...Network: any interconnected group or system, it comprises nodes and links. Networks are long-term, relationships between interdependent economic actors which are seeking for competitive advantage by forming the cooperation. More complex than alliances; bilateral relationship doesn’t qualify as network. From left to right: Market: “buy”. Network: jv, licensing, outsourcing, equity share, contractual cooperation, joint R&D. Hierarchy: “make” From left to right: Market: “buy”. Network: jv, licensing, outsourcing, equity share, contractual cooperation, joint R&D. Hierarchy: “make” Types of Networks: X & Y: X: Alliances between partners with complementary skills/strengths “closing the gap”. Y: Alliances between partners with mutually reinforcing resources/skills/competences “critical mass alliance”; by joining forces you reach a critical mass. Horizontal, vertical & lateral cooperation: Horizontal: Companies within the same position of the value chain cooperate (e.g. alliance between airlines) Vertical: companies from different positions within the value chain cooperate (eg. Buyer supplier relationships along the supply chain) Lateral: across industries, different players from different industries. Stable & Dinamic: Stable: platform for cooperation. Dinamic: project-based. Virtual factory: dynamic, order processing. Competition: Networks compete to each other; network is the compeititive ...
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...management control system targets. Therefore, conventional management control systems focus on getting better operational efficiency. But as operational efficiency is no longer adequate to create sustainable competitive advantages, management control systems must be expanded to managerial practices that cultivate employee cooperation and creativeness in the discovery and development of new business opportunities. This is especially the case in the high-tech industries that are at the faced with the challenges of globalisation and employee teams must combine efficient communication with creativity. ``Project managers and product designers in software and other industries thus need to find ways to divide up products and tasks so that even teams of many of clever people can work and communicate efficiently as well as creatively'' (Cusumano, 1997). Simons (1987 and 1990) argued that control systems is in four categories, namely i. ii. iii. iv. Diagnostic control systems Boundary control systems Interactive systems Belief systems. These four different management control systems are identified recently by companies as effective categories of controlling system, companies must apply them in a way that maximizes operational effectiveness without limiting employee creativity. This task can be accomplished by using diagnostic measures as a way to improve operational effectiveness and the other three types of control measures as a way to mitigate its negative effects on employee creativity...
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...Accounting, Organizations and Society 28 (2003) 127–168 www.elsevier.com/locate/aos Management control systems design within its organizational context: findings from contingency-based research and directions for the future Robert H. Chenhall Department of Accounting and Finance, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Abstract Contingency-based research has a long tradition in the study of management control systems (MCS). Researchers have attempted to explain the effectiveness of MCS by examining designs that best suit the nature of the environment, technology, size, structure, strategy and national culture. In recent years, contingency-based research has maintained its popularity with studies including these variables but redefining them in contemporary terms. This paper provides a critical review of findings from contingency-based studies over the past 20 years, deriving a series of propositions relating MCS to organizational context. The paper examines issues related to the purpose of MCS, the elements of MCS, the meaning and measurement of contextual variables, and issues concerning theory development. A final section considers the possibility that contingency-based ideas could encompass insights from a variety of theories to help understand MCS within its organizational context. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The three purposes of this paper are to provide a review of empirical, contingency-based research as it has developed...
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...Introduction4 Current and Desired State4 Diagnostic Tool5 SWOT Analysis5 Force Field Analysis6 Concept Fan8 Recommendations9 Process Based Structure9 Integrated Strategic Process11 High Involvement Organization12 Knowledge Management System14 Conclusion15 Appendix16 References22 Executive Summary Australia’s biggest hardware chain, Templeton Hardware acquired two reputable businesses in caravan and landscape but what they did not expect was a shortage in sales. Using the old strategy for their new business had an adverse effect. Other factors like structure and human resource practices also contributed to the negative results. The 3 diagnostic tools; SWOT, Force Field Analysis and Concept Fan are used to identify primary and secondary problems in Templeton case study. Primary problem in this case would be poor structure. Secondary problems are the lack of product knowledge, high employee turnover and poor business strategies. In view of the poor structural issue, we will recommend Templeton to adopt the process-based structure to adapt to environmental changes, thus increasing the current customer's satisfaction and enhance employees’ involvement. By using the Integrated Strategic Change model, it will allow the management to have a clearer view of implementing the...
