...biological explanations of major depression. Psychological explanations refer to the cognitive and behavioral theories of major depression such as negative cognitions, learned helplessness, and hopelessness. While biological explanations refer to genetic and neurochemical factors to explain the development and maintenance of major depression (Davey, 2011). Major depression, also commonly referred to as clinical depression, major depressive illness, major affective disorder, or unipolar mood disorder, is a clinical mood disorder including one or more episode of serious depression lasting two or more weeks with no manic episodes. Symptoms include fatigue, impaired...
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...mum is a single mum and also was addicted to alcohol. He grew up being exposed to alcohol ever since he was a child and he thinks that drinking alcohol excessively is normal. However, Ben got to the point that he no longer can live without alcohol and heroin and it started to affect his job and his daily life. Case study - Depression Hannah is a 16 years old girl and she has just managed to finish her high school and is hoping to get into college. She has been experiencing symptoms of depression ever since the age of 13. It has affected her daily life and it had interfered with her studies as she found it hard to go to school and she isolated herself a lot. Hannah didn't like herself and she constantly worried about her future and the world. She had low self-esteem and felt that she was worthless all the time and that feeling did not go away for months. Her family didn't know that it was depression until she was properly diagnosed by a psychiatrist. She now takes medication and it helps a lot with her negative and suicidal thoughts. Hannah has found out later on that her grandfather also suffered from depression. The Social Learning Theory explanation for the cause of addiction could be due to parental addiction and peer pressure. This could be the reason why Ben has become addicted to drugs and alcohol. This can help the therapist to understand and identify any repressed feelings and trauma that the...
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...The cognitive explanation states people become depressed because they think in a negative and self-defeating ways, the cognitive leads an emotional response for example we don’t feel unhappy unless we think we are. One theory for cognitive explanation is Beck’s Dysfunctional Thinking. This theory states that depression arises from negative interpretation of events, Beck hypothesised that depression is characterised by a cognitive triad of negative thinking comprising a negative view of the self, the world and the future. Depressed people tend to focus on the negative aspects of a situation and ignore the positives thus they ignore the positive they thus jump to the most negative conclusion. This is faulty information processing. Negative and critical parents tend to instil in us negative self schemes. New information has to be fitted into this negative self view and so we tend to interpret good things happening to us as being due luck and that we don’t deserve it and will end soon. There are four different negative schema: Overgeneralisation: believing that one negative events means that everything is negative Magnification: blowing things up out of all proportion Selective Perception: perceiving only bad events and ignoring the good things Absolute thinking: believing everything must be perfect or else it is a disaster Dysfunctional beliefs do not necessarity lead to depression, the individual will become depressed according to Beck only if they encounted a critical...
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...from depression. For the ease of writing this paper, I will refer to this person as Lucy. While there are many types of depression, I will be focusing on unipolar depression. Unipolar depression a type of depression in which the person does not suffer from a history of mania. 2Depression is a low, sad state marked by high levels of sadness, loss of energy, low self-worth, feelings of guilt and other related symptoms. Lucy has not suffered from depression for long but her symptoms are quite severe. She frequently has crying spells and sometimes struggles to leave the house and complete ordinary daily tasks. What once seemed like an easy task to Lucy now seems like an overwhelming task that she could not...
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...(2009). Cognitive and Behavioral Learning Theories. Retrieved from http://www.freepsychologyarticles.com/cognitive-and-behavioral-learning-theories.html This article takes the approach of viewing behavioral psychology as an examination of human behavior. The article provides an explanation of cognitive theory to be a process within the individual and is based upon the idea of learning, which is a result of related experiences, perception, memory, and overly verbal thinking. The article mentions several other theories, such as information processing theory, schema theory, and situated cognition theory. Cherry, K. (n.d.). Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches. Retrieved from http://www.netplaces.com/psychology/psychotherapy-and-other-approaches-to-treatment/cognitive-behavioral-approaches.htm This article focuses on behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy, both provide a focus on the "here and now" approach. The article informs the reader how both therapies "want to get right to the point" and figure out the behaviors or issues that may be causing discontent and harm to the individual. The article provides an excellent definition of cognitive therapy, which is a thought process to provide to an individual so he or she can "head-off" the problems or issues before it has a chance to affect the client(s). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.paloaltotherapy.com/about-counseling/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/ Cognitive behavioral...
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...towards the end of the 1800’s as a new label for ‘madness’ and as a way of classifying illness of the mind. It wasn’t until the mid 1900’s there was a shift in the perception of psychosis and possible psychological processes contributing to psychotic experiences. Bentall (1993) further supported this by writing about understanding psychotic symptoms based on an individuals’ presenting distress/ difficulties rather than focusing on a medical model of psychosis treatment. Though Aaron Beck in the development of the cognitive approach to emotional disorders did explore the idea of adapting a cognitive model to psychosis in a paper in 1952, “Successful outpatient psychotherapy of a chronic schizophrenic with a delusion based on borrowed guilt”, it hasn’t been until the last few decades, with the expanse and empirical evidence for cognitive behavioural therapy as a treatment mode, and a focus of treatment of clients with psychosis in a community setting, that cognitive approaches in treatment of psychosis have come into their own....
