...CHI-SQUARE TEST - ANALYSIS OF CONTINGENCY TABLES David C. Howell University of Vermont The term ”chi-square” refers both to a statistical distribution and to a hypothesis testing procedure that produces a statistic that is approximately distributed as the chi-square distribution. In this entry the term is used in its second sense. PEARSON’S CHI-SQUARE The original chi-square test, often known as Pearson’s chi-square, dates from papers by Karl Pearson in the earlier 1900s. The test serves both as a ”goodnessof-fit” test, where the data are categorized along one dimension, and as a test for the more common ”contingency table”, in which categorization is across two or more dimensions. Voinov and Nikulin, this volume, discuss the controversy over the correct form for the goodness of fit test. This entry will focus on the lack of agreement about tests on contingency tables. In 2000 the Vermont State legislature approved a bill authorizing civil unions. The vote can be broken down by gender to produce the following table, with the expected frequencies given in parentheses. The expected frequencies are computed as Ri × Cj /N, where Ri and Cj represent row and column marginal totals and N is the grand total. Vote Women Men Total Yes 35 (28.83) 60 (66.17) 95 No 9 (15.17) 41 (34.83) 50 Total 44 101 145 The standard Pearson chi-square statistic is defined as χ2 = (Oij − Eij )2 (35 − 28.83)2 (41 − 34.83)2 = + ··· + = 5.50 Eij 28.83 34.83 where i and j index the rows and columns of...
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...APPLICATION OF STATISTICS IN MEDICAL GENETICS INTRODUCTION "Significance" has a very particular meaning in biology thanks to statistics. How does this term prove an experiment's results are worth special attention? Once one has performed an experiment, how can one tell if the results are significant? For example, say if we are performing a genetic cross in which we know the genotypes of the parents. In this situation, we might hypothesize that the cross will result in a certain ratio of phenotypes in the offspring. But what if our observed results do not exactly match our expectations? How can we tell whether this deviation was due to chance? The key to answering these questions is the use of statistics, which allows us, geneticists, to determine whether our data are consistent with our hypothesis. Statistics and Human Genetics are twin subjects, having grown with the century together, and there are many connections between the two. Some fundamental aspects in particular the concept of Analysis of Variance, first arose in Human Genetics, while statistical and probabilistic methods are now central to many aspects of analysis of questions is human genetics. The most common areas where one can find an extensive applications of statistical methods in human genetics is * Human Genome Project * Linkage Analysis * Sequencing STATISTICAL GENETICS Statistical Genetics involves the identification of genetic variation to help us understand why certain people are...
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...Peanut M&M’s Determined by Chi Square Goodness of Fitness Test for a Multinomial Population Table of Contents Abstract……………….…………..…………………………………………….......3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3 Methodology…………………………………………………………………..……3 Results…….…………………………………………………………………..……5 Limitations……………………………………………………………….………....6 Conclusion…....…………………………………………………..………………...6 References……….…....…………………………………………………………....7 Abstract The intent of this research paper is to determine whether the color distribution/proportion of peanut M&M’s derived from a random sample 14-ounce bag (o) is a good fit to the hypothesized distribution/proportion of an infinite population of peanut M&M’s as cited by Mars, Inc. (p). Introduction A 14-ounce bag of peanut M&M’s was utilized to observe and obtain the random sample color distribution/proportion data. According to Mars, Inc. and as shown on Table 1, p has hypothesized distribution/proportions of: Blue-0.23, Brown-0.12, Green-0.15, Orange-0.23, Red-0.12 and Yellow-0.15. Table 1 – Color Distribution/Proportion Figures via Mars, Inc. Color Milk Chocolate Peanut Crispy Minis Peanut Butter Almond Blue 24% 23% 17% 25% 20% 20% Brown 13% 12% 17% 13% 10% 10% Green 16% 15% 16% 12% 20% 20% Orange 20% 23% 16% 25% 20% 20% Red 13% 12% 17% 12% 10% 10% Yellow 14% 15% 17% 13% 20% 20% Methodology Using a goodness of fit test for the distribution of a multinomial...
