... in which is known as global warming. Based on this chemical reaction, it creates a global climate change on planet earth that changes meteorological patterns in each region. Costs and benefits from industrialized countries Due to a higher economic standing in industrialized countries, such as the United States and Europe we have larger amounts of pollution discharges that contribute to global climate change. Major issues related to costs with the intent to reduce global climate change include: what methods to adopt in various countries to meet the performance required by the agreements and how to share the overall costs among the participating countries (Field & Field, 2009, p. 456). These are cost-effective measures that countries can substantially decrease of the overall program. In accordance with Field & Field (2009), “The benefits accruing to any particular country from say, a 20 percent cut into CO2 will be the same no matter where, and by whom, the CO2 is reduced. Thus, each country has some incentive to get the other countries to bear as much of the total global abatement costs as they can”(p. 457). Developing countries are countries that struggle with numerous of economic problems that get in the way of their economic innovation. In...
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...name: SID#: Worksheet #2: Pollution Control (Aka Study Guide for Exam 2) Approximate Exam format: 25 multiple choice (60% of grade) & 4 short answer (40% of grade) Instructions: * Add notes to each of the study questions or prompts below. Limit your responses to a total of eight (8) typewritten pages [Encouraging you to write more in-depth answers]. Make sure your name and SID# is on every page and staple the pages together. * You may discuss answers with your team-members; however, each student must submit an individual assignment. Plagiarism or submitting the same answers is not permitted. * This worksheet is due at the end of the period on Thurs, October 30, 2014. * Late worksheets will not be accepted. 1. Explain the relationship (and differences) between emissions, ambient concentration, and exposure. Emissions refer to the quantity of a pollutant directly released into the environment, while ambient concentration refers to the concentration of those pollutants in the atmosphere. Exposure is the number of people exposed to these pollutants. 2. Explain the difference between primary and secondary pollutants Primary pollutants are pollutants released directly from a source, while secondary pollutants form in the atmosphere or environment through chemical reactions with primary pollutants. 3. Explain the difference between point source and non-point pollution. Give an example of each. What makes one more difficult...
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...Mustapha Gbassa ECO 490-GS001 Written Assignment #6 How can trade liberalization exist on a nondiscriminatory basis versus a discriminatory basis? What are some examples of each? Trade liberalization is the removal or reduction of trade barriers to promote international trade. It can exist on a nondiscriminatory basis such as with the WTO, who requires that the participating nations provide tariff reductions to all other members when giving one nation a reduction. It can exist on a discriminatory basis when there is a formation of regional trading agreements, this lowers the trade barriers of only the regional group and excludes the rest of the world. Why has the so-called common agricultural policy been a controversial issue for the European Union? The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a system of European Union agricultural subsidies and programs. It represented 46.7% of the EU's budget, €49.8 billion in 2006.The CAP combines a direct subsidy payment for crops and land which may be cultivated with price support mechanisms, including guaranteed minimum prices, import tariffs and quotas on certain goods from outside the EU. Criticism of the CAP has united some supporters of neoliberal globalization with the alter-globalization movement in that it is argued that these subsidies, like those of the USA and other Western states, add to the problem of what is sometimes called Fortress Europe; the West spends high amounts on agricultural subsidies every year, which amounts...
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...7 6-1-2012 Accounting for Emissions Trading: How Allowances Appear on Financial Statements Could Influence the Effectiveness of Programs to Curb Pollution Laura E. Souchik Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr Part of the Environmental Law Commons Recommended Citation Laura E. Souchik, Accounting for Emissions Trading: How Allowances Appear on Financial Statements Could Influence the Effectiveness of Programs to Curb Pollution, 39 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 475 (2012), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr/vol39/iss2/7 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact nick.szydlowski@bc.edu. ACCOUNTING FOR EMISSIONS TRADING: HOW ALLOWANCES APPEAR ON FINANCIAL STATEMENTS COULD INFLUENCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROGRAMS TO CURB POLLUTION Laura E. Souchik* Abstract: Cap-and-trade programs to curb carbon emissions frequently rely on the use of tradable emissions credits known as “allowances.” To date, companies' presentations of their usage of these allowances on their financial statements has not been uniform. Cap-and-trade programs will be most effective when presentation of allowances on financial statements is standardized, since all companies will be forced to...