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...Health & Clinical Psychology Healthy Living Stress Dysfunctional Behaviour Disorders [pic] [pic] [pic] Contents • Objectives for the Health and Clinical Psychology module 6 • What is Health Psychology? Careers in Health Psychology 7 • Unit G543: Health and Clinical Psychology 8 • Exemplar exam paper 9 PART A – INFORMATION TO HELP EVALUATE STUDIES • Evaluation sheet for the theories/studies of Health Psychology 10 • Guide for answering part A & part B exam questions 11 PART B – HEALTHY LIVING • Introduction to Healthy Living 14 • Theories of Health Belief 17 • Compliance with a Medical Regime for Asthma (Becker 1978) 18 • Internal versus External Locus of Control (Rotter 1966) 21 • Analysis of Self-Efficacy Theory of Behavioural Change (Bandura and Adams 1977) 23 • Summary of the health belief theories 26 • Comprehension questions for theories of health belief 27 • Part A exam question 28 • Part B exam question 29 • Evaluation sheet of health belief theories/studies 30 Introduction to Health Promotion 31 • Theories of Health Promotion • Chip pan fire prevention (Cowpe 1983) 32 • Legislation-Bicycle helmet laws and educational campaigns (Dannenberg et al. 1993) 34 • Effects of Fear arousal (Janis & Feshbeck 1953) 37 • Summary of the health...
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...Discuss two or more definitions of abnormality (12 marks) One definition of abnormality is “deviation from social norms” and under this definition a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the unwritten rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group. Behaviour may be incomprehensible to others or make others feel threatened or uncomfortable. For example, someone would be classified as being abnormal if they laughed at a funeral, as this is socially unacceptable. A weakness of this definition is that it lacks cultural relativity as social behaviour varies when different cultures are compared. For e.g. it’s common in south Europe to stand much closer to strangers than in the UK. As well as this voice pitch and volume, touching, directions of gaze and acceptable subjects for discussion have all been found to vary between cultures. This means what is considered deviant or abnormal varies considerably across cultures, thus weakening this definition. Another limitation of deviation from social norms is that it lacks time validity. This is because social norms change over time; behaviour that was once seen as abnormal may be acceptable and vice versa. For example, drink driving was once considered acceptable but is now seen as socially unacceptable whereas homosexuality has changed the other way. Until 1980 homosexuality was considered a psychological disorder but is considered acceptable today. This is a weakness...
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...Discuss two or more definitions of abnormality (12 marks) One definition of abnormality is “deviation from social norms” and under this definition a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the unwritten rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group. Behaviour may be incomprehensible to others or make others feel threatened or uncomfortable. For example, someone would be classified as being abnormal if they laughed at a funeral, as this is socially unacceptable. A weakness of this definition is that it lacks cultural relativity as social behaviour varies when different cultures are compared. For e.g. it’s common in south Europe to stand much closer to strangers than in the UK. As well as this voice pitch and volume, touching, directions of gaze and acceptable subjects for discussion have all been found to vary between cultures. This means what is considered deviant or abnormal varies considerably across cultures, thus weakening this definition. Another limitation of deviation from social norms is that it lacks time validity. This is because social norms change over time; behaviour that was once seen as abnormal may be acceptable and vice versa. For example, drink driving was once considered acceptable but is now seen as socially unacceptable whereas homosexuality has changed the other way. Until 1980 homosexuality was considered a psychological disorder but is considered acceptable today. This is a weakness because...
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...CHAP TER Introducing Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning life, and “logos,” meaning explanation. Psychology is a popular major for students, a popular topic in the public media, and a part of our everyday lives. Television shows such as Dr. Phil feature psychologists who provide personal advice to those with personal or family difficulties. Crime dramas such as CSI, Lie to Me, and others feature the work of forensic psychologists who use psychological principles to help solve crimes. And many people have direct knowledge about psychology because they have visited psychologists, for instance, school counselors, family therapists, and religious, marriage, or bereavement counselors. Because we are frequently exposed to the work of psychologists in our everyday lives, we all have an idea about what psychology is and what psychologists do. In many ways I am sure that your conceptions are correct. Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counseling and therapy for people in distress. But there are hundreds of thousands of psychologists in the world, and most of them work in other places, doing work that you are probably not aware of. Most psychologists work in research laboratories, hospitals, and other field settings where they study the behavior of humans and animals. For instance, my colleagues in the Psychology Department at the University of Maryland study such...
