...Geoffrey Robertson’s, The Tyrannicide Brief is a very compelling story of a lawyer who can be attributed to shaping some very important precedents to modern laws. Robertson guides readers through the career of John Cooke. John Cooke is an attorney that is given the task of bringing charges to one of the most powerful men in the country, The King. John Cooke takes on the role of an attorney who must prove that his lord and commander is guilty of treason. John Cooke takes the opposite route in comparison to his colleagues. Rather than shy away from the duty of laying charges to Charles I, Cooke embraces this opportunity. The Tyrannicide Brief at surface appears to be about charging and eventually executing Charles I, but with the turn of each...
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...Elizabeth I died in 1603, the Tudor dynasty was ended and the Stuarts (Catholic dynasty started by James I) began to rule. * The Stuarts believed in the 'divine right of kings' - ie, the God ordained that the King is supreme, and is thus 'above the law'. This plunged England into civil war. * The civil war seen as a 3 way dispute by the lawyers. The Parliament, the King and the common law were all vying for ultimate power. * Eventually, Charles I lost the struggle and was executed in 1649. * The civil war and the ideas that rose up during it led to constitutional change in England and development of lots of ideas that influenced the colonies like Australia. The king versus the common law In 1598 (before he was King of England), James I wrote The Trew Law of Free Monarchies, setting out the divine right of Kings. * He was supported in this idea by the attorney-general, Francis Bacon. * Bacon argued that that according to natural law, only absolute monarchy could avoid 'confusion and dissolution'. This theory was based on the natural law theory that law is based on reason and the will of the Crown. * According to Bacon, the King could govern by prerogative alone – parliamentary powers allowed only by tolerance of the King – he could dismiss or convene Parliament as he saw fit. * The power not to be dismissed without its consent was what Parliament really wanted – and only force through the civil war gave them that. * James I: “Kings are justly...
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...1. Appeal of Calvinism o They held important geographic areas and were heavily represented among the more powerful segments of French society o 2/5 of French aristocracy joined * They hoped to establish within France a principle of territorial sovereignty akin to the Peace of Augsburg * Calvinism served the forces of political decentralization. Calvinist conversations among powerful aristocrats as a means to achieve political goals o John Calvin and Theodore Beza saw this as a means to advance their cause o Beza converted Jeanne d‘Albert, the mother of the future Henry IV o The prince of Condé was converted by his Calvinist wife in 1558 o Calvinist religious convictions proved useful to their political goals Two main reasons to become a Calvinist with something to gain from the other o Religious Resistance made Calvinism a possible religion in Catholic France Secular/political reasons cast suspicion on religious intent Wanted to spread Calvinism, the religion As she had earlier sought Protestant support when Guise power threatened to subdue the monarchy, she now sought Guise support as Protestant influence grew. 1. Protestant Resistance Theory * Protestant leaders view on resistance against the emperor: o Luther: * approved resistance to the emperor after the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 o Calvin: * Condemned wilful disobedience and rebellion against lawfully constituted governments as un-Christian...
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...more appropriately Jeanne d'Arc, was a simple, peasant girl born at Domremy in Champagne (St. Joan of Arc). Although she could not read or write, she was very talented at sewing and spinning (St. Joan of Arc) and spent most of her youth on her father’s farm (Joan of Arc). I believe that people probably did not expect much from the girl, especially when taking the time period into consideration. “When Joan was about 12 years old, she began hearing ‘voices’ of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret believing them to have been sent by God. These voices told her that it was her divine mission to free her country from the English and help the dauphin gain the French throne. They told her to cut her hair, dress in man's uniform and to pick up the arms” (Joan of Arc). This makes sense due to her attitude towards the church. “It is said by friends that: ‘She was greatly committed to the service of God and the Blessed Mary’” (Biography Online). During Joan’s time, the Hundred Years War was taking place. “But by May, 1428, she no longer doubted that she was bidden to go to the help of the king, and the voices became insistent, urging her to present herself to Robert Baudricourt, who commanded for Charles VII in the neighbouring town of Vaucouleurs. This journey she eventually accomplished a month later, but Baudricourt, a rude and dissolute soldier, treated her and her mission with scant respect, saying to the cousin who accompanied her: ‘Take her...