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...was emphatic: "We must harness the necessary political will to seal the deal on an ambitious new climate agreement in December here in Copenhagen. . . . If we get it wrong we face catastrophic damage to people, to the planet." Hopes are higher than ever for a breakthrough climate deal. For the past eight years, many argued that developing nations reluctant to commit to a new global climate-change deal -- particularly China and India -- were simply hiding behind the United States, whose enthusiastic engagement was all that was needed for a breakthrough. Now the longawaited shift in U.S. policy has arrived. The Obama administration is taking ambitious steps to limit carbon dioxide emissions at home, and Congress is considering important cap-and-trade and clean-energy legislation. The road to a global treaty that contains the climate problem now appears to be clear. But it is not so simple. The odds of...
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...Carbon Emissions Trading Market: Opportunities and Challenges in Creating A Market to Reach The Political Goal Authors: Class: Date: Module: Lecturer Institute Doreen K., Hari M., Lamberte I., MBAPT2011 26 March 2012 Managerial Economics The Hague University - Confidential This document is confidential. Neither the document nor any of the information contained in this document may be reproduced or disclosed to any parties without the written permission of the authors. Introduction Climate change is widely known to be the most important environmental problem for humankind on this Earth. As we know there is a limit with our atmosphere and the world’s economies are connected through trade and capital flows, and based on this situation, an international cooperation to control greenhouse gases is essential. Can each individual be relied upon to make decisions that influence the Earth’s carbon-dioxide concentration in the social interest? Must governments adjust the incentives we face so that our self-interested choices are also in the social interest? How can governments adjust the incentives? Parkin (2011) has argued that sometimes it is possible to reduce the inefficiency arising from an external cost by establishing a property right where one does not currently exist. Property rights are legally established titles to the ownership, use, and disposal of factors of production and goods and services that are enforceable in the courts. Since the Kyoto Protocol1 was signed...
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...CAP-AND-TRADE: MAXIMIZING THE WATER OFFSET MARKET By Philip Ouellette A Capstone Paper Submitted to the Faculty of Norwich University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements Degree of Master of Public Administration June 2011 Table of Contents Part 1: Florida Water Policy Historical reference. pg. 4 Water policy challenge. pg. 5 Legal primacy. pg. 6 Water policy considerations. pg. 9 Part 2: Public Interest Concerning Alternative Water Sources Credible water sources. pg. 12 Salt water desalination. pg. 13 Brackish surface/ground water. pg. 13 Reclamation water. pg. 15 Demand management. pg. 16 Part 3: Public interest the economic driver Offset water regulation. pg. 20 Central leadership. pg. 23 Conclusion pg. 24 Thesis The question is; if Florida water management districts are not able to shift water resources between districts based on statutory authority then regional oversight must be incorporated to meet future water demand. Part 1: Florida Water Policy Historical Reference In 1955 Florida established its first water policy with the passage of the Water Resources Act of 1957(SJRWMD, 1957). This led to the development of Florida’s Water Model Code that granted five water management districts authority to manage water resources in the State of Florida. When the Florida Resources Act of 1972 was enacted, the water management districts inherited a...
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...decisions and how they are made. Half of Nudge covers decisions and how their choices are framed and how we as people can better understand why choices are set up the way they are, how to make an optimal decision, and how to nudge others toward making optimal decisions. The second half of Nudge illustrates how the same concepts and principles can be used, are being used, should be used, and how to better utilize them to nudge public policy. Thaler and Sunstein (2009, p. 6) detail two terms that must be explained in order to understand the points made throughout the book. The first, ‘nudge’ is “any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people’s behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives.” They go on to say “To count as a mere nudge, the intervention must be easy and cheap to avoid. Nudges are not mandates.” The second term used throughout Nudge is ‘choice architect’ (Thaler & Sunstein, 2009, p. 3), defined by the authors as someone that “has the responsibility for organizing the context in which people make decisions.” Choice architects arrange choices for other people and nudge others toward making decisions that will be at the optimum benefit. A choice architect will favor one option over another and take necessary measures to put a chooser on a particular path while keeping other choices available and not making other choices more difficult to make. Arranging these choices can influence the way people think...
