...Charlemagne’s Achievements Charlemagne had many significant achievements during his reign in the Holy Roman Empire. One of his greatest achievements was his military conquests. He built an empire greater than any other since ancient Rome. Charlemagne led his armies against enemies in lands surrounding the kingdom. He fought Germanic tribes and Lombards in Italy. He conquered new lands to the east and the south. He was the first leader who was able to finally reunite Western Europe since the Roman Empire. Charlemagne also became the most powerful king in Western Europe. Through his many conquests, he spread Christianity, the religion in which he felt deeply devoted. Charlemagne’s foremost religious accomplishment was spreading Christianity throughout his empire. During the conquests, Christian priests traveled with Charlemagne’s armies. When he conquered a town or country, the priests were directed to convert the people to Christianity. Charlemagne forced conquered people to convert or be tortured to death. Most people did not resist being converted. Charlemagne essentially helped the Roman Catholic Church by spreading Christianity to vast territories. Throughout his reign, Charlemagne cooperated with the church and made it very powerful. Pope Leo III wanted Charlemagne to continue to protect the church and its lands. Therefore, in 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as the Roman Emperor. Charlemagne also had some important cultural achievements. He promoted...
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...Time of the Dark Ages *************** Devry University Time of the Dark Ages The Dark Ages as a term has endured many evolutions. This time was referred to the Dark Ages because among all citizens, Europe went from having absolute leaders into adopting the Roman law system. The expression of the “Dark Ages” came into play during the 17th century when many enlightenment writers convinced that they were much greater to their ancestors and began using this term to scorn an era that they found to be very difficult to survive in. The Dark Ages can be referred to the entire time of the Middle Ages from 500-1500 A.D. or mostly for the early Middle Ages from 500-1000 A.D (Curtis, 1992) (O'Sullivan, 2012). It is also commonly referred to the period of time that accompanied the fall of the Western Roman Empire. When the Western Roman Empire was destroyed, unknowingly many people were going to begin to engage in a practice and experience devastating changes in their lives. Fewer career opportunities, literacy, and education were just the beginning of the fall. Cities then became smaller in size because the Roman Empire wasn’t able to provide the Roman tax revenues to maintain the services. Society inadvertently prepared to emerge in modernity through the preservation of classical literature and scripture. Over time education and literacy was mostly offered to the ministry. Christianity itself remained to spread East throughout the lands. During this time, most of the old...
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...After researching methods including internet and passage, we were able to discover the humanities and the belongings and expansions that the humanities of the Early, High, and Late middle ages had on civilization. The studies of humanities allow us to see the sights in which the changing concepts of temperament and the entity fluctuate in each chronological period and help us differentiate the significant developments of each era. In the humanistic Tradition book, there was a distinctive chapter provided on the middle Ages. Evaluation of the precise mechanisms of the Middle Ages permits us to portray our observations of the modifications that occur and assists to give details how and why the perceptions developed the way they did. After examining several research methods we were able to discover some attention-grabbing results and come up with some stimulating conclusions. The Early Middle Ages In order to speak on Humanities, there must be a clear view on what the meaning of it is. Humanities are a clear investigation of human beings and how they act. This includes their self expression and their culture. The purpose of this paper is to explain how humanities replicate changing concepts of life and individuals in diverse historical periods. In today's civilization human beings are ignorant to the past history of our people. Our ancestors have contributed too many areas that we participate in frequently. The result of researching humanities provides us with a better understanding...
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...*Essays: * 7 sacrements (p.183) * Becoming a knight = knighthood (p.194) * Carlemagne & his empire (p.187-189) * what earned him the title of "great" Notes: * Vulgate - Latin translation of the Bible by Jerome * Sacrement - religious act that automatically grants grace * St. Patrick - spred gospel to Ireland * Boniface - spred gospel to Germany * Clovis - became head of the Frankish tribe in 481 * his capital was Gaul, which is known today as France * "do-nothing" kings * Pepin the Short * Charlemagne - Carolingian House * Charlemagne - became emperor in 800 * Capital was Aachen * Treaty of Verdund (843) - split empire into three separate kingdoms * Charles the Bold = West Franklin * Louis the German = East Franklin * Lothair = emperor; ruled land between his brothers * Fiefs - land grants * Hommage - ceremony to become a vassal * aids - financial payments * Subinfeudation - partitioning fief to become a lord * Peace of God * three "P's" * Church was the center of life * Serfs (peasants) were the most common * 3 social classes * clergy * nobility * peasants * Petrine Theory (p.180) * saints * transubstanteacion * monks - missionaries * Clovis - converted to Christianity * Battle of Tours - stopped Muslim advance * Charles Martel * Fuedalism - political system in which local rulres...