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...left Germany devastated: both the German territory and the life of the German people. It also made foreign participants tired and hurt. As Fletcher indicated, Germany was a miniature of Europe, and the both Europe and Germany were divided into many at the end of the war. And what was worse, the latter was totally devastated: Germany was a rich country when the war began, but she was a desert when the war ended. Here we need to retrospect and ask a question: What was the reason of the war-participants and what did they accomplish? What is the Thirty Years’ War teaching the modern Christian? CAUSE OF THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR At the beginning of the 17th century, the Emperor Rudolph II, was the Archduke of Austria and he was also the King of Bohemia and of Hungary. And the neighboring territories were ruled by his family members. Though Rudolph and his family took all the ruling positions in the Empire, they got some difficulty. Why? For the...
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...Famous Thinkers Catalina Britton PHL458 May 12, 2014 Charles Crenshaw Famous Thinkers Bertrand Russell was a “British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, social critic and political activist (Roberts, 2013).” He also was a self proclaimed liberal, pacifist, and socialist. However, he did admit he had never been any of the previous, with any profound impact. During the 20 century, Russell was preeminent in the founding of analytic philosophy and is touted as a premier logician of his time. Russell exuded great influence over “logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science, and philosophy, especially philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics(Roberts, 2013).” Among all these accomplishments, Russell was also an anti war activist who spent time in prison for his pacifism during WWI and stood against Hitler in WWII as well as criticizing totalitarianism of the Stalinist movement. He was very out spoken about the US involvement in the Vietnam War and a fierce proponent of nuclear disarmament. Russell received the Nobel Prize in Literature in the 1950’s for his significant contributions in the areas of “humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought (Roberts, 2013).” During his life time Russell was very politically active as evidenced by his 1955 Russell-Einstein Manifesto which addressed Nuclear disarmament and was signed by many of the prominent physicist and intellectuals...
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...criminal case after its conclusion. Harper Lee’s rendition of the scenario has impacted the lives of thousands of people. Lee studied law at the University of Alabama, but did not earn her degree. Instead, she left for New York City, where she worked briefly as an airline reservationist. She did not enjoy it, however, and according to Encyclopedia Britannica, Lee’s friends all pitched in financially so that she would be able to write full-time. It was then when she wrote her first series of short stories. These stories were then adapted into To Kill A Mockingbird. Another parallel between Lee’s book and real life would be the similarities between Truman Streckfus Persons and the character Charles Baker Harris. Persons, who elected to go by the name Truman Capote, was Lee’s childhood friend. Charles Baker “Dill” Harris is Scout’s good friend, and bears some resemblance to Truman Capote. Before she eventually settled in Monroeville, Alabama, Harper Lee traveled to Kansas with Capote. There, Lee helped Capote cover the murders of a family for The New Yorker. Later in his life, Truman Capote used Harper Lee’s notes and interviews in his book In Cold Blood. Before she eventually settled in Monroeville, Lee spent a few years in New York. Harper Lee, unfortunately, was able to draw much of the backbone of her storyline from things that were happening around her. During that time period, “A black man raping a white woman justified the most draconian social control over black people” (Levy...
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...had the boy, Richard Parker, consented, Sandel replies, in an amused tone: "What would that scenario look like? Dudley is there, penknife in hand, but instead of the prayer, or before the prayer, he says, 'Parker, would you mind?'" Students seem to think the proposed lottery would have justified the killing. Sandel probes: Can a fair process sanction something so abhorrent? And what if the loser changes his mind after the fact? What's more, doesn't the student who says "You shouldn't be eating human, anyway!" have a valid point? As many as a thousand students pack Harvard U.'s Sanders Theater for Michael Sandel's popular introductory course on moral and political philosophy. Sandel has taught the course, known as "Justice," since 1980. "I don't believe that it's possible fully to replicate the in-person...