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...Marketing of Logistics Services Term Paper on “A Study on Customer Perception about Professional Courier Services” Title of the study: This project is based on the topic ”A study on customer perception about the professional courier services ". Introduction: The Courier services in India have been growing considerably in recent years. This has resulted in the entry of many multinational courier company and consequently cut throat competition. In the changing scenario of modernization and sophistication it is very important and essential to invent and implement better marketing plans in order to improve quality of the services. Thus marketing success largely depends on the ability to anticipate buyer’s needs. Presently a great deal of awareness has been created in studying customer preference. Professional courier is one of the leading courier services in India. The study is undertaken to analyze customer perception about the Professional courier services. The study concentrates customer preference of Professional couriers as many of its competitors are offering similar services and features to satisfy customer needs and wants. Need of the study Customer is the king in the market. How to satisfy them is a big problem for every company. In order to know how customers could be satisfied, the need for the study arises: * How well the customer accept a...
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...Saurashtra University Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC (CGPA 2.93) Shah, Ajay D., 2009, A study of consumer behavior in Malls vis-à-vis Mom & Pop shops, thesis PhD, Saurashtra University http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/96 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Saurashtra University Theses Service http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu repository@sauuni.ernet.in © The Author A STUDY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN MALLS VIS-ÀVIS MOM-&-POP SHOPS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF Ph.D. IN MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED BY AJAY D. SHAH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, MBA PROGRAM OSHWAL EDUCATION TRUST MANAGED SHRI JAYSUKHLAL VADHAR INSTITTUE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES JAMNAGAR-361 004 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Dr. PRATAPSINH L. CHAUHAN DEAN – MANAGEMENT FACULTY DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (MBA PROGRAM) SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY RAJKOT - 360 005 SEPTEMBER - 2009 CHAPTER – 1 OVERVIEW OF RETAIL INDUSTRY...
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...Analysis of Research Report Paper Daphnnee Johnson HCS/438 February 18, 2011 Denise Hodo Analysis of Research Report Paper This article studied and surveyed adoption agencies around the world to discover their policies and attitudes toward lesbian and gay people as prospective adoptive parents. A survey was used as the statistical procedure and a chi-square test was used as a statistical test. The statistical procedure used in this study of adoption is a questionnaire. They were mailed to directors of adoption programs from public and private adoption agencies across the United States. The total was 891. Two-hundred-fourteen of the questionnaires were used in the study. The questionnaires were from 194 private adoption agencies from 45 different states and 20 questionnaires from 20 public adoption agencies from 13 different states. From the 214 questionnaires used in the study, 165 were women and only 28 were men. The mean of their ages were 46.5. “The questionnaire was designed to identify current adoption agency policies and practices, as well as social casework attitudes, regarding adoption of children by lesbians and gay men.” The questionnaire conducted was of 13 questions. These 13 questions asked about agency type, religious affiliation, number of placements for adoption made within the two-year period of 1995-1996, percentage of placements involving domestic infants...
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...Curriculum of Secondary Schools A Research Paper Submitted to the Teacher in Advanced Statistics Jose Panganiban National High School Jose Panganiban Camarines Norte In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Subject by: Angel Rose E. Manulid Mary Jane Castillo Jea Camille Abarca John Paul Panol March 23, 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have my sincere thanks to all the people who have contributed and helped me to work on this research study. This research would not have been possible unless my fellow group members did not helped me on gathering data or conducting a face-to-face survey on the students of Jose Panganiban National High School. I would also like to thank the students that had been asked and interviewed about our research and for those who gratefully answered our questions in a good manner. The preparation of this important document would not have been possible without the support, hard work and endless efforts of my classmates and my valuable friends to help me to finish this study and also to the work of the other group that became the basis of the format of this research paper. I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to my favorite and statistics teacher, Mrs. Marife Osorio, in spite of making our heads bleed and break through every 2:30 on the afternoon from Monday to Friday, for teaching us and making our knowledge wider about these research papers, statistical methods, tests and other things related to that very hard...
