...themselves could develop and change their society. French philosopher Marquis de Condorcet was involved in the origins of the theory with the concept that technological advancements and economic changes can enable changes in moral and cultural values. Condorcet was the first to make the connection between economic and social development connection and that there can be continuous progress and improvement in human affairs. With that said, new advancements and improvements would need to keep pace with a constantly changing world. Furthermore, he encouraged technological processes to help give people further control over their environments, arguing that technological progress would eventually spur social progress. In addition to social structure and the evolution of societies, the French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed the concept of functionalism, which stresses the interdependence of the institutions of a society and their interaction in maintaining cultural and social unity. His most famous work is The Division of Labour in Society, which described how social order was to be maintained in a society and how primitive societies might make the transition to more economically advanced industrial societies. Durkheim suggested that in a capitalist society, with a complex division of labour, economic regulation would be needed to maintain order. He stressed that the major transition from a primitive social order to a more advanced industrial society could...
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...system and its productive relation are no longer compatible with its demand for productivity development, people are going to overthrow that system and introduce a new one suitable to current economic situation. In the case of Europe, when history rolled its wheel to 1500’s, such a situation applied. In this century, alongside the great discovery, the activities of Europeans was suddenly not confined to the continent and the neighboring waters, but reached great remote oceans and any corners of the world with their vessels and compasses. Trade and commerce grew exponentially as several small nations like Spain, Portugal, and later Holland became masters of the sea and the route of their vessels reached more and more land and the people on it. The great discovery changed, to a great extent, the people’s outlook on the world and the development of trade and commerce facilitated by this discovery increased substantially the riches of European countries and their people, propelling the economic development to such a point that the old social structure became compatible no more. On the other hand, the Renaissance emancipated people’s mind and facilitated the spread of ideas as freedom, equality and democracy which are essential to the founding of modern society. If the great discovery updated people’s physical outlook on the world, the Renaissance transformed their conception upon society and human beings. They became more conscious of the position they were in and unsatisfied with...
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...| Assignment 2 | Name of Assignment | Development Communication (COM2603) | Declaration | I, the undersigned, hereby declare that this is my own and personal work, except where the work(s) or publications of others have been acknowledged by means of reference techniques.I have read and understood Tutorial Letter CMNALLE/301 regarding technical and presentation requirements, referencing techniques and plagiarism.Your signature: (Digital Signature)Your name: Your student number: Date: 09 September 2012Witness: | Table of contents | Page | 1. INTRODUCTION2. QUESTION 1 – Modernisation Approach3. QUESTION 2 – Dependency Theory4. QUESTION 3 – Participatory Research5. QUESTION 4 – Information and Communication Technology6. CONCLUSION7. SOURCES CONSULTED | 1124578 | INTRODUCTION While development will mean different things to different stakeholders, it broadly refers to social changes that aim to improve living conditions in Third World communities by helping those communities to manage and improve their environment. Development communication refers to communication that promotes development. A variety of communication methods and media are designed and implemented in order to promote education, literacy, improved health care, better agricultural or industrial production practices – all of which contribute to development of Third World countries. QUESTION 1 - The modernisation approach assumes that development is a progress from tradition to modernity...
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...hunting and gathering societies Societies that rely primarily or exclusively on hunting wild animals, fishing, and gathering wild fruits, berries, nuts, and vegetables to support their diet. Until humans began to domesticate plants and animals about ten thousand years ago, all human societies were hunter-gatherers. Today, only a tiny fraction of the world's populations support themselves in this manner, and they survive only in isolated, inhospitable areas, such as deserts, the frozen tundra, and dense rain forests. Given the close relationship between hunter-gatherers and their natural environment, hunting and gathering tribes such as the Bushmen and the Pygmies may provide valuable information for anthropologists seeking to understand the develop. HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES 100,000 BC - 8000 BC The best evidence currently available indicates that genetically modern humans evolved sometimes about 100,000 years ago.� These 1st modern humans were more intelligent and probably better able to communicate among themselves than were their hominid forebears, although they inherited a number of valuable customs and technologies from them.� Although the rate of innovation was slow, hominids accumulated a number of useful tools and practices in the nearly 5 million yeas that had elapsed between the time our ancestors diverged from the ancestors of the modern great apes and modern humans.� Probably the most important was the domestication of fire. Fire fostered a technological...
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...Knowledge Area Module I: Principles of Societal Development Student: Michael Moore Michael.Moore@waldenu.edu Program: PhD in Applied Management and Decision Sciences Specialization: Leadership and Organizational Change KAM Assessor: Dr. Javier Fadul Javier.fadul@waldenu.edu Faculty Mentor: Dr. Javier Fadul Javier.fadul@waldenu.edu Walden University February 5, 2011 ABSTRACT Breadth This Knowledge Area Module (KAM) broadens common knowledge of societal and cultural development by looking beyond economic and conflict theories for understanding other positions regarding social advancement. The Breadth Component studies societal and cultural development in terms of evolutionary, cyclical, and fundamentalist theories and demonstrates why it is important to looking beyond the popularly accepted knowledge about social development represented by economic and conflict theory. This approach provides a more robust generalization that more adequately describes social advancement, and concludes that classical researchers did not consider leadership as a social segment to be studied, that influences societal and cultural development. Leadership understanding of societal and cultural development is critical for enabling them to lead positive social change. ABSTRACT Depth The Depth section compares modern research in societal and cultural development to the theories of classical researchers in order to further develop the findings of the classical study, and to determine if leadership...
