...PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PRISONS: DOES THE EXISTENCE OF PRISONERS UNDER PRIVATE MANAGEMENT AFFECT THE RATE OF GROWTH IN EXPENDITURES ON PRISONERS UNDER PUBLIC MANAGEMENT?* James F. Blumstein** Mark A. Cohen*** * Work on this project was funded by the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) and by the Association for Private Correctional and Treatment Organizations (APCTO). ** Centennial Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School; Director, Health Policy Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Public Policy Studies. B.A. (Economics), Yale College; M.A. (Economics), Yale University; LLB, Yale Law School. Institutional affiliations for identification only. *** Professor of Management (Economics), Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University; Director, Vanderbilt Center for Environmental Management Studies; Leverhulme Visiting Professor and Visiting Professor of Criminal Justice Economics, University of York (U.K.). B.S.F.S., Georgetown University; M.A. & Ph.D., Carnegie-Mellon University. Institutional affiliations for identification only. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study investigates the relationship between (i) the fact that a particular state houses some of its prison population in prisons that are privately owned or operated and (ii) the growth in costs per prisoner in publicly operated prisons. The core objective has been to determine whether the existence of prisoners under a state’s jurisdiction that are held in private facilities can have a beneficial effect on the rate of...
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...II. THE PHILOSOPHY OF PRISONS To begin with, in order to decipher the motivations on all sides, one must first look at the philosophical ideals behind these ideas. Although moral philosophy is part of a complicated whole, these abstract standards are what keeps humans from descending into the realm of the beasts. If we fail to have any ethical codes, then what keeps us from being the very same animals that we eat for food or keep for pets? When it comes to the perplexing state of the prison industry, the lines between helping and hurting people become muddled. Generally speaking, there have been many publications that examine different parts of moral philosophy, but fail to be specific enough. However, Prisons and Prison Life: Costs and Consequences...
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...findings by the American Psychological Association, has been compiled from different studies on prison based drug treatment. Research findings from these two studies mentioned have been obtained from the studies of Dr. Harry K. Wexler and Steven S. Martin. A study conducted by Harry K. Wexler and Gerald Melnick, “Risk and Prison Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes”, focused on prison based drug treatment and aftercare for inmates. The study shows that high risk offenders benefited slightly more from treatment than low risk offenders, but in the end both benefited. A key finding concluded...
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...Death Penalty Abolishment Jason Martin CJA/394 August 24, 2015 B. Hale Death Penalty Abolishment The issue of the death penalty and its Constitutionality has been an area of debate in the United States for years. When looking at it from a global standpoint it becomes even more controversial, many other countries consider the practice to be barbarian. A US Supreme Court ruling on the subject, declaring it unconstitutional has led to states being required to change their existing laws in order to eliminate it. The main problem seems to be that the population in each state may have a different take on whether it is good or bad for society. The death penalty remains the definitive, unalterable rejection of human rights. By working in the direction of the abolition of the death penalty on a global level, organizations goals to terminate the series of violence generated thru a method riddled with financial and ethnic prejudice and stained by hu20man inaccuracy. The death penalty places innocent people at risk. ("The Facts: 13 Reasons To Oppose The Death Penalty", 2015). Ever since the restoration of the death penalty in the United States in 1976, 138 not guilty males and females have been free from death row, containing individuals who came in moments of execution. In Missouri, Texas and Virginia inquiries have been started to decide if those places executed guiltless males. The unlawful killing of a guiltless individual is a wrong that can under no circumstances be mended...
