...Islamic Influence That Molded Our World As one of the largest and most widespread religious traditions in the world, Islam has been and continues to be an important and influential force on the development of human civilizations and the history of the world. The rapid spread of Islam early in its history united many great cultures and allowed for a tremendous level of intellectual and cultural exchange, which in turned spurred numerous developments by early Muslim scholars that continue to have an impact today. One major reason for the rise of Islam and the development of the Islamic world is its significant contribution to scientific thought and mathematics. This is particularly true during a time known as the Islamic Golden Age, roughly corresponding with the High Middle Ages experienced by Europeans. During this era, Muslim scholars and scientists were responsible for a many great advancements in the scientific and philosophical arts, and many of their incredible achievements and discoveries have had tremendous impact on the world in which we live today. At the time of the Islamic Golden Age, its scholars and scientists were so significant that much of what we understand of modern mathematics is largely lifted wholesale from the works of these early mathematicians. To this day, much of the world uses an...
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...IQRA UNIVERSITY KARACHI CAMPUS Subject: Essentials of Islamic Finance Instructor Yousuf Ibnul Hasan Time Allowed: 60 Minutes Maximum Marks: 40. ------------------------------------------------- Department of Business Administration Quiz No: 2 fall 2013 Name of student:______________________________ ID No: _________ Class Day __________Timing _______________ ____Marks _________ No cutting, rubbing or scratching, no questions A | Name the financial products for the given transactions | | 1 | Venture financing is made under the financing product know as | Musharka | 2 | Capital not be in commodity or in metal currency for financing products known as | Modaraba | 3 | Inflation and holding the scarcity and price hike through financing mode known as | Morabaha | 4 | Financing is not given but assets are given on rents in financing mode known as | Ijarah | 5 | Rs.5 million finance for Capital Assets | Ijarah | 6 | Early you pay less you pay, delay you pay more you pay | Ijarah | 7 | Four partners are not eligible for management fee amount merge with Net Profit | Musharka | 8 | Selling Expense is the part of the cost of the product | Morabaha | 9 | SME concept is drive from the Financing Mode known as | Modaraba | 10 | Capital is structured by contribution sale of equity participation certification known as | Sukuk | 11 | Net Worth divided into equal amount of unit which are sale by owner to avail financing | Musharka...
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...sense of identity and stability inclined en route for a high level of societal and richest artistic traditionalism. Islamic art has persistently validated its dimensions for the innovative reinterpretation of the existed forms of art and one of the innovations is Islamic Wall Art. Islamic wall art is conceivably the best accessible expression over and done with its brilliant usage of colors and its splendid sense of balance concerning Islamic designs and forms. It generates an instantaneous visual impression as well as strong...
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...The history of the world is the history of humanity, beginning with the Paleolithic Era. Distinct from the history of Planet Earth (which includes early geologic history and prehuman biological eras), world history comprises the study of archeological and written records, from ancient times on. Ancient recorded history begins with the invention of writing.[1][2] However, the roots of civilization reach back to the period before the invention of writing. Prehistory begins in the Paleolithic Era, or "Early Stone Age," which is followed by the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age, and the Agricultural Revolution (between 8000 and 5000 BCE) in the Fertile Crescent. The Neolithic Revolution marked a change in human history, as humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals.[3][4][5] Agriculture advanced, and most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements. Nomadism continued in some locations, especially in isolated regions with few domesticable plant species;[6] but the relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed human communities to expand into increasingly larger units, fostered by advances in transportation. World population[7] from 10,000 BCE to 2,000 CE. The vertical (population) scale is logarithmic. As farming developed, grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labor to store food between growing seasons. Labor divisions then led to the rise of a leisured...
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...commercial and religious center in western Arabia, received revelations from God that have been preserved in the Qur'an. The core of Islam remains the same today after 1396 years. Islam still translates to “submission” and Muslims still live by the Qur’an and follow the 5 Pillars of Islam. However, throughout the Pre-Islamic, Umayyad, and Abbasid eras, the political structure that governed the societies that followed Islam differed over the years with some minor continuity. The pre-Islamic era lasted from 400 B.C until the revelation of the Prophet Mohammad in 610 C.E. The lack of Islam evidently created a lack of true unity. The basic social unit of the Bedouin was the kin-related clan. The struggle to survive in the unrelenting Arabian environment led to strong dependence in one’s family and clan. Clans could never rest to maintain everyday lives with their necessities met. Clans were also linked to larger tribal groupings, however these tribal units seldom met together. Additionally, clans would often feud over water rights, animals, or even perceived sights to clan members’ honor, all of which often led to violence. The base religion of the pre-Islamic era was polytheistic, which may have led to the segregation and rivalry between cans. Occasionally, clans would meet as tribes during times of war or severe crisis. On a more local level, clan councils were groups legislatures that determined the distribution and use of water resources, maintaining watering places and maintaining...
