. Just like rats, hundreds of people are dying, infected plague bacillus. Ongoing control measures, people have already buried in mass graves, and local transport is a means of transport of corpses. Terrible picture, but much worse than what the locals surrounded quarantine posts, internal change. They have a strange indifference to the fate of even close friends, they try as much as possible unbridled joy, if it will help to avoid illness or infection. Camus finally asserts plague cripples not only the body but the soul. Plague is a way of thinking that is closed on itself. Dr. Rie gather around the other characters in the novel "The Plague" - Tara, Rambert, Grand Prix. These people perform their professional and civic duty, neglecting their own security, peace in the home. Particularly interesting is the fate of a Parisian journalist Rambert, who, finding himself in a plague-stricken city breaks first to leave him to go home, but soon realizes that can be very useful here, in the outbreak of the epidemic. He is working in the health team. Albert Camus was a member of the French Resistance and was able to trace the pattern of his experience of the epidemic of fascism. No wonder he decided to describe it is a plague epidemic, as the causative agent of the disease can be dangerous for many years quietly waiting in the wings to send a rat hearts failing them on the streets of a...
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...the people who willingly helped the researcher. In due recognition of all those who contributed to the success of this study, the researcher extend her utmost gratitude ad heartfelt appreciation of the following: Mrs. Angelita Regis, Principal IV of Bagong Silangan High School Sir. Edwin Abengoza, Head Teacher III of Science Department Mrs. Irene M. Cruz, my Science teacher, who motivated and guided me on making such project, My family, who gave me assistance and financial support. ABSTRACT Rats and mice are house pests that carry germs-causing diseases. To eliminate them many resort to buying some expensive commercial rodenticide. Dispensing this commercial rodenticides is synthetically prepared. This commercial and synthetic rodenticides are also harmful to our environment. To solve this problem, the researcher had thought of innovations in controlling these house pests safely & effectively. This study was conducted to produce a good quality rodenticide or rat or mouse killer using Tibanglan or Tubli (Derris Elliptica )and Nami or Intoxicating Yam (Dioscorea Hispida)is edible, a rich source of carbohydrates and cab be a good substitute to rice and corn. However , if this plant is not properly planted and the root crop yield is not properly handled or cooked, a certain poisonous substance can paralyze...
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...VIII. English Language Arts, Grade 10 A. Composition B. Reading Comprehension Grade 10 English Language Arts Test Test Structure The grade 10 English Language Arts test was presented in the following two parts: ■ the ELA Composition test, which used a writing prompt to assess learning standards from the Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework’s Composition strand ■ the ELA Reading Comprehension test, which used multiple-choice and open-response questions (items) to assess learning standards from the English Language Arts Curriculum Framework’s Language and Reading and Literature strands A. Composition The spring 2012 grade 10 English Language Arts (ELA) Composition test and Composition Make-Up test were based on learning standards in the Composition strand of the Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework (2001). The learning standards for the Composition strand appear on pages 72–83 of the Framework, which is available on the Department website at www.doe.mass.edu/frameworks/current.html. ELA Composition test results are reported under the reporting categories Composition: Topic Development and Composition: Standard English Conventions. Test Sessions and Content Overview The ELA Composition test included two separate test sessions, administered on the same day with a short break between sessions. During the first session, each student wrote an initial draft of a composition in response to the appropriate writing prompt on the next...
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...Pakistan Veterinary Journal ISSN: 0253-8318 (PRINT), 2074-7764 (ONLINE) Accessible at: www.pvj.com.pk RESEARCH ARTICLE Antidiarrheal Evaluation of Aqueous and Ethanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss (Meliaceae) in Albino Rats Ishaku L. Elisha, Micah S. Makoshi, Sunday Makama*, Christiana J. Dawurung, Nkechi V. Offiah§, Jurbe G. Gotep, Olusola O. Oladipo and David Shamaki National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; §Also affiliated with School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago *Corresponding author: dluutsi@yahoo.com ARTICLE HISTORY Received: Revised: Accepted: April 05, 2012 May 24, 2012 July 04, 2012 ABSTRACT The stem bark of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss (Meliaceae) is used traditionally in the treatment of malaria, intestinal worms, diarrhea, dysentery and venereal diseases. Despite the claim as an effective antidiarrheal remedy in both humans and animals, there is scarcity of documented scientific information of specific in vivo antidiarrheal test using extracts of this plant. The number of wet feces and the distance travelled by activated charcoal meal in rats orally given 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg doses of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark of K. senegalensis were evaluated in the castor oil induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal motility studies. The phytochemical constituents and acute toxicity test of the extracts...