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...Foundations of Mythology K J HUM/105 August 25, 2014 Philip Fasso Foundations of Mythology Over many centuries, the word “myth” is commonly used in stories or tales that are not entirely true, yet it is told in such a way that it seems factual (White Hat, 2014). For example, the statement, “It’s a myth” could mean or refer to something that is claimed to be true, but it is not completely the truth. Basically, it is similar to being told an unbelievable story by a stranger, but in reality no one really knows if it is true or false. In the academic context the word “myth,” in contrast, is considered as an ancient narrative that attempts to answer the enduring and fundamental human questions such as: How did the universe and the world come to be? How did we end up here? Who are we? What are our proper, necessary, or inescapable roles as we relate to one another and to the world at large? What should our values be? How should we behave? What are the consequences of our behavior (Leonard & McClure, 2004)? After considering the definition in my textbooks and course materials, my meaning of a myth would be a hard to believe story that we are uncertain how authentic it is that is usually told either inspire or warn people. The most well-known mythological topics across various cultures are continuity and stability to a culture, guidelines for and explain the purpose of living, justify a culture’s actions, clarify the unexplained, and offer role models. Similar or universal themes...
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...in 1681, he managed to secure from the king an immense grant of fertile land, in consideration of a monetary debt owed to his deceased father by the crown (Pennsylvania) Pennsylvania was truthfully advertised and home to a heavy flow of immigrants and Quakers Quaker Pennsylvania and its Neighbors Pennsylvania had many distinct traits as a colony The Pennsylvania colony was peaceful towards Indian tribes and peacefully bought land from them, until, because of the colony’s tolerance, aggressive colonists began to abuse the Native Americans The colony was extremely liberal and opportunistic, and the colony had not made a contract with a military due to the Quakers’ beliefs in passiveness Through its attraction of others, Pennsylvania grew in population and economically The neighboring...
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...who, in a year and a month, crowned a reluctant king, rallied a broken people, reversed the course of a great war, and shoved history into a new path --what are we to make of her? The people who came after her in the five centuries since her death tried to make everything of her: demonic fanatic, spiritual mystic, naive and tragically ill-used tool of the powerful, creator and icon of modern popular nationalism, adored heroine, saint. She insisted, even when threatened with torture and faced with death by fire, that she was guided by voices from God. Voices or no voices, her achievements leave anyone who knows her story shaking his head in amazed wonder.’ Joan was born into a poor common family in the peasant village of Domrémy in the French province of Lorraine in 1412. She grew up a simple but unusually devout farm child during the height of the Hundred Years’ War. Disaster after disaster befell her native France -- the English invaders and their Burgundian allies conquered and occupied the northern half of France including Paris. Dauphin Charles VII, the rightful but un-crowned king of France, set up the remnants of his royal court at the town of Chinon. From here, this weak monarch of questionable competence tried to rule over the unoccupied rump of France. Starting in May, 1428, Joan, claiming that God was directing her through the saints, repeatedly approached the regional governor demanding that he send her to Charles at Chinon. She insisted that it was her divinely...
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...On the crisp cool morning of April 8th in Perigeux France, a son was born. Not a first chilld for this deeply religious couple , not even a second to complete a family, but the fourteenth baby out of fifteen. Upon his arrival in 1761 even though hugely devoted to the lord themselves his parents had no idea what an intuitive, compassionate, strong, brave, forward thinker they were to embark on the journey of raising. After watching three of his older brothers become priests, he felt a strong strong calling within himself to serve as well. At the innocent age of 10 he joined a minor seminary in Mussidan, and that is how it all began. William Joseph Chaminade of Perigeux France was ordaned a priest in 1785 for the local diocese. What is a diocese you may ask? A diocese is a district under the supervision of a bishop. The start of the french revolution was in 1790. This is also the year Chaminade moved to Bordeaux. Once there he gained a title as an enemy of the state, as he defied the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. This stated that he must take an oath confirming his support of the Revolutions secular vales and disclaiming the authority of his Roman Catholic Church. Even though strongly against the law he continued to risk death and work as a priest for a secret group of his followers. An allie he held close in his line of work was a woman by the name of Marie- Therese de Lamourous. Marie Therese was born in 1754 and later passed in 1836. Later on in time he assisted her in...
