...Research Paper On How To Ensure Equity In Commercial Exploitation Of Outer Space Resources Reference: Lee, R. J. (2012). Law and regulation of commercial mining of minerals in outer space. New York; Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. Lee’s book discusses various aspects of exploitation of outer space mineral resources. Different from other authors, Lee focused his discussion on commercial exploitation and proposed a comprehensive legal framework to regulate such activities in order to benefit the mankind. His book targets a wide range of readers so there is a lot of background information about technological and policy development. Lee himself is also professional lawyer who is specialized in space law, so his book s a reliable source of information. I am able to use this work as a good reference book to discuss how ethical theories such as deontology can be applied to commercial exploitation of outer space resources. Livingston, D. (2003). A code of ethics for conducting business in outer space. Space Policy, 19(2), 93-94. Livingston’s article presents a list of code of ethics for commercial operations in outer space and serves as an independent guideline for companies that want to venture into space. His guideline provides me with a good tool to evaluate different approaches that I want to propose in my paper using ethical theories. I believe the ethical consideration is the most important factor to ensure equity of commercial exploitation of celestial resources...
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...This brief will answer how commercial space flight will be regulated under Article VIII of the 1967 Treaty on Outer Space (‘OST’), particularly in the case of collision with other space objects. My executive summary is as follows: ‘Commercial’ space flight can be defined as (a) humans who intended to enter outer space at (b) their own expense, or at the expense of a corporate entity (c) through travel conducted by private entities. Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty indicates that the government has continuing jurisdiction over its private citizens performing space activities. The government is the only entity able to register and authorise space flight. The state (or the launching authority) maintains jurisdiction and control over the...
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...RIGA GRADUATE SCHOOL OF LAW THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL STATE RESPONSIBILITY NATIONAL SPACE LEGISLATION IN THE EU (title) INTO MASTER’S THESIS AUTHOR: DMYTRO CHYBISOV LL.M 2007/2008 year student student number LLM00703 JANE SMITH________________ (name, surname) TUTOR: Professor____________________ (academic title) DECLARATION OF HONOUR: I declare that this thesis is my own work, and that all references to, or quotations from, the work of others are fully and correctly cited. (Signed) …………………………………. RIGA, 2008 2 SUMMARY In Part I the general provisions of space treaties and principles of public international law briefly summarized. An overview of “appropriate state”, “launching state” terms and international responsibility and liability issues also discussed there. Part I is supposed to introduce current international legal tools available for the regulation of space activities. It explains what is international space law, why it is important and how does it work. Moreover, certain aspects of legal treatment of governmental and non-governmental entities are comprehensively discussed. The analogy between international space law and maritime law was also reiterated. Part I particularly examines each of three main space treaties and the problematic points arising from their interpretation. The enforcement mechanism is also analyzed. It was the idea to pick up an issue and then to analyze it using the common sense and legal logic with the view...
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...Nations Treaties on Outer Space in African Countries J-A. van Wyk Department of Political Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), P O Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa e-mail: vwykjak@unisa.ac.za Abstract. This paper presents an overview of the five major UN Treaties on Outer Space. Each of these Treaties are briefly discussed and assessed with particular emphasis on aspects relevant to Africa. Very few African countries have ratified these Treaties, as well as enacted domestic space legislation. The paper concludes with an assessment of Africa’s involvement in multilateral space fora such as OOSA and UNCOPUOS. It also offers recommendations to improve African countries’ ratification and compliance with these Treaties. Sommaire. Cet article est une introduction aux cinq traités majeurs de l’ONU, en matière d’espace extra-atmosphérique. Chacun des traités est brièvement discuté et évalué en insistant sur les aspects importants pour l’Afrique. Tres peu d’Etats africains ont ratifié ces traités, ainsi que mis sur pied une législation en matière d’espace. L’article se termine par une évaluation de l’engagement de l’Afrique dans des forums multilatéraux voués à l’espace tels que l’ OOSA et l’ UNCOPUOS. Des recommendations sont également suggérées pour l’amélioration de la ratification et le respect par les Etats africains de ces traités. International Space Law: Context and Text fact that no state can claim sovereignty of or occupy outer space, the Moon or any other...
