...GS1140.U2.HO4 Richie Lowther (20289041) The Connection between Global Warming and the Hole in the Ozone Global Warming and the Hole in the Ozone are two topics that are highly debated in the science community. After researching both phenomena I feel that yes, both are somewhat closely related, but I don’t feel one is the main cause. As far as the two producing the same effect, I believe they are somewhat creditable. The Hole in the ozone is caused mainly by CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons) which is mainly found in aerosol spray cans and other man made pollutants. The two chemicals in CFC’s that are the worst to the ozone are chlorine and bromine and are to be considered potent to greenhouse gases. The two chemicals are not found in the higher atmosphere and not considered the main cause of the hole in the ozone. The ozone hole permits more ultra violet radiation to reach the earth’s surface and in turn could cause more radiation to be reflected. Global warming is caused by the increase of the atmospheric concentration of gases that trap the infrared radiation close to the earth’s surface, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapor. Although CFC (the molecules that destroy ozone) and ozone its self are greenhouse gases, their concentration in the troposphere (the lower layer) where we live is normally low. In my conclusion between the connection of both phenomena, the problems and risks of the greenhouse effect relates to human influenced climate changes. References...
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...The Study of Chlorofluorocarbons | | | | | | Prepared by: Ana Cloriana Bonan Harlene Buenavista Blanch Marie Gueco Angel Kazumi Sioson Gian Micah Cesa PROBLEM: How do CFCs products such as refrigerants, aerosols, and plant factory emissions affect the status of the ozone layer in the atmosphere? HYPOTHESIS: CFC strongly contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. OBJECTIVES: * To measure the amount of CFCs release from refrigerants, aerosols, emissions of factories and other products and materials that contain CFCs. * To determine the degree of CFCs in the ozone layer. * To quantify the percentage between different elements and chemicals that CFC contain. CHLOROFLUOROCARBON Significance of the Study This study will contribute to scientific research as statistical data about chlorofluorocarbons. As a further matter, it will give more ideas on how to promote vigorous conditions in the ecosystem in order to raise awareness of imminent dangers of using chlorofluorocarbons. It will help us how to fathom/understand the situations of some hurdles in the environment that might cause by CFCs. It will also assist folk on how they will grasp the drawbacks of the chemicals usage by being well-informed about it. They will be more clued in about being detrimental of the matter as well. Nevertheless, this study will furnish information concerning the substance which can cause complications...
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...GLOBAL WARMING: Energy, Fall 2005 v30 i4 p36(2) It could get a lot warmer. (GLOBAL WARMING) Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2005 Business Communications Company, Inc. If humans continue to use fossil fuels in a business as usual manner for the next few centuries, the polar ice caps will be depleted, ocean sea levels will rise by seven meters and median air temperatures will soar to 14.5 degrees warmer than current day. These are the stunning results of climate and carbon cycle model simulations conducted by scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. By using a coupled climate and carbon cycle model to look at global climate and carbon cycle changes, the scientists found that the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.5 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300. The jump in temperature would have alarming consequences for the polar ice caps and the ocean, said lead author Govindasamy Bala of the Laboratory's Energy and Environment Directorate. In the polar regions alone, the temperature would spike more than 20 degrees Celsius, forcing the land in the region to change from ice and tundra to boreal forests. "The temperature estimate is actually conservative because the model didn't take into consideration changing land use such as deforestation and build-out of cities into outlying wilderness areas," Bala said. Today's level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is 380 parts per million (ppm). By the year 2300, the model...
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...nuclearization as well as security against global climate change. Like all other things, global climate change also got a strong basis of global agenda in international relations specificly in 1972. Since then international relations and global climate change have become very intimate to one another to be discussed. By 1972 and having a remarkable benchmark in 1992, global environment as well as global climate change is being practiced almost with every aspect of international relations which include state, non-state actors, domestic international relationship, various political approach, several global accord, security and world trade as well. In this paper, we will try to find out the intensity of the intimacy between international relations and global climate change through several different approaches. In the beginning of the paper we will survey on the theories of international relations through which both international relations and global climate change can be explained then the discussion will be shifted to the role of state and non state actors on climate change, which will be pursued to the effect of climate change on human activities and the history of global climate change co-operation. Then we will move to an analysis of the global climate change regime through the several grand theories of international relations. Having theoretical analysis the paper will look forward to the domestic-international relationship on the global climate change negotiation and the political...