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...This paper will explore crucial judicial developments and legislative reforms within each of the traditions of Common law, Civil law, Islamic law and International law and how the key elements have forged the evolutionary journey towards uniformity of rules. Similarities and stark differences in the approach of the four abovementioned legal systems will be noted in an effort to verify which, if any, of the legal systems have achieved uniformity of rules. The extent to which uniformity of rules was lacking originally will also be examined. To inform the analysis of ‘uniformity of rules’ the Oxford Dictionary definition for uniform will be used. ie ‘not varying; the same in all cases and at all time’.[1] Therefore by extrapolation the understanding of ‘uniformity of rules’ will be taken to mean that the same rules should be applied to the same or, perhaps similar set of circumstances and by so doing the same outcomes should be achieved. This broad yet specific and quite literal conjecture will be used as a frame of reference for the following discussion. In England prior to the Norman Conquest of 1066 AD local customary law prevailed. At this time customary law could be viewed as perhaps being uniform to the extent that it was the type of law applied throughout the land however, customs differed from one locality to the next. Subsequently, there was no consistency in customary rules across the board per se, nor in how they were applied.[2] Cook et al suggest that...
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...Nasser Communistic or Islamic | | | | | | | Prepared by: | ID: | Supervised by: Dr. Table of contents Topic | Page | Introduction | 2 | Implanting the Islamic Values | 2 | Spreading the Islamic principals | 3 | Refinement of the Egyptian community | 4 | Conclusion | 4 | References | 5 | Introduction Gamal Abdel Nasser is considered to be the second Egyptian president, who had the ability to rule the Arab Republic of Egypt without any sort of interference from any foreign countries. (Mobile-Reference, 2010) Throughout Nasser’s rule, there had been many risings and opponents, who considered him to be ineffective leader for Egypt. Because of his different ideas and philosophies, which had been considered to be more communistic rather than Islamic, many of the historians criticized his actions and decisions. (Nissim Rejwan, 2000) This research will identify the main and critical services and benefits that the late president Gamal Abdel Nasser provided to the Islamic Religion. Implanting the Islamic Values During the early years of the Gamal Abdel Nasser ruling, there were huge enormous concerning for the Islamic life in Egypt, for instance; one of his great noticeable and achievements was the fact that the number of the mosques had been doubled from ten thousand mosques before the revolution to twenty-one thousand mosques in 1970. (Nissim Rejwan, 2000) In addition, Gamal Abdel Nasser had a great interest in making...
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...sturdy and were very maneuverable. An important new crop that enabled agricultural development was Champa rice. Champa rice was drought resistant and was ready for harvest very early. Now with this rice the Chinese could double the area of rice cultivation and grow it twice in one season. This was a huge advancement in agriculture. 2. Some factors that encouraged commercial growth in the post- classical era were new state built architecture like the Grand Canal. Also new organizations for trade like the Hanseatic League. New trading cities also encouraged commercial growth. Some of these cities were Baghdad, and Novgorod in the Islamic caliphates and Byzantine Empire. These trade cities flourished due to the pre-existing trade routes like the silk and sand roads, and the Indian Ocean Commerce. Another huge factor were new state practices...
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...Political Islam is playing a major rule now in the current political scene; so it is important to analyze how it rose in Egypt and how it has been shaped over the years. The political Islam is mainly a set of ideologies that holds the belief that Islam can be a political ideology as much as it is a religion. Although Islamic thinkers have always emphasized the enforcement of the Islamic law (Sharia) as the main reference of the state’s political and social ideologies, they never agreed on the exact means and degree of enforcing it. This difference of course dates back to the early times of Islam when different interpretations lead to a schism in the guided Caliphate called the Great Fitna which results we have to bear with until today. As the Islamic Thinker Mohamed Abdu suggested the Holy text is “alive” in the sense that its interpretations differ greatly depending on the background of the interpreter, these different interpretations lead to the forging of different schools of thought and Madhabs. And as political Islam is directly derived from Islamic teachings and has been affected by the differences in interpretations, Political Islam has never been united under one banner. The Ex Egyptians presidents Gamal Abd El Nasser and Anwar El Sadat had their different ways in dealing with the Islamists and of course helped in shaping political Islam in Egypt. Before Gamal Abd El Nasser, Egypt’s second president, Islamist groups were largely concerned with seeking independence from...
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...Kadir Has University History of Turkish Republic 4/9/2015 Shah Basit Hussain Qureshi 1- In your view, what were the reasons for the Ottoman Empire’s demise? How did competing internal and external factors play into the weakening of the empire? There were few vital reasons for the downfall of Ottoman Empire’s, linked with some of internal and external factors which played a important role to weaken the Ottoman’s empire. I will take this opportunity to write on this significant historical downfall factors of Ottomans Empire and I will write try to accomplish those major points from which this downfall led to Ottoman Empire. It was the second Egyptian crisis which manifested tensions in the Middle East. The elementary problems of the empire, caused by rising pressure between the different nationalities and communities, which the central government was not capable to get to the bottom of or control. Nevertheless for about 15 years they did not express to large-scale interference on the part of the enormous powers of Europe. The most aggressive internal conflict of these years was fought in the Lebanon. The tough man of the region was the Emir Bashir II, who belonged to the miniature religious group of the people of Druzes 3, but he was converted to Christianity and he ruled the Lebanon from his stronghold in the Shuf Mountains for almost 50 years. He had associated his providence strongly to the Egyptian professional forces, and when the concluding...