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...To what extent have modern liberals departed from the ideas of classical liberalism? (45 marks) The two branches of modern liberalism and classical liberalism naturally clash within the ideology of liberalism itself. There are fundamental ideas that form criteria for debate across the two coexisting views, although they do possess various similarities with one another. Classical liberals often highlight the supreme importance of the individual, reflected in their desire to minimise the role of the state, whereas modern liberals take a more collective approach, and the see the expansion of the state as necessary based on the socio-economic circumstances of society. In this sense, modern liberalism can be viewed as a development on classical liberal thinking; it is only in the new ideas that modern liberalism brought about upon which they are fundamentally different. Modern liberalism can be viewed as taking a strong departure from classical liberalism based on their ideas of freedom. Firstly, classical liberals have believed in the idea of negative freedom, meaning non-interference or freedom from external interference of any sort; individuals should be left alone to make their own decisions. The government or state, external to the individual, should act as a ‘night watchman’, as summarized by the classical liberal John Locke, meaning its primary role should merely be to oversee society to keep law and order in place and the state in check. An extension of this classical view...
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... Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy Bounded by the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean the vast South Asian subcontinent contains a teeming population that constitutes a fifth of humanity. Boasting one of the world's oldest civilizations it has had a tumultuous modern history. In the living museum of the subcontinent's history there are paradoxes galore. A common heritage and environment notwithstanding, South Asia presents a picture of social complexity, economic disparity, cultural diversity and political heterogeneity. This course will examine the formation and the shifting contours of the rich mosaic of modern South Asia. A semester's study permits an analytical rather than a comprehensive survey of the society, economy and politics of the subcontinent. Beginning with a rapid overview of India's premodern and early modern history, the bulk of the course will concentrate on the changes and continuities during two centuries of British rule from the mideighteenth to the midtwentieth centuries. A short concluding segment will be devoted to postindependence developments. Primarily a lecture course, time will be available at the end of each class for questions and discussion. It is important to read ahead in order to participate in some of the major debates in South Asian history and historiography. The following books have been ordered for purchase at the College Bookstore: Required: 1) Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia: History...
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...Marxist theory has both informed community development and provided one of the most resonant critiques of it. Discuss Over the years Marxist theory has not only informed community development but it has also provided one of the most resonant critiques of it. To Marxism, the biggest critique of community development is that it is a mechanism for control to keep the working class in their place and in reserve for when their labour is needed. I will discuss the Marxist theories of alienation and struggles over mode of production and resource allocation, as well as how Western Marxism has shaped community development. In this essay I will also discuss how Marxist theory has identified that the working class are to be exploited by the bourgeoisie and the only way to improve society is to dismantle the capitalist society and install a socialist society. Marxist theory is based on Karl Marx’s theory of the struggle of the working class people selling their labour to the bourgeoisie – the capitalists – and their oppression by the welfare system. Marx believed that the rich bourgeoisie exploited the working class and the only way to stop this exploitation was to overthrow the capitalist system with socialism. The only real difference between capitalism and socialism is that private property rights and voluntary exchange define capitalism, whereas socialism is based around collective ownership of the means of production, which is owned by the state (Butgereit and Carden 2011...
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...Australia) and then in Britain, at Leeds University. Bauman is a prolific and highly influential writer whose work extends beyond academic sociology. His study of contemporary ‘liquid’ society and postmodernity, and the ethical and moral consequences of living in such a society, have made him one of the most influential social theorists of modern times. Liquid society – postmodernity, ethics and moral consequences. Bourdieu, Pierre (1930–2002) A French sociologist and anthropologist whose work attempted to deal with how people contribute to their own domination. Developing the concepts of ‘habitus’, ‘cultural capital’, and ‘field’, Bourdieu examined processes of subordination and resistance in a number of areas of social life, including education, art, literature, language, television, and the globalised economy. Bourdieu’s most famous book is Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (1984). Globalised economy, subordination and resistance in social life. ‘Culture capital’ Burke, Edmund (1729–97) An English politician and writer, often seen as the father of modern conservatism for his hostile reaction to the chaos and violence of the French Revolution. For many, his defence of tradition and individual liberty is still highly relevant to today’s world. Father of modern conservatism Durkheim, Emile (1858–1917) A French sociologist who argued that sociology should see social phenomena as ‘social facts’ that cannot be reduced to biological or psychological...