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...Introduction The commercial space region consist of entrepreneurial space companies, emerging market for space capabilities and prime contractors. Space commercialization involves rendering or selling of services such as satellite communications, remote sensing, launching of space objects and the manufacturing, transferring and exchanging of space products for remuneration." Commercial space is divided into different areas which are: launch vehicle manufacturing and services, satellite manufacturing and satellite operation and services. The opportunity of using space to make money by selling goods and services to governments and private customers has become very prevalent in Europe, Nigeria and Russia and is growing rapidly. Government plats a huge and active part in the capitalizing and promoting of commercial space, they carry this role out by creating policies that are regulatory and polices that lead government agencies into purchasing services or hardware from companies.eg. Buying data from remote sensing satellite companies. “Space has become a global enterprise with the number of nations and firms with space goods and services growing rapidly. And not only are more people involved in space but also the unique advantages of the space environment have contributed greatly to the growing trend toward globalization through its almost universal coverage of populated...
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...the length of document storage will result in the incurrence of costs are doubled. First, in terms of space, the storage certainly require a large storage space, which eksrtemnya sometimes obviates the need for human resource space. Secondly, in terms of strength of materials, long-term storage of paper documents is certainly also need space with placement and special treatment to protect it from humidity, of the danger of flooding or fire, acts of irresponsible and others. Judging from storage, document mencatatatkan liability companies yant limited to paper media will cause anachronism. Ie the business world we will be left far from the development, where other countries and internationally has been so phenomenal transactions that use nonpaper media (paperlles transaction). And on the other side, namely in terms of the development of the law, that if we still cling to such anakkronisme, legal authority, especially in the aspect of the proof will decline, because the law in this case is not used as a tool set that something matters or problems that occur in society more easily in care or in the finish. In the business world, the philosophy that should be in the highlight should make that law as a tool to manipulate social (Law as a tool of social angineering), rather than as the maker of the new issue (a new troble maker). This means that all the developments taking place in society is possible or strived for certain settings. Case in point is often expressed,...
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...structure of Real Estate Industry and the different strategies about by different players. During our Analysis we have taken DLF infrastructure as an illustration to reflect some concepts, facts and figures about Real Estate Industry. * * * Introduction * The Real Estate Sector in India The real estate sector in India is flourishing rapidly with a growth rate of 30 percent each year. About 80 percent of the real estate development in India has been in the field of residential housing. The remaining 20 percent of the real estate includes office, shopping malls, entertainment centers, hotels, multiplexes and hospitals. India’s booming outsourcing business industry and consumption-led growth are contributing significantly to its real estate growth. The outsourcing business houses including call centers, technical consultancy services, and medical transcription units and programming houses constituted around 10 million square feet of real estate growth in India till 2003. In last couple of years the share of commercial sector in the overall real estate growth has been more prominent. Considering the advantages...
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...IV. Developments in science and technology The one common thread in all studies of globalization is the role of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in facilitating the advanced producer service, production, innovation, and knowledge functions that have come to characterize the urban condition at the heart of this process. ICTs provide the instantaneous and real-time connectivity that underpins many of the main theoretical concepts used for analyzing and comprehending the globalization phenomenon. These range from Harvey’s time-space compression to Castells’s network society and Sassen’s global city and hierarchies of global urban networks. ICTs and Urban Competitiveness in Dubai The ICT sector in Dubai has developed along three axes: ICT policy and capacity, human resource capacity, and local and regional networkind capacity. As noted earlier, urban capacity and interaction in these three areas ultimately determine the effectiveness of public policy for successfully addressing the challenge of providing the necessary network capacity and local and global connectivity for an innovative, learning knowledge economy. ICT Policy and Capacity Under the federal structure of UAE, development of the telecommunications sector in the country is a federal rather than emirate responsibility. As such, all telecommunications and Internet facilities in Dubai, as in other UAE cities, are governed by and offered through the public telecommunications...