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...Chapter I INTRODUCTION In modern medicines, plants occupy a very important place as the raw material for some important drugs. Synthetic drugs are effective in controlling different diseases but these synthetic drugs are out of reach of millions of people. It is estimated that around 70,000 plant species have been used for medicinal purposes. The herbs provide the starting material for the synthesis of conventional drugs. (Kumal & Malhotra, 2010) Medicinal plants have curative actions due to the presence of complex chemical constituents. Today, lots of health problems are escalating. One of these is coagulation problems. A normal platelet count in a healthy individual is between 150,000 and 450,000 per μl (microlitre) of blood (150–450 x 109/L). Ninety-five percent of healthy people will have platelet counts in this range. Some will have statistically abnormal platelet counts while having no demonstrable abnormality. However, if it is either very low or very high, the likelihood of an abnormality being present is higher. Some diseases or disorders in the platelet count in the blood are the Thrombocytosis where the presence of platelets in blood is high and Thrombocytopenia where platelets count in blood is low. In this case, a new way to develop platelets is needed. The researchers wanted to test the effectivity of tawa-tawa plant (Euphorbia hirta) treated with Riboflavin in the development of blood platelets. Euphorbia hirta...
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...including some in front of the White House to stake our claim that we need to vote. Our duty to this country is not fulfilled if we cannot do anything about the way it is ran. Women’s rights may shape the way we think about our government laws (Doc C). Lastly I am choosing to give $100,000 of my money to meatpacking industry because companies and factories are unsanitary, mislabelling, and they have terrible working conditions. The factories are unsanitary in a way like no other. Old and rotten meat pieces are lying on the floor, dead rats, poisoned bread, rat dung, and many more disease and germ infested items being scooped into meat processors to make food items such as sausage. Many items are being mislabeled such as being all meat sausage when really it is so much worse. Some meats are being dyed brown with gelatin and labelled as “smoked” even though they just cooked the meat. They may say sausage is all meats, but in reality it contains rats, bread, and spoiled meats. Their working conditions are terrible and filthy. Men will sometimes accidentally cut a finger off chopping meat and it ends up mixed into the sausage, or they burn themselves repeatedly with the chemicals used to pickle meats. Workers have no place to wash off their dirty hands and they end up doing it in the clean water used to wash of the meats. All day long they are surrounded by spoiled meats and diseased animals (Doc D). I have my reasons for using your money in the way I did and I hope that you understand...
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...History Assessment: How Has WW1 Been Remembered? WW1 has, and always will be seen as one, if not the most significant war in all of history. One of the reasons for it being such a tragic event was that it was deemed at the time to have been ‘the war to end all wars,’ however that tragically was not the case. World War One was caused by several contributing factors, which resulted on Britain declaring war on Germany. They are: The alliance system, Imperialism, The Naval Race, The Schlieffen Plan and finally, the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. 1. The alliance system: At the end of the 19th century, alliances were made between countries. The alliances were formed so that if any of the countries in an alliance went to war, the other countries would have to help the country that had gone to war. At this point, there were two major alliances. The first consisted of Germany, Austro-Hungary and Italy, named the Triple Alliance. The other, made up of Britain, France and Russia, was named the Triple Entente. As these alliances were formed, there became immediate friction between the two alliances, as each one tried to overpower the other. 2. Imperialism: At that time, Kaiser, as well as the rest of Germany wanted a vast empire, like the British. Although they had the money as well as the resources, they had nothing to show for it. Kaiser wanted Germany to have access to raw materials and new markets. He also wanted to give Germany more respect. This angered Britain as Germany were...
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...humans. Sleeping progresses the bodies’ growth and rejuvenates the immune, skeletal, nervous and muscular systems. Sleep also improves short-term memory, mood, efficiency, concentration, and it is actually believed that sleep also helps wound healing. Scientists proved this by doing a test on mice. Mice were deprived of sleep for 24 hours and compared to a control group; the sleep deprived rats ended up having a 20% decrease in white blood cells. Every living thing needs some form of recovery in their lives and sleep is the answer. Today more and more people are sleep deprived and society doesn’t realize how imperative sleep is to your daily life. No one in America is getting enough sleep and according to Mary Carskadon professor of psychiatry and human behavior at Brown University says, “Adults need 8 hours a night, but 50% get less, and 25% get less than 7 hours. Teenagers now average about 2 hours less sleep a night than they did 80 years ago…” This is an alarming fact and should be more publicly known throughout the country. Another fact to look upon is one reported by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stating that “40% of the population reported unintentionally falling asleep during the day, and nearly 5% reported nodding off while driving in the preceding 30 days.” Both statistics concretely show that today’s society is completely sleep deprived, and needs improvement. There are very serious risks and unbeneficial consequences coupled with continuous sleep deprivation...