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...All prisons in the United States are overcrowded and understaffed. There is little emphasizes placed on rehabilitation. The jail and prison increase happen to be storage sitting room for criminals. Many who are repeat offenders or drug addicts? The way the criminals are let out of jail and allowed back into the general public can lead to many of them habitual to a life of crime and therefore, becoming an individual of the many repeat offenders. In many cases the offender is released without any directions. One of the main reasons that prisons have become overcrowded is that crime control strategies and legislative changes have fought and won to have longer sentences. These approaches have incarcerated people for longer periods of time with almost no chance or possibility for early release. The exact cost is not associated with the overcrowding; we can look at present costs incurred in prison and anticipate their increase as the system takes on more and additional inmates. When looking at the cost of overcrowding, we not only have to look at the cost to taxpayers per inmate but also construction cost needed to build the new prisons to relieve the overcrowding. The operating cost for a prison over its life span cost about fifteen to twenty times the original construction cost. Overcrowding causes serious deprivation in the quality of life for everyone in a correctional institution. Overcrowding also causes litigation's that force the federal and state prisons to build new...
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...During economic hardship, many “sensitive” topics, such as tobacco, drugs and alcohol are always on the table for debate; since they influence and impact our personal lives, people’s beliefs and the economy. As the United States of America continues on its present path of accumulating a deficit, many political opinions and justification will be voiced to clarify the excessive funds allocated to aid various tobacco, drugs and alcohol programs/budgets. These programs includes, but not limited to: education and awareness; local support groups; rehabilitation centers to medical finance assistance for care and medication. The programs listed above can easily be justified by local, state and/or national government bodies, but how about monies that are being missed used and/or irrelevant in helping society, which I like to, refer them as “scam expenses”. Tobacco products in the United States have influence two major problems in today’s economy. First, in recent years, numerous state governments have enacted higher tax rates on cigarettes. The governments overall explanation of higher tariff of tobacco products would hopefully lead to a decrease smoking rates. However, some disagree and different publications note the increase in taxes was solely for the purpose of increasing revenue. Overall state tax revenue from tobacco sales have dwindled in recent years in states like New York, which presently has the highest state tax on cigarettes in the United States. At first glance, people...
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...Gary K. Bradley Jr. University of Phoenix Instructor: Jacqueline Waltman Prison Term Recommendation Proposal CJA/314 5/3/2015 My name is Gary K. Bradley Jr., I am a criminologist hired by the state to examine the potential bill that will double the length in prison for those who commit armed robbery. During my examine I will look at all potential effect the bill will have on the prison, I will also look at the current maximum prison sentence for armed robbery and compare the effect on the prison system. I will also provide recommendation as to whether or not this bill will benefit all parties involved. The state legislature will soon be voting on a bill that if passed, will double the maximum prison sentence for those who are convicted of arm robbery. The reason for this proposal is to help create different solution that may be more beneficial to all parties affected by the bill, the state, prison system, and tax payers. The bill is currently popular among those in the state legislature, though there are some who oppose it. For that reason and examination of the bill was requested. I have decided to examine all new possibilities the new bill may bring, and if there is even any need to fix a policy that is not broken to begin with. Armed robbery id defined by the UCR (Uniform Crime Report) “and aggravated form of robbery in which the assailant is armed with a dangerous weapon. In other word taking property from someone with the use of force with a dangerous...
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...Jim Arnold Dr. Block English 101 December 12, 2013 Illegal Immigration The United States Government is faced with a number of challenges to try and keep this country safe and a major issue they must deal with is illegal immigration. Immigration in the United States dates all the way back to the early 17th century where as few as 400,000 immigrants crossed the Atlantic in search for a better life. During this time period the United States was very open to taking in immigrants as long as they were legally documented, which is still the case but we are seeing a lot more immigrants trying to stay in the United States illegally which is causing for a major problem. In January of 2010 the Department of Homeland Security estimated that 10,800,000 illegal aliens are living in the United States. Being an unregistered immigrant is against the law because your residency in the country is not official they are able to get around paying the government for expenses of living in the United States. Not having a record of a person is a cause for concern due to the high amount of illegal immigrants that become criminals. There are many different reasons why people try going to a foreign land and leave their homes and family behind, such as a political or economical reasons. Individuals generally choose to reside in countries that are more technologically advanced have greater resources and offer more opportunities. Some immigrants also move to a foreign country to give their children...