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...RIVERFRONT COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN WANGAG RIVER FOR GONZAGA CAGAYAN IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMET TO THE REQUIREMENTS IN THESIS RESEARCH Submitted to: ------------------------------------------------- Instructor ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Submitted by: Carlo Niel F. Ordillo Ar 511, First Semester, SY-2014-15 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION The Municipality of Gonzaga has a beautiful spot which is the famous “Wanagag River” the cleanest river in the region 2 and a consistent finalist in the National search for the cleanest inland body of waters, they decided to develop the area to promote it locally and nationally because of it site potential. The municipality of Gonzaga is a 1st class income municipality with a population of 36, 303 and have a total land area of 56, 743 has. and has IRA (Internal Revenue Allotment) of 89, 654, 247 pesos. In accordance with the MPDC (Municipal Planning Department Council) of Gonzaga, designate the area as “General Urban Area” and “Leisure Area” with a “Major Open Space” designation applying to the Wangag River and a “Natural Features” applying to two large woodlots, in short a riverfront/waterfront community development. Water is one of the most important of all the natural resources necessary to ensure human health and civilization. In general, a waterfront is the zone of interaction between urban developments and the water and a...
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...C. Mohan Kailas is the President, Owner and founder of Kailas Companies. Upon its founding in 1990, Kailas Companies owned and managed roughly 25,000 square feet of commercial office and retail space. Today, Kailas Comp sum exceeds two million square feet. Through Mr. Kailas’ diligent and committed work, Kailas Companies transformed into Louisiana’s top owner/operator of commercial property. With over thirty years of real estate experience, Mr. Kailas’ acumen extends to nearly every facets of property management--including single family homes, 100+ unit high rise apartments, condominiums, retail and commercial office space. Mr. Kailas’ extensive background in these field allows him to make sound decisions and financially evaluate properties...
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...Architecture and the Environment Paper  • Prepare a 1,150- to 1,400-word paper in which you explore human response to physical structure. As a part of your paper be sure to address the following:  o Describe how physical structure affects human behavior. o Analyze architecture as a means of controlling human behavior. o Describe the environmental psychological implications of commercial and residential design, including purpose and considerations. o Analyze the importance of architectural development supporting sustainable development. Architecture and the Environment Paper The Environment and its inhabitants cannot be explained separately both shape each other and is shaped by the environment. There are different kinds of environments that need different kinds of behavioral workings that are sensory input, internal representations that change the structure of the earth for who people live there. “To understand the interactions of the physical world and behavior, then, we must consider the two in an intertwined fashion†(Todd & Wilson, 1993). Effect of Physical Structure on Human Behavior Architectural design always played a significant aspect in one’s comfort and health. It is a different form of art surrounding one every day. Unfortunately, for years, it has not been considered this way and its benefits have not been recognized. However with the increasing research and interest in...
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...this report. Please find attached our detailed report which deals with cultural differences between administration staff and Cuban customers. Thank you for giving administration department some feedback to improve business with Cuban customers in the future. Yours Sincerely Liu XiaoLu Table of Content: Letter of Transmittal: 2 Table of Content: 3 Synopsis: 3 Introduction: 4 Background: 4 Scope: 4 Business Language 5 Social Customs 6 Clothing and Food Etiquette 8 Religious beliefs 9 Ethics 9 Economic climate 10 Political climate 10 Law 11 General import regulations and requirements 11 Import customs tariff 11 Samples, Low Value and Non-Commercial Importations 11 General import license/permit requirements 12 Prohibited or highly restricted imports 12 Commercial invoice 12 Packing list 13 Certificate of Origin (general) 14 Standards 14 Culture value 15 Development business communication 16 Reference 17 Synopsis: This report investigated that administration department into culture differences between China and Cuba to better proved knowledge of intercultural difference. It found out that to do business with Cubans is not difficult due to the many similarities such as values and politic climate, but we also need to know more about Cuba. Introduction: Background: Cuba is an island country located in the northern Caribbean...