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...Pollution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Pollution (disambiguation). The litter problem on the coast of Guyana, 2010 Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.[1] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Ancient cultures Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started from prehistoric times when man created the first fires. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, "soot found on ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires."[2] Metal forging appears to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal production,[3] but at that time the pollution was comparatively small and could be handled by nature. Urban pollution Air pollution in the US, 1973 The burning of coal and wood, and the presence of many horses in concentrated areas made the cities the cesspools of pollution. The Industrial Revolution brought an infusion of untreated chemicals and wastes...
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...Jigme Singye Wangchuk. The head of the Orthodox Christian Church, Patriarch Bartholomew, is cited for preaching that God wants the planet's future safeguarded. The winners will receive trophies sculpted from recycled materials. The presentation will be made at a ceremony in New York next week. Unep hopes the various projects recognised will be imitated around the globe. 'Set the agenda' The seven winners each represented a region of the world. President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa is honoured for his government's commitment to providing clean water and sanitation. The king and people of Bhutan are rewarded for helping preserve more than 70% of its forest cover. Canadian Inuit activist Sheila Watt-Cloutier was recognised for fighting global warming and persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic ecosystem. Unep Executive Director Klaus Toepfer said the seven had "to a large extent, set the environmental agenda and laid the foundations for the many areas of progress we are able to see and celebrate today". The other winners were Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al-Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates, former Mexican Environment Minister Julia Carabias Lillo, and Zhou Qiang of the All-China Youth Federation....
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...Global Environmental Change 17 (2007) 445–459 Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications Irene Lorenzonia,b,������, Sophie Nicholson-Coleb, Lorraine Whitmarshb a School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK b Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK Received 25 August 2006; received in revised form 12 January 2007; accepted 17 January 2007 Abstract This paper reports on the barriers that members of the UK public perceive to engaging with climate change. It draws upon three mixed-method studies, with an emphasis on the qualitative data which offer an in-depth insight into how people make sense of climate change. The paper defines engagement as an individual’s state, comprising three elements: cognitive, affective and behavioural. A number of common barriers emerge from the three studies, which operate broadly at ‘individual’ and ‘social’ levels. These major constraints to individual engagement with climate change have implications for achieving significant reductions in greenhouse gases in the UK. We argue that targeted and tailored information provision should be supported by wider structural change to enable citizens and communities to reduce their carbon dependency. Policy implications for effective engagement are discussed. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Climate...
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...economic engines, generating 10.5 million jobs and $1.2 trillion for the U.S. economy, according to a new Airports Council International-North America study. Across the country, workers and businesses count on local airports to attract investment and move people and goods around the world. Since 2001, the total number of jobs associated with airports has increased by more than 50 percent. Despite unprecedented growth and clear evidence of the economic benefits of infrastructure investments, airports expect to have $80 billion in unmet needs through 2015 because of the flawed system used to pay for infrastructure projects. That has not always been the case. Airports generated millions of jobs and trillions of dollars for local communities between 2001 and 2010 because President Bill Clinton and Congress made two decisions to improve airport infrastructure planning and investment in 2000. The first decision allowed local communities to raise more money to finance...
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...unit 1 Water cycle The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Since the water cycle is truly a "cycle," there is no beginning or end. Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and ice at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go. Contents Description The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in the oceans. Water evaporates as vapor into the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapor. Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. Rising air currents take the vapor up into the atmosphere where cooler temperatures cause it to condense into clouds. Air currents move clouds around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the sky as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Snowpacks can thaw and melt, and the melted water flows over land as snowmelt. Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where the precipitation flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and groundwater are stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers. Much of it soaks...
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...Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society http://bst.sagepub.com/ Green Advertising and Green Public Relations as Integration Propaganda Nina Nakajima Bulletin of Science Technology & Society 2001 21: 334 DOI: 10.1177/027046760102100502 The online version of this article can be found at: http://bst.sagepub.com/content/21/5/334 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: National Association for Science, Technology & Society Additional services and information for Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society can be found at: Email Alerts: http://bst.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://bst.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://bst.sagepub.com/content/21/5/334.refs.html >> Version of Record - Oct 1, 2001 What is This? Downloaded from bst.sagepub.com at University of Wollongong on October 1, 2013 BULLETIN2001/SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETYPR Nakajima tober OF GREEN ADVERTISING AND GREEN / Oc- Green Advertising and Green Public Relations as Integration Propaganda Nina Nakajima University of Toronto lic perception must also be managed. To avoid a negative public image, companies can create the perception that they are effectively handling the problem. This way, public support can be maintained while actually doing very little to solve the problem. Technological change continues to accelerate, and with it come unintended...