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...Indeed, it would appear that they have learned that they are not getting “value for money” from the billions of dollars being spent to imprison small drug-users. In fact, California voters were not alone in demanding reform of harsh drug laws: there were drug policy issues on ballots in seven states in the recent election, and in five of them, harsh drug laws were voted out. Combined with the long-term drop in crime (especially violent crime) that has taken place over the past ten to fifteen years, as well as the budget crises at the state level, this gradual recognition in the US of the enormous costs of harsh sentences, with little criminal justice benefits, has — in fact — led to a decline in support for prisons as a one-(jumbo)-size-fits-all solution. As King and Mauer (2002) noted already in 2002, this decline in the attractiveness of prisons as political institutions is reflected in the “roll-back” of pro-prison policies in a number of state legislatures across the US. To name simply a few, certain mandatory minimum sentences have already been eliminated or reduced. For example, Louisiana has recently imposed the three-strikes requirement that all three offences be...
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...The United States Prison System A Glimpse Behind the Bars Currently there are 2.2 million Americans behind bars. They cost the country $60 billion a year. Studying the American prison system and the issues that currently exist within it is an exhausting task. Even taking a mere glimpse at the overlaying problems will provide an intense awakening and much material for critical thought. Discrimination based on race clearly exists within the prison system. 1. On December 31st, 2005-There were an estimated 491 prisoners per 100,000 United States residents, up from 411 at the year 1995. As well, there were 3,145 black male sentenced inmates per 100,000 black males in the United States. There were 1244 Hispanic male sentenced inmates per 1000 Hispanic males and 471 white male inmates per 100,000 while males, at this time. To visit the Bureau of Justice Statistics page, Prison Statistics, click here. This racial discrimination that exists within the prison system is having great effects on the country, especially in the area of voting. 1. “According to an October 1998 report by The Sentencing Project, a Washington-based legal research and service organization, in a dozen states, 30 to 40 percent of the next generation of black men will permanently lose the right to vote if current trends continue. In nine states, one in four black men can never vote again because they were convicted of a felony. Upon release from prison in Washington State, felons automatically lose...
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... Marijuana versus America Cannabis, or marijuana as it is more commonly known, is a substance that can provide many benefits to consumers as well as the economy. The United States should approve the legalization of marijuana so that Americans can reap these benefits. Marijuana, when used as an inhaled substance, has less intense effects than other illegal drugs, even though it is often judged as an equally dangerous substance as other inhalants. The United States could also benefit financially from legalizing marijuana through decreased prison costs, increased tax revenue, and product manufacturing. Finally, marijuana has provided relief in various forms to many people suffering from illnesses such as glaucoma and cancer. This will show that the United States should legalize marijuana because of the less severe effects than other drugs, the financial benefits to the country as well as medical benefits to its users. Marijuana should not be grouped with illegal substances like cocaine and heroin as the effects of marijuana use are not as dangerous. The Journal of the American Medical Association states that 17,000 deaths per year are caused by dangerous drugs such as...
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...A+ Work Then Click The Link Below , Instant Download http://acehomework.com/JADM-430-Complete-Course-DeVry-1211112.htm?categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At JohnMate1122@gmail.com Course Project: Managing the Prison Environment Objectives Back to Top The Course Project is designed to provide you with an opportunity to research a topic of interest related to some aspect of correctional administration. This project is an effort to allow you to fully explore issues related to either correctional officials or prison inmates. This project incorporates all TCOs. Guidelines Back to Top The course project is worth 320 total points and will be graded on APA formatting; quality of research topic; quality of paper information; proper use of text citations; proper grammar, punctuation, usage, and sentence structure; and the deliverable components for Weeks 1, 2, 5, and 6. There are four components to the Course Project. • title page, topic discussion, and a list of three references • annotated outline • annotated bibliography • Final Paper Requirements • APA guidelines must be followed for all course component deliverables. • At least six authoritative, outside references are required for the annotated bibliography and the Final Paper. • All DeVry University policies are in effect, including the plagiarism policy. • The Final Paper isdue in Week 6of this course. • The Final Paper must be 8 to 10 pages of text in length, Times New Roman 12-point font...