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...Research Paper for publication ACCEPTABILITY OF LIFE INSURANCE BY INDIAN CUSTOMERS Submitted by- MS. RUSHINA SINGHI Lecturer Amity Business School, I floor , F-I Block, Amity University Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh. M. 09999665534 e-mail rushina.singhi@yahoo.co.in MS. MEENAKSHI JAIN Student Amity Business School, I floor , F-I Block, Amity University Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh ACCEPTABILITY OF LIFE INSURANCE BY INDIAN CUSTOMERS ABSTRACT Insurance constitutes one of the major segments of the financial market. Insurance services play predominant role in the process of financial intermediary. Today insurance industry is one of the most growing sectors in India. There is lot of potential in the Indian Insurance Industry. There are many issues, which require study. The scope of the study of insurance industry of India would be very great as there are ongoing developments in the industry after the opening of the sector. The present study has been undertaken to identify the association between demographics of individual investors and their investment behavior and also analyzing the acceptance of insurance by them. The study was conducted using the survey method (Personal interviews and Telephonic interviews). Data was collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 150 respondents from Delhi. Factor and regression analysis and Cross Tabs was used to analyze the data and identify the...
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...& Drayna, 2005). The presence of the dominant allele T determines wether or not an individual can taste PTC. A monohybrid cross of two heterozygotes results in three possible genotypes – TT, Tt, and tt, the only non-taster phenotype being tt (Schull, 1948). This study investigated inheritance of PTC tasting in humans to determine wether or not taster and non-taster phenotypes fell into the expected Mendelian ration. It was hypothesised that there would be a ratio of 3 taster: 1 non-taster phenotypes, and that the traits are controlled by one gene with two alleles, where T is dominant to t. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data was collected by 3rd year Genetics students. Blank paper and paper containing PTC was given to a total of 110 people. Each person placed the blank paper in his or her mouth and then the paper containing PTC. Afterwards it was recorded wether or not they could taste...
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...A Study on Factor Affecting of English Achievement Among The Under Graduate College Student A DISSERTATION PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE DEPT. OF HOME SCIENCE(CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY) IN PERTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN HOME SCIENCE BY Baisakhi Ghosh Roll No. 104/HMD/121020 Registration No. 024-1221-0030-09 Under the Guidance of Dr. Susmita Neogi Assistant Professor Department of Home Science Calcutta University 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my sincere gratitude to my respected guide Dr. Susmita Neogi,(Assistant Professor) Department of Home Science, University of Calcutta without whose guidance and concerned encouragement I could never complete my dissertation. I am thankful to the Head of the Department of Home Science, University of Calcutta Dr. Paromita Ghosh, for her inspiration and moral support. I am also thankful to all my samples without whose active participation my dissertation cannot be completed. Date:……………………. ……………………. Baisakhi Ghosh CONTENT S.L No. Title Page No. ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to find out the factors influencing second language learning among the undergraduate college students. A comparison was made between students who have studied in Bengali medium and those who have...
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...Accounting, Islamic Azad University Qazvin Branch, No. 1, Daneshgah Ave, P. O. Box: 34185- 1416, Qazvin, Iran Tel: 98-281-3675-787 E-mail: mehrabijavad@yahoo.com Alireza Azadegan (M.A.) Researcher, Tehran, Iran Tel: 98-912-8158675 E-mail: Azadegan1981@yahoo.com Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of Human resource information system (HRIS) on strategic decisions. Design/methodology/approach – The papers develops a research model based on current literature and then test this model in Mellat and Parsian banks selected from 19 banks with 18000 branches, public and private sectors in Iran. Statistics society consists of 172 persons include assistant of general managers in both personnel affairs and welfare and domestic payments department in Mellat bank, and also professionals, managers and deputy of personnel affair and department of organisation and methods in Parsian bank. The sample size provided based on "Cohan- Morgan- Korjsay" is 108 persons which has been determined with descriptive methods. For data analyzing we used Chi- square test, Binomial test, and Kendall's tau- b test. Findings – The results indicate that, on average, few differences exist between Mellat and Parsian banks. Moreover, we found that the HRIS is effective on strategic decisions in both banks. Research limitations/implications – This...