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...Charlemagne was the first of the true renaissance men. His list of accomplishments as a world leader are unmatched to this day. Charlemagne, also known as Charles I, and Charles the Great. April 2, 747 – January 28, 814. He was the son of Pippin III (Pippin the Short) and grandson of Charles Martel, who was first of what became known as the Carolingians. Charlemagne died January 28, 814 in Aachen, Austrasia (now part of Germany). He was king of the Franks 768-814, king of the Lombards 774-814, and first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 800-814. He was the heir to his father and grandfather’s political, religious, and social revolution. Charlemagne recruited leading intellectuals from England, Spain, Ireland, and Italy to...
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...Legacy Of the early Middle Ages (Price) Philosophy, Art, Theology 1 Philosophy, Art, Theology The Legacy Joetta Price The Orgins of Western Culture Instructor Hafizi May 23, 2011 Source:Cunningham/Reich 2010, Mason; Cengage/Learning Philosophy, Art, Theology 2 Philosophy, Art, Theology The popular view of the early Middle Ages—often referred to as the Dark Ages—is that of a period of isolated and ignorant peoples with little contact outside the confines of their own immediate surrounding, and at times that was indeed the general condition of life. Nonetheless, it is important to note that in the late eight and early ninth centuries, Charlemagne not only ruled over an immense kingdom (all of modern-day France, Germany, the Low Countries, and Italy as far south as Calabria) but also had extensive diplomatic contact outside that kingdom, The Carolingian World). Charlemagne maintained regular, if somewhat testy, diplomatic relations...
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...language during the Reign of the Roman Empire. Wherever the Roman Empire was ahead the Latin language was spoken. When the Empire fell is when Latin was switched over to Vernacular. Many people chose to speak this language other than Latin. It became a way of life and how the culture would develop in later years. Religion played a huge role in this. Charlemagne believed that in order for one to practice Christianity they needed to be able to read and write it. He began to crusade for the introduction of Literacy at this point. The English would speak The Old English type of language and the Anglo Saxons would start using Vernacular. The type of Vernacular Language often depended on the social class of that individual. Lower classes spoke what we know as English and the upper classes spoke the vernacular dialect ("End of Europe's," 1997) . Most of the vernacular language was introduced by entertainers and poets who would travel to the area carrying out stories that they had heard. Most of these writings were romantic and spoke of loss and tragedy. This was of course the Dark ages. They spoke of longing and whoa in love. Vernacular was adapted so they could understand these writings. Language was originally used in religion, and therefore became part of the culture that one existed in. It was thought that in order to practice a religion one needed to be able to speak that language and write it as well, which is where Charlemagne wanted everyone to be educated. ...
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...“The Dark Ages” Justin Higman HUM 303 12/15/13 Throughout the course of history there have been different eras and time frames that have had significant impacts on the modern world. Some were times when countries were at war, fighting for their beliefs, religions, families, countries, etc. Others when warship and religion were setting ground work for today’s beliefs. Whatever the case may be, many of the actions that our forefathers of the world have taken and fought for throughout time are still in place today and have become the basis for life as we know it. Religion, education and literature are examples of parts of life that have been impacting the world and people’s lives for centuries and it is because of ongoing practice that they have been passed down for hundreds of years with each new generation adding information and bettering the subject for the greater good. One period of time in the early middle ages is known as the “dark ages”. From approximately 410 to 1095 is known as the “dark ages” mainly because of the ciaos, ignorance, superstition and repression that occurred during that time. The “dark ages” is a derogatory name given to the early middle ages. The fall of Rome gives good understanding to the severity of the “dark ages” because for years Rome was a power house and known for bringing stability to Europe. Roman Civilization began to deteriorate from about 200 CE onward. In the late 400s the weakness of the Empire, caused by corruption and various...
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...The least important factor for the destruction of the Roman Empire was ___. (a) the rise of self-sufficient manors. (c) the widespread use of slaves. (b) lack of orderly succession to the throne. (d) military strength of the Germanics. The Frankish leader who defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours was ___. (a) Clovis. (c) Charlemagne. (b) Pepin. (d) Charles Martel. Areas that Charlemagne united within his empire are now part of _____. (a) France and Germany. (c) England and Spain (b) Spain and Portugal. (d) Austria and Russia. An important result of Clovis’ conquests was the _____. (a) spread of Christianity in Europe (b) union of the Western and Eastern Roman empires (c) expulsion of the Moslems from western Europe (d) decline of feudalism in central Europe. The "Dark Ages" in western Europe refers to the period _____. (a) after the creation of the Feudal system (b) soon after the assassination of Julius Caesar (c) followed the collapse of the Roman Empire (d.) strengthening the central authority of Rome within the Empire. Which was not a result of the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire? (a) Raising the level of civilization (c) Curtailing trade (b) Overthrowing the Roman government (d) Destroying many fine buildings The tithe was _____. (a.) an asylum for the poor. (c.) a monastic order. (b.) a tax levied by the Church. (d.) a special...
