...Review journal articles on what we know about how consumers use their memory. How does this knowledge inform what we know and what we could study for product placement? Introduction – 200- 300 words Product placement Product placements can be defined as paid product information targeted affecting the viewers via the planned of a branded product into a television program, movie (Balasubramanian, 1994), computer and online game. As it is not totally stated in this definition, product placements have been applied for persuasive motivations, such as increasing product awareness and sales. Some of the merits of product placements include overcoming the difficulty of zapping because viewers are less likely to change the channel or leave the place when a product shows in a movie like they may for advertisements (d’Astous & Chartier, 2000). Moreover, product placements allow marketers to aim very particular audiences because the demography of who attends which type of movie is well understood (Nebenzhal & Secunda, 1993). Product placements also have a longer life time than traditional advertisements (d’Astous & Chartier, 2000). When the movies are released as DVD or shown on TV, the brand placements are typically still present. Finally, surveys have demonstrated that viewers like product placements due to the realistic improvement of the movie or TV show ( Nebenzahl & Secunda, 1993). In its most basic understanding, product placements are the incorporation of...
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...SPECIFICATION SHEET Riverbed Steelhead Product Family with Granite ® ® Mid-Size Office Steelhead Model CX555 Series CX755 Series CX1555 Series H Configurations M H L M L Model Specifications: Riverbed Steelhead CXHAppliances M Profile Upgradeable to Optimized WAN Capacity Optimized TCP and UDP flows QoS Bandwidth (a) Large Office or Data Center Steelhead CX5055 series M H L 2U 5055 H 200 Mbps 14000 400 Mbps 25000 7055-M/H 622 Mbps 75000 No limit 4000 1.6 TB 640 GB SSD 2.6 TB 1.6TB SSD RAID(e) 4 10 16 GB 12 12 32 GB 4 4 20 17 48 GB 18 64 GB 3.4 TB 2.4 TB SSD 5.8 TB 4.8 TB SSD 7055-H 1 Gbps 100000 1.5 Gbps 150000 CX7055 series M H Desktop 555 H 755 M Desktop 20 Mbps 2,300 45 Mbps 1,000 410 GB 160 GB SSD 1555 M 50 Mbps(g) 3,000 100 Mbps 2,000 2,000 GB 400 GB 1U - 6 Mbps 10 Mbps 10 Mbps 10 Mbps 350 650 900 1,500 50 Mbps(g) 100 Mbps(g) 4,500 100 Mbps 2,000 2,000 GB 400 GB RAID(d) 6,000 100 Mbps 2,000 1,320 GB 320 GB SSD 10 Mbps 10 Mbps 45 Mbps 45 Mbps 500 500 GB 80 GB 2 GB 4 4 2 GB 4 4 500 500 GB 80 GB 1,000 500 GB 100 GB 1,000 500 GB 100 GB - QoS Rules/Classes(b) Raw Capacity (c) Data Store Capacity Storage Fault Tolerance Hot Swappable Drives RAM Expansion Slots (PCI-e)(g) Onboard Bypass ports (Copper) Max # of Bypass Ports 4 4GB 4 8 GB 2 4 12 NOTE: All WAN Capacity / Bandwidth, TCP Connections and UDP flows, and QoS specifications listed are maximums and may not be achieved in all environments. (a) Recommended maximum outbound QoS shaping capacity...
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...the Working Memory Model. The Working Memory Model (WMM) is a model of the STM. The WMM was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch when they carried out a Dual-task method experiment only to find that the MSM was too simple as it stated that the STM is only one store. The model shows that information is first received by the Central Executive. The Central Executive has overall control of the STM and it is multi-modal meaning it can process information from different senses. This information can then go to one of two stores. If it is speech-based information it will be transferred to the Phonological Loop. It has two subcomponents, phonological store and articulatory control process. The phonological store is the inner ear and contains snippets of sounds either from the outside world or recalled from long term memory. The articulatory control process is the inner voice which essentially is our own voice inside our heads as it constantly repeats or rehearses information so therefore preventing forgetting by decay. The visuo-spatial sketch pad is visual short term memory, or the inner eye. It can manipulate images in two and three dimensions. The WMM shows memory as an active process as the Central Executive can store and retrieve information from either slave store. As this is a model of the STM, all three stores have a limited duration and capacity. A good thing about the WMM is that it’s pioneering. This model is the first of its kind to explain STM as having separate stores rather than...