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...Mar Navarro Submitted 5/7/2012 Currently, bullying is a large problem in schools which causes significant stresses to its victims (Voss & Mulligan, 2000). Bullying became a greater concern for school personnel, parents & research after a series of school shootings in the late 1990s, including Columbine (Seals & Young, 2003). The effects of bullying are seen over a long period of time in the lives of participants and can lead to antisocial behavior amongst both perpetrators and victims of bullying (Voss & Mulligan, 2000; Seals & Young, 2003.) This paper intends to conduct an overview on the effects that bullying has on its victims, both adult and child and which group is more or less likely to become bullied. It is also important to examine how the effects of bullying differ by age, gender, ethnicity and other factors that lower social status which predispose people to bullying. This paper proposes that bullying impacts groups differently and thus the symptomatology that results will differ, with those who are socially disadvantaged experiencing the greatest impact of bullying on their lives. Bullying should also show strong outcomes for negative social adjustment in its aftermath, including increased depression, stress, alcohol abuse and decreased self-esteem. Bullying is defined as repeated aggressive behavior which is intended to harm or disturb a person in which the conflict is assymetrical and one group is more powerful than the other (Nansel et. al...
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...interior design of restaurants. Previous research conducted on consumers has shown that location has been a factor influencing a consumer’s decision to go to a restaurant. It has also shown that locational variables such as environment and packet quality have been considered important to consumers. Consumer demographics if affects the consumer perception then it may affect the consumer’s decision to go to a restaurant. The correlation between different locational variables we found out by calculating Pearson’s correlation coefficient and effect of the demographic features on consumer preference was found out through cross tabulation. The results were tested for significance by calculating probabilities (2 tailed) and by performing a chi squared test respectively. ------------------------------------------------- Importance For the Owner: With increasing popularity of restaurants, more and more consumers are going to restaurants in order to eat. Considering the large population of Dhaka which is currently15, 414,000 (Cox 2012)...
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...Kiel Institute of World Economics Duesternbrooker Weg 120 24105 Kiel (Germany) Kiel Working Paper No. 1086 Markov or Not Markov – This Should Be a Question by Frank Bickenbach and Eckhardt Bode December 2001 The responsibility for the contents of the working papers rests with the author, not the Institute. Since working papers are of a preliminary nature, it may be useful to contact the author of a particular working paper about results or caveats before referring to, or quoting, a paper. Any comments on working papers should be sent directly to the author. Markov or Not Markov – This Should Be a Question Abstract: Although it is well known that Markov process theory, frequently applied in the literature on income convergence, imposes some very restrictive assumptions upon the data generating process, these assumptions have generally been taken for granted so far. The present paper proposes, resp. recalls chi-square tests of the Markov property, of spatial independence, and of homogeneity across time and space to assess the reliability of estimated Markov transition matrices. As an illustration we show that the evolution of the income distribution across the 48 coterminous U.S. states from 1929 to 2000 clearly has not followed a Markov process. Keywords: Convergence, Markov process, chi-square tests, U.S. regional growth JEL classification: C12, O40, R11 Frank Bickenbach Kiel Institute of World Economics 24100 Kiel, Germany Telephone:...
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...|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |MTH/233 Version 2 | | |Statistics | Copyright © 2010, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course surveys descriptive and inferential statistics with an emphasis on practical applications of statistical analysis. The principles of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data are covered. It examines the role of statistical analysis, statistical terminology, the appropriate use of statistical techniques and interpretation of statistical findings through applications and functions of statistical methods. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to...
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