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...The collapse of the Roman Empire broke the unity in Western Europe. Different cultural patterns and styles began to merge and take on new forms. A common theme throughout medieval art is religion. Architecture focuses mainly on the construction of churches, where Christians would come to worship. Throughout time, the style of church architecture transforms from being relatively simple and true to the balanced proportions of Roman buildings, to the churches that extend to a much greater height and increase in complexity. Christian iconography was another major form of art during the medieval times. While this was a consistent style throughout the time period, the method of representing Christian figures evolved. The three majors of style of art that reflect the ideology of medieval art include Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic style. The Byzantine Style comes from the Byzantine Empire, which survived the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 (Jarus). The architecture from...
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...culture that created him. The ideals of every culture were shaped by the social conditions of the time and therefore different attributes became valued. To different degrees, the hero in a work is a result of not only the culture from which the hero comes, but also the culture of the author. Cultural values are reflected in both the actions of a hero and his motivations. As heroes, Achilles, Aeneas, Beowulf, and Roland reflect the values of the societies that created them. One of the oldest works of ancient literature is Homer‟s Iliad. Homer‟s works are dated to between 900 and 750 B.C. (Krieger, Jantzen and Neill 106). Although the events of the Iliad take place during the Greek Bronze Age, the culture portrayed in Homer‟s works is that of Greek Dark Age (Redfield 99). The Dark Age was a result of the struggles that took place after the fall of the Mycenaean civilization (between 1200 and 1100 B.C.). The exact cause of the sudden decline of the Mycenaean civilization is unknown....
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...Ancient thought only survived in the middle ages in fragmented form. It was pushed out of shape and humiliated by Christian thought. What the middle ages knew of the ancient culture had been bequeathed to it by the late Empire, which had rechewed, impoverished and dissected graeco-roman literature, science thought and art in such a way that the barbarized early middle ages could assimilate it more easily. Science was watered down into verses full of legends and moralizing lessons. The animals were changed into symbols. The sources of medieval Christian thought were the treatises and poems of the third or fourth century such as the Historiae contra Paganos by Orosius who turned history into a vulgar apologia, the Psychomachia of Prudentius who reduced moral life to a combat between vices and virtues and Julianus Pomerius Treatise on the contemplative Life, which taught contempt for the world and for secular activities. The bible succumbed to exegesis...
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...What Were the Characteristics of the Renaissance? In very simple terms, the Italian Renaissance re-established Western art according to the principles of classical Greek art, especially Greek sculpture and painting, which provided much of the basis for the Grand Tour, and which remained unchallenged until Pablo Picasso and Cubism. From the early 14th century, in their search for a new set of artistic values and a response to the courtly International Gothic style, Italian artists and thinkers became inspired by the ideas and forms of ancient Greece and Rome. This was perfectly in tune with their desire to create a universal, even noble, form of art which could express the new and more confident mood of the times. Renaissance Philosophy of Humanism Above all, Renaissance art was driven by the new notion of "Humanism," a philosophy which had been the foundation for many of the achievements (eg. democracy) of pagan ancient Greece. Humanism downplayed religious and secular dogma and instead attached the greatest importance to the dignity and worth of the individual. Effect of Humanism on Art In the visual arts, humanism stood for (1) the emergence of the individual figure, in place of stereotyped, or symbolic figures. (2) Greater realism and consequent attention to detail, as reflected in the development of linear perspective and the increasing realism of human faces and bodies; this new approach helps to explain why classical sculpture was so revered, and why Byzantine art...
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...Table of Contents: Item Topic ….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Educational System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Famous Historical Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Landshut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGES NAME: HUSSAIN NIZZAMI SESSION: 2012-2013 SUBMITTED TO: MAM MARIA MALDONADO TOPIC: GERMANY HISTORY & CULTURE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB Table of Contents: Item Topic Page Geography 3 History 5 Government 10 Economy 12 Industry 15 Educational System 20 Famous Historical Germans 23 Culture ...
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