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...Baddeley's model of working memory Schematic of Baddeley's Model Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch proposed a model of working memory in 1974, in an attempt to describe a more accurate model of short-term memory. Baddeley & Hitch proposed their three part working memory model as an alternative to the short-term store in Atkinson & Shiffrin's 'multi-store' memory model (1968). This model is later expanded upon by Baddeley and other co-workers and has become the dominant view in the field of working memory. However, alternative models are developing (see working memory) providing a different perspective on the working memory system. The original model of Baddeley & Hitch was composed of three main components; the central executive which acts as supervisory system and controls the flow of information from and to its slave systems: the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. The phonological loop stores verbal content, whereas the visuo-spatial sketchpad caters to visuo-spatial data. Both the slave systems only function as short-term storage centers. In 2000 Baddeley added a third slave system to his model, the episodic buffer. Baddeley & Hitch's argument for the distinction of two domain-specific slave systems in the older model was derived from experimental findings with dual-task paradigms. Performance of two simultaneous tasks requiring the use of two separate perceptual domains (i.e. a visual and a verbal task) is nearly as efficient as performance of the tasks...
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...Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) Multi-Store model of memory was extremely successful in terms of the amount of research it generated. However, it became apparent that there were a number of problems with their ideas concerning the characteristics of short-term memory. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed an alternative model of short-term memory which they called working memory. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) argue that the multi-store model is too simplistic. Instead of all information going into one single store, there are different systems for different types of information. Working memory consists of a central executive which controls and co-ordinates the operation of two subsystems: the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. Baddley and Hitch investigated if participants can use different parts of working memory at the same time. They conducted an experiment in which participants were asked two perform two tasks at the same time - a digit span task which required them to repeat a list of numbers, and a verbal reasoning task which required them to answer true or false questions. The result was that as the number of digits increased in the digit span task, participants took longer to answer the reasoning questions, but not much longer. They didn't make any more errors in the verbal reasoning task as the number of digits increased. This was also known as the dual method. They concluded that the verbal reasoning task made us of the central executive and the digit span...
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...and evaluate the working memory model. The working memory model was proposed in 1974 by Baddeley and Hitch, who felt that Atkinson and Schifrin’s multi store model, was too simplistic, therefore the working memory model acted as an alternative, unlike the multi store model the working memory model presents short term memory stores because it focuses on the short term memory. The term working memory is used by Baddeley and Hitch to refer to the part of the memory that is active, for example calculating sums or reading a sentence all of which are collecting data to be stored. There are three parts main of the original working memory model: the central executive, phonological loop, visual spatial sketch pad and the later added episodic buffer. The central executive controls attention and draws on the other the other two systems also known as slave systems. The central executive only has a limited capacity, which is supported by the dual task technique. This is when an individual struggles to do tasks that require the same component – this is because they are competing for the central executive’s capacity. There is evidence to suggest that there may be more than one component of the central executive, for example Eslinger and Damasio study. Their findings were that a patient, who had recently had a brain tumour removed, performed well on tasks that required reasoning, but not on decision making tasks. The two slave systems in the working memory model have similarities – this...
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...The multi-store of memory was proposed in 1968 by Atkinson & Shiffrin, it suggests that memory is a flow of information through a series of systems. There are three distinct stages of the system; sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory. Information passes through each stage of the system in a linear fashion by maintenance rehearsal. Also, external stimuli, like hearing the headline for the day's news, first enters the sensory memory in an uncoded form where they are registered for a very minuscule period of time. It is not until we focus our attention on the object, for the information to be transferred to the short term memory. For example, we notice everything our eyes see, but we do not transfer it all into the STM, otherwise we would remember everything that happened. However, once something has our attention, the short term memory stores 5-9 items in an acoustic code for around 15-30 seconds. It is therefore easy to forget things at this stage, as information will be lost within 30 seconds unless it is repeated or rehearsed. Memories from this store are lost either because new information comes along and pushes the old information out, which is called displacement, or because they simply fade away which is called Decay. However, if information is sufficiently well rehearsed (the most commonly accepted theory is that the information is transferred from the STM to the LTM by elaborative rehearsal) it is processed into the long term memory store. In the long term...