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...Abū Sulaymān Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīrah al-Makhzūmī (Arabic: أبو سليمان خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي; 592–642) also known as Sayf Allāh al-Maslūl (Arabic: سيف الله المسلول; Drawn Sword of God), was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is noted for his military tactics and prowess, commanding the forces of Medina under Muhammad and the forces of his immediate successors of theRashidun Caliphate; Abu Bakr and Umar ibn Khattab.[1] It was under his military leadership that Arabia, for the first time in history, was united under a single political entity, the Caliphate. Commanding the forces of the nascent Islamic State, Khalid was victorious in over a hundred battles, against the forces of the Byzantine-Roman Empire, Sassanid-Persian Empire, and their allies, in addition to other Arab tribes. His strategic achievements include the conquest of Arabia, Persian Mesopotamia and Roman Syria within several years from 632 to 636. He is also remembered for his decisive victories at Yamamah, Ullais, and Firaz, and his tactical successes at Walaja andYarmouk.[2] Khalid ibn al-Walid (Khalid son of al-Walid, lit. Immortal son of the Newborn) was from the Meccan tribe of Quraysh, from a clan that initially opposed Muhammad. He played a vital role in the Meccan victory at the Battle of Uhud against the Muslims. He converted toIslam, and joined Muhammad after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and participated in various expeditions for him, such as the Battle of Mu'tah. It...
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...THE UNIVERSITY OF Manchester “Human Rights in World Politics” POLI 70492 Essay title: East meets West: Human Rights in Perspective. Lecturer: Dr James Pattison Essay Question: “Should Universal Human Rights Be Enforced regardless of Cultural differences?” ID Number: 8262033 Introduction: Even though human rights are of the major issues in our current day world, it has not been the case over the course of human history. Despite some early calls by the Greeks especially Aristotle for citizenship rights and participation in the political life, slavery was regarded as a normal feature back then and it was not until the 18th century that serious attempts to protect human rights and dignity took place: The two major events promoting these rights were without doubt the United States of America’s declaration of independence in 1776 and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789 both of which endorsed some basic rights and freedom which were a huge step forward at the time. As an example, the French declaration clearly enclosed the following article “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”. Following these two events, many Western writers and philosophers such as John Stuart Mill, Thomas Paine, and G.W.F. Hegel defended human civil rights and liberties in their writings...
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...its first Prime Minister. Pakistan became a dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations. The boundaries of Pakistan emerged on the map of the world in 1947. This was accomplished on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory. This theory held that there were two nations, Hindus and Muslims living in the territory of the Sub-continent. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the first exponent of the Two-Nation Theory in the modern era. He believed that India was a continent and not a country, and that among the vast population of different races and different creeds, Hindus and Muslims were the two major nations on the basis of nationality, religion, way-of-life, customs, traditions, culture and historical conditions. The politicization of the Muslim community came about as a consequence of three developments: Various efforts towards Islamic reform and revival during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The impact of Hindu-based nationalism. The democratization of the government of British India. While the antecedents of Muslim nationalism in India go back to the early Islamic conquests of the Sub-continent, organizationally it stems from the demands presented...
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...are 88 officially recognized constellations, covering the entire sky[1] which have grown from the 48 classical Greek constellations laid down by Ptolemy in the Almagest. Out of these 88 constellations, 12 compose the zodiac signs. Thus, any given point in a celestial coordinate system can unambiguously be assigned to a constellation. It is usual in astronomy to give the constellation in which a given object is found along with its coordinates in order to convey a rough idea in which part of the sky it is located. Contents [hide] * 1Terminology * 2History * 2.1Ancient near East * 2.2Chinese astronomy * 2.3Indian astronomy * 2.4Classical antiquity * 2.5Islamic astronomy * 2.6Early Modern era * 3IAU constellations * 4Asterisms * 5Ecliptic coordinate systems * 6Dark cloud...
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...Grace Reynolds Hum 2210 Pennington Scholar Group 2 Journal Essay #4 Ignorance Is Bliss The fact that many Americans believe that Muslims and the Arab world are ignorant speaks more to our lack of understanding of other cultures inside and outside of America than it does the merits or accomplishments of those cultures. History has shown that the Islamic culture and Arab world is anything but ignorant. The quest for a new Islamic world began in the early 7th century and was a militarily and societal effort to spread the religion and culture of Islam. Invading Islamic armies found once powerful, but now depleted and war weary empires ripe for the sacking; utilizing both land and sea assaults to conquer port and city targets. Within 100 years of the fall of Mecca, Islam had spread across much of the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, sparking the Golden Age of Islam. Islamic society in newly conquered lands was advanced by creating city centers that helped build a sense of community for its citizens. Mosques were built and used as social, economic, and educational gathering places. Also functioning as governmental and administrative faculties, mosques literally served all aspects of daily life. This virtually insured the religion influenced all who interacted within the mosque community. Later, teaching colleges called Madrasas were attached to the mosques in order to teach the Qur’an as well as other disciplines, including mathematics and the sciences...
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