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... Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology Depression knows no economical, social, racial, or gender. Depression affects the lives every person on the planet, in one way or another. Depression manifest it’s self in many ways. It causes weight gain, weight loss, anxiety, moodiness, sadness, irritability, restlessness, loss of interest in people, places, and things, loss of energy, loss of appetite, and much more. Because depression has so many different facets, it stands to reason that there are just as many ways to effectively treat the disorder. Psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and family systems are clinical psychological approaches to depression. Each one uses a different approach and in some areas there are overlaps. The information in this paper addresses origins, goals, and techniques of the approaches. Also, an explanation of how each approach affects the treatment strategies of the selected disorder, and the effectiveness of each approach. Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology Psychodynamic therapy is talk therapy like what a person sees depicted on television or in the movies. This type of therapy allows patients to examine emotions, feelings, thoughts, and memories ("Web Md", 2005-2012). Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the “…form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do…” ("National Association Of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist", 1996-2010). Cognitive-behavioral (CBT) is based on the theory, that...
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...off wanting assistance and finding out what causes depression; the longer you encounter depression, the longer it will take to battle the issue. Your specialist will first check to determine your indications are not brought about by a underlying restorative condition. Once different potential outcomes have been discounted, your specialist may point you to a mental health expert who will examine your side effects with you. He will then utilize this informative data to structure a determination and endorse further medication alternatives. Ask your specialist if he or she supposes drug may assist you with how to stop depression. Most uppers medication may influence neurotransmitters and help people figure out what to do about depression, chemicals in your cerebrum thought to be part of temperament regulation. Despite the prescription taken, it will most likely take about four to six weeks before you feel any impacts, if any, and you might need to attempt more than one pep pill to discover the particular case that works best for you. Never take pep pills without the proposal and supervision of a specialist. Think about psychotherapy, maybe in synthesis with medicine, to help enhance your condition. Psychotherapy intends to help individuals comprehend their disease and advance adapting procedures to better bargain better with normal-scenarios that may emerge and to additionally figure out what to do about depression. Cognitive behavioral treatment is one ubiquitous approach. It...
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...Aetiologies of Unipolar Depression Depression can be defined as ‘A condition of general emotional dejection and withdrawal; sadness greater and more prolonged than that warranted by any objective reason.’ The psychological pain depression brings is severe, long lasting and debilitating. It may intensify as the months go by. People with clinical depression may become unable to carry out the simplest of life’s activities, and some even try to end their lives. Biological theory researchers have relied on genetic studies and on investigations into biochemistry to help explain the causes of unipolar depression. Many theorists believe that some people inherit a predisposition to unipolar depression. Support comes from many sources – family studies, twin studies and adoption studies. Family studies select people with depression and examine their close relatives to see whether depression affects other members of the family. If a predisposition to unipolar depression is inherited then relatives should have a higher rate of depression than the general population. Research has supported this claim. If the predisposition is inherited it would also be expected that more cases of depression would be apparent in close relatives compared to distant relatives. Twin studies are used as identical twins share 100% of the same genes, therefore if one twin has the disorder the other should also. Twin studies have found rates consistent with this expectation. Evaluation which supports genetic...
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...schizophrenia and related psychosis. Over the past 10 years there's been a growing movement towards diverse treatments for schizophrenia other than the acknowledged role of medication as a treatment modality (Birchwood and Tarrier 1993). Developments in psychological theory have led to a number of innovative psychological treatments drawn from human experimental psychology such as behavioural and social psychology and cognitive science. Therapies based on cognitive behavioural theory have been rapidly developing, initially for the so called ‘neurotic disorders’ but in recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that these cognitive behavioural approaches can be effective for those people suffering from psychosis ( Williams 1995). The aim of this assignment is to explore the basis of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and review its’ therapeutic application to schizophrenia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an evolutionary paradigm that came about a from the merging of the established paradigm of behavioural therapy and contemporary cognitive therapy (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). Behavioural therapy historically focused on anxiety, phobic and obsessional disorders. Treatments were aligned to the learning theories of Pavlov and Skinner, anxieties and phobias were conceptualise to be conditioned fear responses, passively acquired and elicited by conditioned stimulii (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). A variety of techniques were employed to enable the client to...
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...Attribution Theory and Depression Mike E. Calderin Christopher Newport Attribution Theory and Depression Baron, Branscombe, and Byrne (2009) explain the attribution theory as not wanting to just know how ourselves and others act, but why we and others act that way. People assign attributes or reasons to why something happens to better perceive, justify, and understand why people act the way they do. The Attribution Theory can be applied to many different areas of peoples’ lives. In recent years the attribution theory has been applied to different areas including Depression (Baron, Branscombe, & Byrne, 2009). According to the Mayo Clinic Staff depression is defined as, “a medical illness that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest” (2013). Depression affects how you act and how you think. It is long-term and not just a momentary feeling. A variety of factors are linked to causing depression and a great deal of variance exists amongst the different variables (Mayo Clinc, 2013). Many different variables are linked to depression and treatment works different for different individuals. Depression covers a wide spectrum in both causes and treatment. The Attribution theory relates to how we see others’ behaviors in an effort to understand people’s motives, goals and intentions (Baron, Branscombe, and Byrne, 2009). The attributions we assign to others may be bias or misinformed based on other variables. Attributes can be stable...
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