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...Contemporary Context As the dominant intelligent being on earth, the human society has evolved to increasingly sophisticated yet convenience-oriented faction of the earth’s population. The various challenges that faced ancient man have been decimated significantly by the modern progresses. These developments are somewhere along the estimations of Huxley in his book “Brave New World” despite its futuristic setting, 600 years from now. The similarity of his fictional society to the current world is worryingly accurate, let alone the concerns that he claims to plague the society at the time. Furthermore, the increasingly liberal nature of the modern society is akin to that of the future described by Huxley,...
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...sciences that refers to process in which society goes through industrialization, urbanization and other social changes that completely transforms the lives of individuals. The concept of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard evolutionary pattern, as described in the social evolutionism theories. According to this each society would evolve inexorably from barbarism to ever greater levels of development and civilization. The more modern states would be wealthier and more powerful, and their citizens freer and having a higher standard of living. This was the standard view in the social sciences for many decades with its foremost advocate being Talcott Parsons. This theory stressed the importance of societies being open to change and saw reactionary forces as restricting development. Maintaining tradition for tradition's sake was thought to be harmful to progress and development. This approach has been heavily criticized, mainly because it conflated modernization with Westernization. In this model, the modernization of a society required the destruction of the indigenous culture and its replacement by a more Westernized one. Technically modernity simply refers to the present, and any society still in existence is therefore modern. Proponents of modernization typically view only Western society as being truly modern arguing that others are primitive or unevolved by comparison. This view sees unmodernized societies as inferior even if they have the same...
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...The development and growth of an individual or group of people allows them to thrive in the modern world which continues to encourage more change, creating a cycle of evolution. When an individual becomes isolated from the progression of the society in which they live, they themselves are unable to develop. This creates a breach in the cycle and can make the life of the individual problematic since they begin to rely on a traditionalist lifestyle in an ever growing modern society. In W.D. Valgardson’s Bloodflowers, The isolation of an island nation from the rest of society does not allow it and its residence to grow and evolve which causes problems within and creates difficulties when it comes to surviving. When and individual or group of people chose...
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...Panopticism Summary Foucault begins with a description of measures to be taken against the plague in the seventeenth century: partitioning of space and closing off houses, constant inspection and registration. Processes of quarantine and purification operate. The plague is met by order. Lepers were also separated from society, but the aim behind this was to create a pure community. The plague measures aim at a disciplined community. The plague stands as an image against which the idea of discipline was created. The existence of a whole set of techniques and institutions for measuring and supervising abnormal beings brings into play the disciplinary mechanisms created by the fear of the plague. All modern mechanisms for controlling abnormal individuals derive from these. Foucault then discusses Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon, a building with a tower at the center from which it is possible to see each cell in which a prisoner or schoolboy is incarcerated. Visibility is a trap. Each individual is seen but cannot communicate with the warders or other prisoners. The crowd is abolished. The panopticon induces a sense of permanent visibility that ensures the functioning of power. Bentham decreed that power should be visible yet unverifiable. The prisoner can always see the tower but never knows from where he is being observed. The possibility that the panopticon is based on the royal menagerie at Versailles is raised. The Panopticon allows on to do the work of a naturalist: drawing...
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...Has Liberalism betrayed its classical principles? Classical liberalism seeks to maximise the realm of unconstrained individual action, by establishing a minimal state and a reliance on market economics. These ideas developed a lot during the early industrialisation of the 19th century. Modern liberalism provides a qualified endorsement for social and economic intervention as a means of promoting personal development. These ideas were related to the further development of industrialisation. Classical liberals thought that the best way to promote individualism was to allow individuals to make the most out of their individualism whereas modern liberals make sure everyone has the support network that is needed to become individual. Modern liberalism could be seen as an ideology which betrayed its initial principles; however, it can also be seen as a developed version of classical liberalism. As society changes overtime, ideologies may have to view certain aspects differently to adapt to society. This could have been the case between classical liberalism and modern liberalism. One way this could be demonstrated is with the economy. Classical liberals believed in a market free from government interference and constraint, which is known as free-market economy. Political economists such as Adam Smith were against mercantilism which emphasised the state's role in managing international trade and delivering prosperity. Instead, Smith believed that the economy works best when...
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...Introduction Individuality and independence are highly valued in our society. It is sometimes easy to forget that everything we do, including our private thoughts and fantasies, grows out of or is shaped through our interactions with others, especially others close to us. Whether we like it or not: we are born into groups and spend most of our social lives in those same groups. All of us assimilate, at least in part, the perspectives of these groups and thereby acquire our language, values, attitudes, beliefs and sense of identity. The most basic sociological premise is that humans are social beings, shaped in many ways by the groups to which we belong. Whether they be families, athletic teams, clubs (such as sororities and fraternities), religious groups, socioeconomic classes, complex bureaucratic organizations, or nations, much of human life is guided by group norms. Much of human life is also consumed with conflicts between groups, each of which tries to defend its own self interests. The competition of individuals and groups for wealth and power is the fundamental process shaping social structure. The conflict of groups produces a progressive development of greater equality, democracy, autonomy and individuality, as different forms of privilege are abolished. Many factors interact to generate changes in people's behavior and in the culture and structure of their society, including the physical environment, population, clashes over resources and values, supporting values...
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