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...land where, “the people who cloathe the whole world are in rags themselves.” (McCoy 47) Seeing its counterpart in such a state of decay, Revolutionaries in America forged a commitment to republicanism that would soon lead to an ongoing public debate over superior ideologies. The two conflicting visions that spurred the post-war vision of a republican America was that of developing across space, which was supported by Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson, and that of Alexander Hamilton’s vision of developing through time. As America progressed through its post-war stages, it was evident that one vision had surpassed the other in dominating the economy. According to Madison, “…The United States might be forced into manufacturing as an alternative source of employment even in the presence of open land.” (McCoy 257) This ultimately reinforced the Hamiltonian view that the real disposition of human nature was toward luxury and away from classical virtue. As civilization began to slowly develop, Americans were blessed (or cursed) with being able to oversee the commercial revolution that had transcended in Europe. The rise of flourishing international...
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...Exam Esequiel Final Garcia Dr. David Lowe ASCI 254 10/16/13 1. Discuss in detail the Deregulation Act and its impact on the airline industry. Include what brought it about, its provisions, and effects on the airlines industry, and its future. The Airline Deregulation Act is a United States federal law signed into law on October 24, 1978. The main purpose of the act was to remove government control over fares, routes and market entry (of new airlines) from commercial aviation. The Civil Aeronautics Board's powers of regulation were to be phased out, eventually allowing passengers to be exposed to market forces in the airline industry. The Act, however, did not remove or diminish the FAA's regulatory powers over all aspects of airline safety. a. The effects of this Act. The maintenance of safety as the highest priority in air commerce; Placing maximum reliance on competition in providing air transportation services; The encouragement of air service at major urban areas through secondary or satellite airports; The avoidance of unreasonable industry concentration which would tend to allow one or more air carriers to unreasonably increase prices, reduce services, or exclude competition; and The encouragement of entry into air transportation markets by new air carriers, the encouragement of entry into additional markets by existing air carriers, and the continued strengthening of small air carriers. b. Exposure to competition led to heavy losses and conflicts with labor unions for a...
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...tAirports Authority of India AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA MULTI LEVEL CAR PARK WITH COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT AT CHENNAI AIRPORT ON BUILD OWN OPERATE & TRANSFER (BOOT) MODE CONCESSION AGREEMENT AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan, Safdarjung Airport, New Delhi – 110003 Concession Agreement-MLCP, Chennai 1 Airports Authority of India CONCESSION AGREEMENT TABLE OF CONTENT DESCRIPTION CONCESSION AGREEMENT ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS 1.1 DEFINITIONS 1.2 MEASUREMENTS AND ARITHMETIC CONVENTIONS 1.3 PRIORITY OF CONTRACT DOCUMENTS AND ERRORS/DISCREPENCIES ARTICLE 2 GRANT OF CONCESSION 2.1 GRANT OF CONCESSION 2.2 CONCESSION PERIOD 2.3 RESTRICTION OF LICENSING THE USE OF THE PROJECT FACILITY OR ANY PART THEREOF ARTICLE 3 CONSIDERATION TO AAI ARTICLE 4 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS ARTICLE 5 RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS ARTICLE 6 RESTRICTION ON CHANGES IN DEVELOPER & SPV ARTICLE 7 INSURANCE ARTICLE 8 ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT ARTICLE 9 INDEMNITY ARTICLE 10 FORCE MAJEURE ARTICLE 11 TERM AND TERMINATION ARTICLE 12 DISPUTE RESOLUTION 12.1 AMICABLE RESOLUTION 12.2 ARBITRATION ARTICLE 13 REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, DISCLAIMER 13.1 REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF CONCESSIONAIRE 13.2 OBLIGATION TO NOTIFY CHANGE ARTICLE 14 MISCELLANEOUS 14.1 INTEREST AND RIGHT OF SET OFF 14.2 GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION 14.3 WAIVER 14.4 SURVIVAL 14.5 AMENDMENTS 14.6 NOTICES 14.7 SEVERABILITY 14.8 NO PARTNERSHIP 14.9 LANGUAGE 14.10 EXCLUSION OF IMPLIEND WARRANTIES 14...
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