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The Cold War

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Civil rights:

Jim crow laws: * Laws denying BAM access to facilities- ed, health, transport
Voting rights 15th amendment: * B legal right to vote- S found ways around- grandfather clause and lit tests
KKK: Targets black showing disrespect- lynching

Challenging seg in S: Plessy V Ferguson: * Seg unlawful- all should be guaranteed legal rights- 14th amendment * Louisiana- illegal- arrested for sitting W only of train * Took case to SC- judges- seg lawful if had access to equally good * Provided legal foundation for seg
Conditions in N: little legally enforced seg * Bs moved to industrial cities- economic boom- pay better- 500,000 moved * Better organised: Randolph organised 1st B union- easier for B to vote * Still lived in undesirable neighborhoods- eco depriv and ghettoisation
Effects of WW2 on BAM : turning point
B soldier in Europe: * Radicalized them- appalled fighting for country- treated liked 2nd class citizens * Put in diff canteens, transported to battlefield sep from W- employed as cooks and cleaners- denied right to fight- less training + poor equip
World war race war: double V sign- fighting overseas and racism at home
Black heroes: boosted self esteem- Woodrow Crocket- 1st B pilot in US air force
Eco changes: * S- $4.5 bill factories war goods * B unable to get jobs due to racism- Randolph appalled- threat to lead march unless industries changed * Roosevelt issued exec order- FEPC- industries not discrim when hiring * N industry boomed- migration- changes allowed BA play role in war effort * End of war- 48% of B pop urban and better paid * Randolph put pressure on gov- polis act in favour of racial equality
Diff following WW2: N V S
Politics: S: * Pre war- 2%B vote- 1945- 15% * Efforts of B campaigners and ex soldiers greeted with hostility by W racists- inc in lynching’s * Will Dawson + Adam Clayton Powel- elected to congress- began app more * William Haist- fed judge 1949
Eco:
* War boom- unemp fell 937,000 to 151,000 * N- B indust worker unequal pay W +W objected when AA promoted (Detroit riots)
Social conditions: seg remained in S states * Wash- AA barred from restaurants, cinemas, hotels * 40% housing available to B substandard- 12% W * N- eating, transport, ed no seg- racial etiquette not at rigid- racial mix * AA poorer than W- live in worse accom in undesirable parts
Secure these rights: Truman- unexpected reformer * Aware of imp B vote to demo party- committed to challenge racism * Report of exp. Of racial minorities in US- highlight prob and prop changes * Lynching- 1882 and 1945- 300 in 5 s states * Police brutality- racist violence- forced admit to crimes didn’t do * Voting rights: 44 elect- 18% of b able to vote – obstacles * Discrim in armed forces: 1/70 b promoted to officer 1/7 w * Emp and ed: few employ opps and wage gaps teachers * Health: 40- 1 b doc for 3,377 patients, 1 doc for 7 patients * Recommendations: * Immediate rad action- job of fed gov- should fund discrim * New laws proposed for lynching- police intervene and prosecute * New leg out law discrim brutality- FEPA * Unworkable- unrealistic and police and state gov are racist
Gov action under Truman: * Appointed AA to imp gov roles- William Haist fed judge * Used fed gov power: signed exec gov order9980- fari emp practices in civil service * Prevented fed gov housing admin lending money to building projects- seg housing * Deseg- symbolic in 48- excec order- equality of treatment +opp in armed service * Inauguration ceremony- W+B sit alongside eachother * How success? 1st pres to commit to CR * Achievements limited- FEPC underfunded, fewer houses built that anticipated- not comprehensive enough
Challenging Jim Crow: * NAACP- thropugh courtss- pressure on politicans ++organised resostance * Why go to court? Lgela system coule be used ot end seg * Challenge JC- 14th amendment and 15th * Smith V Alwright: 1944: voting * B exclu from P elect- more imp than congressional * Lonnie E Smith went ot SC with NAACP- ruled that Texan W primary illegal- applied to whole of US * Morgan V virginina: challenged seg on interstate buses- violated const rigjts * SC seg on interstate buses illegal * Non violent resistance: Picketed New Orleans department stores- B cant try on hates/ black school shut for arvet *

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