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...Issues In European Economics Economic integration between national countries can be defined as the removal of trade obstacles in the production and movement of goods between these countries. Integration does not stop there as furthermore common policies are introduced. Along with these policies comes governing bodies over these policies editing and modifying to better the collective group. Integration between countries can be absolutely essential for survival in the world market. Over the past 50 years, superpowers like America and China have been dominating markets due to their huge supply of labour and other resources. Smaller countries did not have the capital nor the reputation to compete against these big firms. On top of that, the firms that raised enough capital to venture into foreign markets were hit with large trade tariffs and quotas, set by individual governments. This effectively made profitable foreign projects almost impossible. When the European Union was officially constituted in 1992 by the Treaty on European Union, a whole new means of national co-operation was set to pass. Certain aspects of today’s current European Union existed even before this Union was formed, however now an official and respected body has been formed to govern many economical areas with efficiency. This integration mainly focused on economic growth and prosperity. A main activity of the EU is first the establishment and then after the administration of a collective single market...
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...ECONOMICS EXAMINATION GUIDELINES GRADE 12 2014 These guidelines consist of 25 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over Economics 2 Examination Guidelines DBE/2014 INDEX PAGE 3 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ASSESSMENT IN GRADE 12 2.1 Format of the question papers 2.2 Detail of question papers 4 4 4 3. CONTENT 6 4. CONCLUSION Copyright reserved 25 Please turn over Economics 1. 3 Examination Guidelines DBE/2014 INTRODUCTION The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) for Economics outlines the nature and purpose of the subject Economics. This guides the philosophy underlying the teaching and assessment of the subject in Grade 12. The purpose of these Examination Guidelines is to: • • Provide clarity on the depth and scope of the content to be assessed in the Grade 12 National Senior Certificate (NSC) Examination in Economics. Assist teachers to adequately prepare learners for the examinations. This document deals with the final Grade 12 external examinations. It does not deal in any depth with the School-Based Assessment (SBA). This guideline should be read in conjunction with: • • • The National Curriculum Statement (NCS) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS): Economics The National Protocol of Assessment: An addendum to the policy document, the National Senior Certificate: A qualification at Level 4 on the National Qualifications Framework (NQF), regarding the National Protocol for Assessment (Grades R–12) The national policy pertaining...
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...Economics of Climate Change Sachin Sharma 11060221060 Research Supervisor: Mrs. Sukalpa Chakrabarti A Dissertation Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Economics (2011 - 2014) Symbiosis School of Economics CONSTITUENT OF SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY (Established Under Section 3 Of The UGC Act 1956, By Notification No F9-12/2001-U.3 Of Government Of India) EXAMINERS’ CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation titled ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE submitted by has been assessed and graded towards the partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Science (Economics) in the academic year 2011-14. ____________________________ (Signature) Name of Internal Examiner: _________________________________________ ____________________________ (Signature) Name of External Examiner: _________________________________________ Date: Time: Place: Symbiosis School of Economics CONSTITUENT OF SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY (Established Under Section 3 Of The UGC Act 1956, By Notification No F9-12/2001-U.3 Of Government Of India) Submission Checklist | Tick the field on the left of the list | | INITIAL PRECONTENT MATTER | | Filled in all fields on the title page. | | Filled in the acknowledgments page. | | Filled in the executive summary page. Dissertation abstract is fewer than 350 words. | PAGE NUMBERS | | No page number...