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...The description and evaluation on the Working Memory Model Developed by Baddeley and Hitch (74’), the working memory model represents our short term memory; it is a dynamic processor of different types of information. The working memory model is categorised into four components which take on different roles when in the process of either storing or manipulating information. At the top of the model we have the central executive which is seen at the most important part of the model, its role is to co-ordinate and monitor the other three “slave systems” in the model. Below we have the other three components: The visuo-spatial sketchpad which stores data made up of visuals and spatial awareness within the two components of the visual cache and the inner scribe, the Phonological loop which deals with auditory information again consisting of two sections where one stores words we hear and the other allows maintenance rehearsal by repeating over and over (the phonological store and the articulatory process) and the final component added in 2000 by Baddeley; the Episodic buffer which links the working memory to long term memory and is used as extra storage for the VSS and the PL as these have limited capacity like the CE which places a timestamp on data. In 1997 Braver carried out a study where participants were given tasks designed to work the CE whilst having a brain scan. Researchers found most activity took place in the prefrontal cortex; front of the brain. As the task difficulty...
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...The working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch 1974) replaced the idea of a unitary STM, it suggests a system involving active processing and short term storage of information. The working memory model consists of four components which each have a different job. The Central executive (CE) is the key component and can be described as attention. It has a limited capacity and controls two ‘slave’ systems that also have limited capacity. The function of the CE is to direct attention to particular tasks, determining how the brain's ‘resources’ are used for the task. The ‘resources’ are the three ‘slave’ systems. Data arrives from the senses or from the long term memory. Because the CE has a very limited capacity it can’t attend to too many things at once and has no capacity for storing data. The next component is the Phonological loop (PL) which is one of the ‘slave’ systems. This deals with auditory information and preserves the order of information. Baddeley (1986) further subdivided this loop into: - The phonological store which holds the words you hear, like and inner ear. - An articulatory process which is used for words that are heard or seen. These words are silently repeated like an inner voice. This is a form of maintenance rehearsal. The next component is the episodic buffer which is another ‘slave’ system. Baddeley (2000) added the episodic buffer because he realised the model needed a general store. The Phonological loop and Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad...
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...short term memory is a temporary store where small amounts of information can be kept for brief periods of time. it is a fragile store and information can be easily lost. long term memory however is a permanent store where limitless amounts of information can be stored for long periods of time. atkinson and shiffrin made a model for memory, the viewed the memory as a flow diagram. the memory has 3 constraints capacity, duration and encoding. researchers such as atkinson, shiffrin develop their models out of research studies. sensory memory : a set of limited capacity, modality-specific stores that hold information for a very brief period of time. the three sensory stores involved in input of information into the memory are ionic stores for visual input (things we see), echoic store for auditory input (things we hear) and haptic store for tactile input (things we touch/feel). the purpose of the visual memory is to allow us to integrate visual information so that at a conscious level we experience a smooth, continuous visual experience. like a cartoon you see it as a continuous visual screen but it is actually a series of fast fire photos. another function for the sensory memory is to shift through huge amounts of sensory information by scanning the image to pick out information we don't need to avoid overloading the system. difference between LTM and STM capacity duration encoding forgetting definitions the amount of information that can be...
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...LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES l CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 5 Learning Theories - Cognitive Learning Theories LE ARNI NG OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain what is cognitive revolution and the cognitive perspective on learning and how it differs from other theoretical perspective; Discuss the origins of the contemporary cognitive perspective including the Gestalt psychology and the role of perception; Describe the Information processing model to learning and distinguish the features of ‘Multistore model’; Explain what is schema theory; Link schema theory to cognitive structuralism and examine the role of insightful learning and meaningful learning; and Discuss application of cognitive theories in the classroom. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 104 CHAPTER 5 l LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES INTRODUCTION Sometimes you wonder why the teacher use colourful chalk with some of the words written on the board. Sometimes the teacher write in capital letter with important words. These are useful as guides for the students to differentiate the important and unimportant facts. In other words, accurate perception is important in good learning. It is part of the Gestalt principles. Clearly, these principles are useful as guide for teachers as they organize their materials and learning activities. So in this chapter, we will discuss the origin and features of cognitive theory and relate them to...