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...OCTOBER 2010 VOL 2, N O 6 INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Management Control System Hamed Armesh Faculty of Management ,MMU,Malaysia Listed in ULRICH S Dr. Habibollah Salarzehi , Dr.Baqer Kord Faculty of Management, University of Sistan and Baluchestan Abstract A management control systems (MCS) is a system which gathers and uses information to evaluate the performance of different organizational resources like human, physical, financial and also the organization as a whole considering the organizational strategies. Finally, MCS influences the behaviour of organizational resources to implement organizational strategies. Keywords: Management , Control , Systems 1. Introduction To introduce this topic and understanding the importance of management control system we know that In the present globalised world, organisations need to use management control systems that go beyond the strategies that focus on acquisition of technology and logistics which are not sufficient to give the organisation sustained long-term competitive edge over its competitors. Management Control Systems (MCS) as defined by Anthony (cited by LangfieldSmith, 1997) is the process by which managers ensure that resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently in the accomplishment of the organization s objectives . MCS is a system used in an organization which collects and uses information to evaluate the performance of the organizational resources that will eventually...
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...Group 16 Innovation in Product Submission #2 Anant Jain B15131 Ankit Goel B15132 Anshul Jain B15134 2015 1. Introduction Innovation is refinement in a product, process, method, or a part thereof. Innovation has become a buzz-word in recent years, with increasing relevance of ‘innovation-centred business models’, and ‘innovation-led-entrepreneurism’. In fact, the success stories of Industrial America, technological Silicon Valley, American financial market, etc., are tales of constant innovations. ‘Digitization’ has shifted access to knowledge and information from a privilege to convenience: anyone who is willing and able to pay, has an access. Also, sharing of information and flow of payments and tenders through internet has changes businesses like never before. 1.1 What is Product Innovation? Product Innovation can be defined as creating a new product, or making changes in the existing product, or creating a differentiation in terms of utility or features of the product. Light Bulb, telephone, microprocessors, digital displays were great innovation in terms of making of new products, i-pods, cell phone, integrated circuits were innovations in terms of modification in existing products. Not all product innovations are technological breakthroughs- take a safety pin for example. Even candle, fountain pen, and scissors are examples of path-breaking revolution, that didn’t require significant technology, or invention capabilities. On the other...
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...MARKETING MANAGEMENT - SUMMARIES PART 1 UNDERSTANDING MARKETING MANAGEMENT Chapter 1 – Defining marketing for the 21st Century Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Marketing management is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value. Marketers are skilled at managing demand: they seek to influence its level, timing, and composition for goods, services, events, experiences, persons, places, proper- ties, organizations, information, and ideas. They also operate in four different marketplaces: consumer, business, global, and nonprofit. Marketing is not done only by the marketing department. It needs to affect every aspect of the customer experience. To create a strong marketing organization, marketers must think like executives in other departments, and executives in other departments must think more like marketers. Today’s marketplace is fundamentally different as a result of major societal forces that have resulted in many new consumer and company capabilities. These forces have created new opportunities and challenges and changed marketing management significantly as companies seek new ways to achieve marketing excellence. There are five competing...
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...explaining and discussing how small changes in a given system can result to large and radical transformational changes in an organization within the framework of complexity theory. The paper offers a description of the complexity theory, an analysis, explanation and discussion, the conclusions, extending the discussion, and the references. Description of Theories/ Core Concepts The complexity theory is a framework that focuses on analyzing the nonlinear dynamics of systems. It is a loose assortment of concepts and analytic tools that seek to analyze complex and dynamic systems (Litaker, Tomolo, Libaratore, Stange & Aron, 2006). The complexity theory suggests that simple deterministic actions can cause highly complex and unpredictable behaviors, as well as, exhibit order and patterns. The theory seeks to explain how systems learn and spontaneously organize themselves into structured and sophisticated forms that respond better to their environments. Although the complexity theory was created in the biological and physical sciences, numerous scholars have noted that economic and social systems also exhibit nonlinear relationships and complex interactions. Economists and social scientists have noted the significance of complexity theory by observing the level of interrelationships among components of the social system (Koen, 2005). For instance, in the business setting, economists have noted that business success or failure is a product of the complex interaction between the firm and...
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...officially became the Nike brand in 1970. (NIKE, Inc. – About NIKE, Inc., 2014) They have been constantly increasing its range of products and services in all types of sports. Nike.inc is the owner of three other brands: Converse.inc, Hurley International LLC and the Jordan Brand. (NIKE, Inc. Reports FY2013 Q4 and Full Year Results, 2013) However in this report we will solely focus on the Nike brand. Nike’s revenues from its operations in 2013 were $25.3 billion. Other financial information can be found at http://investors.nikeinc.com. Nike, Adidas Group (including Reebok) and Puma are positioned as the key players in the global sports apparel market. Nike is believed to be the global leader in the athletic footwear market, where its main focus lays, with an estimated worldwide market share of 20% in 2012 and with most of its sales coming from North America (44% in 2012) and Western Europe. (19% in 2012) (Trevis Team, 2013) 2 Executive Summary This report focuses on the impact of the Internet on Nike’s business model and how this has fundamentally changed Nike’s approach to customer value and brand building by analyzing multiple digital tools and techniques. The research draws attention to major changes in three big aspects of Nike’s business model with the emergence of the Internet: E-commerce, digital marketing and supply chain management. With increasing numbers of online shopping, Nike has...