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...Many others use it because of it mood-altering effects. Laws have been passed to regulate both of these uses of the drug. Those who advocate legalization favor easing or overturning laws against the possession and use of marijuana for recreational purposes, medical use, or both. In general most proposals for legalization fall into one of three categories: decriminalization for recreational use, legalization for recreational use, or legalization for medical use. In opposition to these three choices is the option to keep marijuana illegal for both recreational and medical purposes. The purpose of this paper is to explore the facts, pros and cons, regarding the legalization of marijuana. The information for this paper was obtained from scholarly and peer reviewed journal articles, books, and online sources. The research questions answered are as follows; * Could the legalization of marijuana rescue our struggling economy or could it provide much need relief to the overcrowded prison system? * Will the legalization of marijuana lead to a regulation nightmare…can it even be regulated? * Could the legalization of marijuana ease the suffering of so many Americans suffering from debilitating diseases? The legalization of marijuana, whether for medicinal use or recreational use, has caused much legal confusion as well as polarizing social and political debate. The trend to decriminalize marijuana is upon us and is not going away. States must now address...
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...Running head: CALIFORNIA PRISON COSTS 1 California Prison Health Care Costs CALIFORNIA PRISON COSTS Health care is defined as (CDC, 2013) the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention 2 of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans. Everyone has to deal with it in one way or another. Once a person becomes an adult they are responsible for their own health. Within the state of California, in looking at the stats from the Center for Disease and Control (CDC, 2013) adults from the ages of 18-64, 21.3%, do not have any type of health insurance. 64.2% have private insurance and 15.9% have public insurance. Specifically looking at the California Department of Corrections 100% of all inmates are 100% covered with health care requirements. Currently there are approximately (Onishi, 2013) 120,000 inmates in the 33 California Prisons and the average cost is $16,000 a year per inmate with a state budget of $2 billion dollars. It is absolutely unbelievable to comprehend the situation. In a recent article by KPBS (Faryon, 2010) they identified that Richard Lauranzano an inmate at California Medical Facility, Vacaville, one of 35,000 inmates serving a life sentence learned he had stage 4 non-hodgkins lymphoma. Richard Lauranzano now states "The prison system saved my life. They sent me to outside hospitals, they never hesitated. I went through extreme chemo. And I beat it," said Lauranzano. (Faryon, 2010) stated last year, the state spent $500 million...
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...Federal Pay……………………………………………………………….…..…..4 Federal Employees’ Health Benefits Program……………………………….15 Official Time for Federal Employee Union Representatives………….........22 Arbitrary Cuts in Civil Servants………………………………………………..26 Sourcing: Complying with the Law……………………………………….......31 Capping Taxpayer-Funded Service Contractor Compensation……………43 Transportation Security Administration and TSOs…………………………..46 Domestic Partnership Benefits……………………………..………………….49 Employment Non-Discrimination Act……………………………………..…..55 Paid Parental Leave………………………………………………..…………..57 One America, Many Voices Act………………………………………….…....60 Department of Veterans Affairs…………………………………..……………62 Department of Defense……………………………...……….………………...71 Federal Prisons………………………………………………………………….90 Social Security Administration ……………………………………….…...…103 National Guard/Reserve Technicians ………………………...……….……108 D.C. Workers’ Issues …………………...……………………………..…..…117 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. ……………………..……...120 Another Manufactured Crisis: What’s Next in the Fiscal Showdown? Background At the beginning of January, President Obama signed a tax deal that restored higher Clinton-era rates to those making over $450,000, and funded an extension of unemployment insurance benefits to the long-term unemployed, extended for another year the $240 monthly transit subsidy, but did not extend the 2% payroll tax holiday. The deal also delayed until March 1 the sweeping across-the-board agency cuts...
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