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...Computers Workstations Portable Computers • Laptop computers— sometimes called notebook computers— designed for portability • Netbooks are extrasmall, extra-light, nofrills computers Handheld Devices Personal digital assistants (PDAs) Smart phones combine the functions of a phone, camera, PDA, game machine, and music/video player. Tablet computers bridge the gap between smart phone and notebook/netbook PC. Smart phone Servers Server: A computer that provides other computers connected to a network with access to data, programs, and other resources Any desktop computer can be used as a server but some are specifically designed for this purpose. Servers have faster processors, more memory, or faster network connections. Often clustered together in groups to increase processing power Supercomputers Typical supercomputer is constructed out of thousands of microprocessors. Power users with special requirements need access to fastest, most powerful computers. Computer Ethics Know the rules and the law. Don’t assume that it’s okay if it’s legal. Think scenarios. When in doubt, talk it out. Make yourself proud. Remember the golden rule. Take the long view. Do your part. Mainframes Mainframes: Room-sized computers with price tags to match Before microcomputers, most information processing was done on mainframe computers. Today mainframe computers are...
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...Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database SQL Reference Guide Release 7.0 B31682-03 Copyright ©1996, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved. ALL SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION (WHETHER IN HARD COPY OR ELECTRONIC FORM) ENCLOSED AND ON THE COMPACT DISC(S) ARE SUBJECT TO THE LICENSE AGREEMENT. The documentation stored on the compact disc(s) may be printed by licensee for licensee’s internal use only. Except for the foregoing, no part of this documentation (whether in hard copy or electronic form) may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of TimesTen Inc. Oracle, JD Edwards, PeopleSoft, Retek, TimesTen, the TimesTen icon, MicroLogging and Direct Data Access are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. The Programs (which include both the software and documentation) contain proprietary information; they are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are also protected by copyright, patent, and other intellectual and industrial property laws. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of the Programs, except to the extent required to obtain interoperability with other independently created software or as specified by law, is prohibited. The information contained in this document is subject...
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...Processor, graphics and memory Processor (CPU) The processor, usually Intel or AMD, is the main brain of your computer and has the biggest effect on how your laptop will run. Most are at least dual-core - two processors on one chip sharing the workload. Some Intel's processors use 'Hyper-threading', boosting the dual core processor to act like a quad-core one. Processor clock speed (in GHz) has some impact on performance - the higher the figure, the faster the computer. If you’re looking for a high-performance laptop, or something that'll last you for a good few years, go for a faster processor. Memory (Ram) Ram (random access memory) is your laptop's short-term memory, storing information while you're using the laptop (the hard drive is used for long-term file storage). The amount of Ram your laptop has determines how many tasks it can accomplish simultaneously. Aim for as much Ram as you can afford – ideally at least 4GB to make it easier to rip music while you're surfing the net, updating your security software, and sending and receiving emails. With some laptops you can add more Ram later, but it’s more complicated than adding Ram to a desktop PC. For serious gaming, you'll need a higher spec laptop. Graphics card Laptops come with either integrated or dedicated graphics. Laptops with integrated graphics use a chunk of the laptop’s memory (Ram). This is fine if you’re just planning to do basic, everyday tasks, but if you want to play games or use video-editing...
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...Unit 2 Analysis 2 Computer Shopper Listed below are the computers I selected for this analysis. I used www.bestbuy.com for the information contained within. The three different Professions I choose were, Graphic Designer, Engineer, and a Lawyer. Graphic Designer The computer I would choose for this profession would be one with high memory or expandable (16GB, expandable to 32GB), a large hard drive (1TB and fast read/write times) for storage along with a graphics card (NVIDIA GTX475) capable of delivering the type of images the designer is looking for. A system for this use would also require a processor able to handle the raw computing needs. I would use a i7 Core running at 3.0 GHz or better. This would also need to have a fast Ethernet connection for uploading or downloading of files. Engineer The computer I would choose for this profession would be very similar to that used by the Graphic Designer, except that it would not need to have as high a graphics card. It would need to have the same or higher memory and a processor at 4.0 GHz or better. Lawyer Due to the nature of this profession, I would recommend a laptop so that it could be carried around to the different places this profession would need it. For this I choose a Apple MacBook Pro. My reason for this choice is because the MacBook is small, yet powerful. The MacBook Pro is loaded with hardware and software that would make its job easy for the profession. Computers ...
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