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...M.N.V. Ravi Kumar ⁎ Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Phase-X, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India - 160062 Received 31 January 2006; accepted 26 April 2006 Available online 13 May 2006 Abstract Antioxidants are emerging as prophylactic and therapeutic agents. These are the agents, which scavenge free radicals otherwise reactive oxygen species and prevent the damage caused by them. Free radicals have been associated with pathogenesis of various disorders like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and are implicated in aging. Several antioxidants like SOD, CAT, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, lycopene, ellagic acid, coenzyme Q10, indole-3-carbinol, genistein, quercetin, vitamin C and vitamin E have been found to be pharmacologically active as prophylactic and therapeutic agents for above mentioned diseases. Antioxidants are part of diet but their bioavailability through dietary supplementation depends on several factors. This major drawback of dietary agents may be due to one or many of the several factors like poor solubility, inefficient permeability, instability due to storage of food, first pass effect and GI degradation. Conventional dosage forms may not result in efficient formulation owing to their poor biopharmaceutical properties. Principles of novel drug delivery systems need to be applied to significantly improve the performance of antioxidants. Novel...
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...Several summers ago, me and my mother were on a trip and found ourselves in dire need of a snack. After stopping at a local grocery store my mother showed me what she picked out, a bag of carrots and a container of something called hummus. Immediately suspicious of this brown mushy looking substance, I hesitantly tried some and found it absolutely delicious! After deciding to investigate what exactly this delicious substance was, I found that it consisted mostly of chickpeas, a plant product I knew little about. The scientific name of the Chickpea is Cicer arietinum (1). It is a legume belonging to the family Fabaceae and is also known by many names such as garbanzo beans, ceci beans, sanagalu, and Bengal gram (1) .The chickpea is said to have...
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...enacting the process of hydrolysis on starches. Hydrolysis involves splitting water up into its basic components and allowing those components to attach to other molecules. There are several types of Dextrin and they have related formulas. They are produced through acidic hydrolysis performed on potato starches. And, they are soluble in water. Some dextrin react with iodine to give a blue color and is soluble in 25% alcohol (called amylodextrin); others a reddish-brown color and soluble in 55% alcohol (called erythrodextrin); and still others yield no color at all with iodine and soluble in 70% alcohol (called achrodextrin Commercial dextrin Any of various soluble polysaccharides obtained from starch by the application of heat or acids and used mainly as adhesives and thickening agents. High-grade dextrins are prepared by heating starch which has been moistened with a smallquantity of dilute nitric acid and dried,at 110-115c.the product is known as white dextrin.inferior dextrin,which have a yellow or brown colour ,are prepared by roasting starch at 150-250c without tthe addition of acid. White dextrin may contain up to 15% of soluble starch,the remainder consisting largely of erythrodextrin. Yellow dextrins are more completely hydrolysed and, unlike th ewhite variety, containappreciable quantities of maltose,which may be detyected and estimated by means of Fehling’s solution. Dextrin sentence examples * Through digestion or with food processing, starches can be...
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...instances, have hardly benefited from the research results (Rukangira, 2004) . In Africa, traditional healers and remedies made from plants play an important role in the health of millions of people. (Rukangira, 2004). Typically, studies on the medicinal plants such as Alstonia boonei have focused on the bioactivity of its chemical constituents, ethnobotany, pharmacology, and taxonomy. However, a comprehensive or systematic review on the plant is lacking. Furthermore, in much of the older literature concerning West Africa, the name Alstonia congensis has been erroneously used for Alstonia boonei. Consequently, this paper examined the effect of aqueous bark extracts of Alstonia boonei on the haematological parameters of male wistar abino rats. 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.2.1 Classification Alstonia comprises about 40 species and has a pantropical distribution. There are about twelve species of the genus Alstonia. Alstonia boonei De Wild belongs to the family Apocynaceae. The species are scattered all over the world of which two are indigenous to Africa. The plant is known locally in Ghana as Onyame dua, Osen-nuru, or Sinduro in...
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...The Fluoridation of America Fluoride’s history began in 1901 when a young east coast dental graduate discovered a strange dental condition in which Colorado native’s teeth were extremely brown and splotchy. He researched this unfamiliar condition and eventually came to discover that the mottled brown splotches were caused by fluoride, known today as fluorosis. The teeth affected by this browning, were also surprisingly resistant to decay. After extensive testing to determine fluorides safety and efficacy, the City Commission of Grand Rapids, Michigan voted to add fluoride to its water for research purposes. After 11 years of fluoridation, it was announced in a conference that cavity rates among children dropped more than 60 percent (Arnold 1957). This breakthrough revolutionized the industry making tooth decay for the very first time, a preventable disease (Story of Fluoridation). Since then, fluoride’s popularity has grown rapidly among the American culture. Its popularity has been so great, that it was recently hailed as one of America’s greatest achievements in public health (Center for Disease Control and Prevention: Oral Health Home). So what makes this common ingredient in toothpaste and water such a hot topic for debate? Pro-fluoridation advocates enthusiastically promote the use of fluoride and its benefit to consumers. Fluoride is considered the safest and most beneficial treatment used to prevent tooth decay since the 1970’s (Tucker 1-15). After studies discovered...
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