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...for Mary soon evaporated when he heard of the Spanish marriage. As an MP he became involved in the opposition to the proposed marriage in parliament but his hopes of persuading the queen to reject the marriage failed.By the end of January 1554 anti-Spanish feelings led to a rebellion.The rebellion was ultimately a failure and therefore the threat it posed must have been highly significant in the moment but passed quickly. Mary's character, her determination and her courage were important factors that helped to keep royal authority intact. Mary was known throughout her reign for her strong religious beliefs. Mary was a devoted catholic with strong views on how the country would be best suited to her religious influences. Her religious conviction and strong personality combined were in many ways responsible for both the start of the rebellion and the ability to prevent Wyatt and his troops from seizing the throne. This is supported by Historian Richard Rex who's view of Mary is of a strong and forthright character with no room for compromise, he says that " no one ever doubted her courage, though some preferred to put a less favourable interpretation on it." Mary's determinism enabled her...
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...1. THE SIX AGES OF THE CHURCH 1. The First Age: The Beginnings of the Jesus Movement (30-325) 1. Growth: the first age is unique – created something absolutely new. The Apostolic Age is the initial phase with main figures Peter & Paul (Acts of the Apostles). They took the revolutionary step from Jewish to Gentile environment. They also created communities to incorporate the converts into a new religious family which gradually developed structures to the identity of real society. 2. Achievements: In the 2nd & 3rd cen, Christianity succeeded in penetrating the dominant Roman-Hellenistic culture. Although, the Church is subjected to persecutions, she nevertheless became the greatest creative force in the culture of the Roman world. Important figures & events: 1. The blood of the Martyrs – Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp of Smyrna & Justin Martyr. 2. The great teachers – Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Origen and Cyprian (research on this…) who defended the faith against heresies, e.g., Gnosticism. 3. Development of an alternative form of discipleship thru life of renunciation & contemplation (monks of the desert in Egypt). 4. Retreat: the phase of cultural retreat & disintegration hardly exists in the first age. However, Emperor Diocletian (d 305) started a general persecution but it ended up in the Church’s triumph. 1. The Second Age: The Christian Empire (325-640) 1. Growth: The “conversion” of Emperor Constantine (312) and the foundation of the new capital of the Christian...
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...Year 12 Henry VIII Revision Guide 1 How to answer questions on the Tudors Section A Essays: How far do the sources agree that? Introduction: Explain what you can learn from each source Briefly cross reference the sources Provide an argument in response to the question Main paragraphs: State a similarity or difference between the sources – make sure you focus on ‘How Far’ Select relevant information from the sources to support this point Place this in context using your brief own knowledge Use provenance to explain this similarity/difference Conclusion: Sum up how far the sources agree based on content and provenance Section B Essays: Do you agree with the view that? Introduction: State your line of argument – how far do you agree with the view? State the main similarities and differences between the sources Main paragraphs: State a reason for yes/no. Make sure you phrase this in a way that links to your line of argument and answers the question. Remember that each source will suggest a different reason for yes/no. Support this reason with evidence from the sources and your own knowledge Cross-reference between the sources Weigh up the evidence of the sources. Consider provenance for primary sources and judge secondary sources based on the evidence included and the weight given to certain evidence Link back to your line of argument Conclusion: Explain how your argument has been proven with reference to the sources and your own knowledge...
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