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...universe where conditions are suitable for complex life forms: Earth. In this unit, examine the unique characteristics that make our planet habitable and learn how these conditions were created. Surfaces of Mars, Moon, Venus, Earth. Source: NASA Sections: 1. Introduction 2. Many Planets, One Earth 3. Reading Geologic Records 4. Carbon Cycling and Earth's Climate 5. Testing the Thermostat: Snowball Earth 6. Atmospheric Oxygen 7. Early Life: Single-Celled Organisms 8. The Cambrian Explosion and the Diversification of Animals 9. The Age of Mammals 10. Further Reading Unit 1 : Many Planets, One Earth -1- www.learner.org 1. Introduction Earth's long history tells a story of constant environmental change and of close connections between physical and biological environments. It also demonstrates the robustness of life. Simple organisms first appeared on Earth some 3.8 billion years ago, and complex life forms emerged approximately 2 billion years ago. Life on Earth has endured through many intense stresses, including ice ages, warm episodes, high and low oxygen levels, mass extinctions, huge volcanic eruptions, and meteorite impacts. Untold numbers of species have come and gone, but life has survived even the most extreme fluxes. To understand why Earth has been so conducive to life, we need to identify key conditions that make it habitable and ask why they exist here but not on neighboring planets. This unit describes how Earth's carbon cycle regulates its climate...
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...course, the global financial crises in 2008. While the domestic airline industry is largely deregulated, Australia’s international airline industry remains quite deregulated at the commonwealth level, as it is subject to the detailed capacity controls of airline service agreements (ASAs) that underpin the industry. These agreements control the amount of airline seat capacity which may be deployed on scheduled services over individual country to country routes; they are general of treaty status and are enforceable in international law. In another move to free up the international side of the industry, the Commonwealth adopted a policy of allowing more than one Australian owned international airline to operate scheduled services to and from Australia. However the September 2001 failure of the Ansett Airlines group brought an end to Ansett International's short-lived operations. Although Qantas is once again the only Australian flag carrier, Virgin Blue has signalled its interest in operating in some international markets in Australia's immediate region, such as the trans-Tasman market. A significant trend that has started felt in Australia is the rapid emergence of low cost international carriers. Irish airline, Ryanair, is a high profile European example; Southwest airline is a long established American example. Levels of competition vary widely within each sector. In the domestic trunk airline sector, the fairly robust competition that previously existed between Qantas,...
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...EVOLUTION AND SELF-INTEREST Richard Dawkins argues that at its most fundamental level, the genetic level, life is self-interested.1 Genes do only one thing; they replicate themselves. These replicators reside in and are carried around by biological vehicles (trees, animals, humans, fungus, etc.). The resources that support these biological vehicles are finite, so the process of life has become a competition among genes to create vehicles that can successfully compete for limited resources and survive to pass on their genetic code. Dawkins coined the term ‘selfish gene’ to emphasize the single, focused object of a gene’s existence. What he means is that the sole purpose of a gene is to make copies of itself using the Darwinian selection process; very selfishly ignoring the consequences this pursuit may have on other living entities. Self-interest is a requirement for survival. This does not mean, of course, that animals and humans cannot be altruistic sometimes, in certain activities.2 It does mean that no living entity can survive for long if it is only purely altruistic. On the other hand, survival is not necessarily jeopardized when an organism is purely self-interested. Altruism, in the absence of self-interest, is not evolutionarily stable in the biological world; it leads to extinction. It is for this reason that all extant life forms must be selfish. Humans, like all creatures, are self-interested; not because it is good to be selfish but because we would not be here if...
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...Introduction The world is a place for everyone and everything to live comfortably. In order to fulfill this comfort that we are supposed to have, we have to keep a healthy environment. Everything that everyone does affects the environment, in good and bad ways. There are things that go unnoticed in everyday life that needs to be looked at more seriously in order to improve the environment. Recognizing and correcting the problem and promoting the positive aspects will ultimately improve the environment. In order to maintain a healthy environment, society must become aware of how day-to-day activities impact the environment and they also need to be ready to approach and change such lifestyles. So how can we, as individuals, improve the environment? Why When talking about environment related issues, most people just don’t care; they are only doing enough to get by for themselves. The only concerns they have are paying their bills on time, taking care of their family, keeping their job, and being happy. People are contemplating the fact that they are just one person, and the changes they make won’t make a difference so why should it matter. (Savage) If this mind set of people changes then that one person will turn it to hundreds and thousands of people and differences in the environment will start to be seen. There are multiple different reasons on why you should care about the environment and what impacts it. Approximately 40% of deaths globally are cause by pollution, and...
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...Licensed to: CengageBrain User Licensed to: CengageBrain User This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Economics for Today © 2012 Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited 4th Edition Allan Layton Copyright Notice Tim Robinson This Work is copyright. No part of this Work may be reproduced, Irvin B. Tucker stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written...
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