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...international climate change activities, community protection from global warming impacts, and budgetary effects. Domestic Energy Production In an effort to increase production of nuclear power, Title I of the bill roughly triples the size of the existing loan guarantee program to $54 billion, doubles the current regulatory risk insurance program to cover up to 12 reactors, includes a range of tax incentives, and streamlines aspects of the licensing process. To expand domestic supplies of oil, the bill provides for revenue sharing from drilling in areas of the outer continental shelf that were formerly subject to drilling moratoria with 37.5 percent of revenues directed to states and 12.5 percent for use under the Land and Water Conservation Fund. It allows a state to enact a law prohibiting drilling within 75 miles of its coastline and requires the Department of Interior to conduct impact studies of potential oil spills. Based on these studies, states that are found to be directly impacted by potential spills are allowed to take action to ban leasing from designated sites. To support continued use of coal, the bill provides financial incentives for carbon capture and storage (CCS). The bill creates a special funding program managed by the Department of Energy to support initial large‐scale CCS...
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...state and Washington DC, June 2011 trends of the 2011 state and trends of the 2011 Environment Department This report was prepared by a World Bank team comprising of Nicholas Linacre, Alexandre Kossoy and Philippe Ambrosi, with important contributions from Manelle Aït Sahlia, Veronique Bishop, Benoît Bosquet, Christophe de Gouvello, Taisei Matsuki and Monali Ranade. 2 | State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2010 New Approach for the 2011 Report With the goal of providing a comprehensive discussion of the issues that most affected the carbon market in 2010, the authors of last year’s report have restructured State and Trends of the Carbon Market for 2011. The report still provides an overview of the size and reach of the carbon markets, as well as the evolution of the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms, and offers potential supply/demand scenarios for coming years. However, it no longer includes a detailed breakdown of carbon transactions, as in previous years. Instead, the report provides a more in-depth analytical discussion of the regulation and policy issues that will guide future carbon market development. The findings and opinions expressed in this report are the sole responsibility of the authors and should not be cited without permission. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank Group, its Executive Directors, the countries they represent or of any of the participants in the carbon funds or facilities managed by the World Bank. The World Bank does...
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...Standards The need for accounting standards and recordkeeping of financial statements became necessary as economic development became more complex and the rise capital markets became necessary to support economic growth. Financial information is the language businesses use to communicate their capabilities to potential investors, lenders and other users this information. However, for this information to be useful it needed to be reliable, relevant and comparable. These are some of the qualities used in the by the FASB and the IASB to create accounting standards. The FASB and the IASB are the two current bodies in charge of creating accounting standards. The FASB creates standards in the United States and the IASB creates international accounting standards accepted by many international economies. International standards became necessary as many national companies began to engage in international trade. The purpose of these standards was to increase harmonization of international accounting standards to support international economic growth by providing international investors with useful information. Both institutions have evolved throughout the years as financial transactions have become more complicated and new industries developed and evolve. The Financial Accounting Standard Board The FASB evolve from the APB (Accounting Principle Board) that evolved from the CAP (Committee on Accounting Procedures). These organizations developed accounting standards that corporations...
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... TASK : ASSIGNMENT 1 TITLE: TRADE BLOCS SEMESTER: FALL 2013 INTRODUCTION ECOWAS is an acronym to mean Economic Community of West African States whereas a trading bloc is a set of countries which engage in international trade together, and are usually related through a free trade agreement or other association.ECOWAS was established in May, 1975 as a regional institutional framework for the coordination and promotion of economic cooperation and sustainable development in West Africa. The challenges of economic develpoment in an underdeveloped and highly unstable environment such as west africa appear enormous and so leave one to ponder on the possibilty of success or otherwise in realizing such an idea. ESTABLISHMENT OF ECOWAS ECOWAS was established in 1975 to coordinate and promote trade,cooperation and sustainable development throughout West Africa.The signing of the ECOWAS treaty of Lagos was indeed a kind of radical response to the plague of poverty and underdevelopment bedeviling West Africa, and as a result, practically provided the much desired framework for the realization of rapid and sustainable socio-political and economic development throughout the sub-region, and has till date the following member states: Republic of Benin,Burkina Faso,Cape Verde,Cote d’Ivoire, Gambia,Ghana,Guinea,Guinea Bissau,Liberia,Mali,Niger,Nigeria,Senegal,Sierra Leone and the Republic of Togo. First, ECOWAS set out to form a free trade area by undertaking a progressive removal...
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