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...Kudler Fine Foods is a client of the accounting firm where you work. Kudler’s management is interested in effectively integrating technology into its business operations. They have asked you to prepare a brief detailing how computer systems might be more effectively integrated to meet their business needs and improve their accounting operations. Identify Kudler’s key business and accounting information needs. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of Kudler’s current computer system and technology use, including hardware and software. Explain what opportunities Kudler has in terms of technology and provide suggestions for improving Kudler’s ability to maximize these opportunities. Evaluate the threats that Kudler may encounter given their current systems and offer your suggestions, in terms of using technology. Use APA formatting where appropriate for references, citations, and title page. Operations Support Systems- ch1 The role of a business firm's operations support systems is to efficiently process business transactions, control industrial processes, support enterprise communications and collaboration, and update corporate databases Transaction processing systems are an important example of operations support systems that record and process data resulting from business transactions. They process transactions in two basic ways. Management information systems (MIS) provide information in the form of reports and displays to managers and many business professionals. The...
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...Abstract: Information Technology (IT) Vs. Management Information System (MIS)-in the context of Corporate Management: Information Technology The central aim of IT management is to generate value through the use of technology. To achieve this, business strategies and technology must be aligned. IT Management is different from management information systems. The latter refers to management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making. IT Management refers to IT related management activities in organizations. MIS is focused mainly on the business aspect, with strong input into the technology phase of the business/organization. A primary focus of IT management is the value creation made possible by technology. This requires the alignment of technology and business strategies. While the value creation for an organization involves a network of relationships between internal and external environments, technology plays an important role in improving the overall value chain of an organization. However, this increase requires business and technology management to work as a creative, synergistic, and collaborative team instead of a purely mechanistic span of control. Historically, one set of resources was dedicated to one particular computing technology, business application or line of business, and managed in a storage-like fashion. These resources supported a single set of requirements and processes, and couldn’t easily be optimized or reconfigured to support...
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...business environment. The performance of a firm is a function of how effective it is in converting a plan into action and executing it. Thus implementation is the key to performance, given an appropriate strategy. In literature, implementation has been defined as “the process by which strategies and policies are put into action through the development of programs, budgets and procedures” (Wheelan and Hunger pp15). This involves the design or adjustment of the organisation through which the administration of the enterprise occurs. This includes changes to existing roles of people, their reporting relationships, their evaluation and control mechanisms and the actual flow of data and information through the communication channels which support the enterprise (Chandler 1962; Hrebiniak and Joyce 2005). Evolution The field of Strategic management has grown in the last thirty five years developing into a discipline in its own right. Borrowing extensively from Economics and Social sciences, it is still fragmented by the presence of number of distinct schools of thought, diversity in underlying theoretical dimensions and lack of disciplined methodology. The fragmentation is due to...
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...Information Systems MN5121 Competing with IS Yasaman Soltan-Zadeh y.soltan-zadeh@rhul.ac.uk Office: MX 120 Competing with IS • Does IT Matter? • IS and Competitive Advantage • The New Competitive Paradigm Does IT Matter? • Can IT provide a strategic advantage? • Is it sustainable? • Carr, Nicholas (2003), “IT doesn’t matter”, Harvard Business Review, May 2003, pp. 41-49. – “As information technology’s power and ubiquity have grown, its strategic importance has diminished. The way you approach IT investment and management will need to change dramatically” (Carr, 2003) IT Doesn’t Matter! • Information Technology: – Proprietary Technology vs. Infrastructural Technology • The Commoditization of IT – Transport mechanism – more valuable shared rather than isolated – Interconnectivity and interoperability – Standardisation of technology and homogenisation of its functionality – Highly replicable – Rapid price deflation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PO2dCaaSDk8 IT Doesn’t Matter! • From Offence to Defence – Spend less – Follow, don’t lead – Focus on vulnerabilities, not opportunities Does IT matter? • Inherently strategic because of indirect effects • Creates possibilities and options that did not exist before • May become ubiquitous! The insight to harness the potential is not distributed evenly. Does IT matter? Three broad lessons • Extracting value from IT requires innovations in business practices. • IT’s economic impacts comes from incremental...
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...encourage customers to at least try, and eventually adopt, the SST offered by a firm into the customer's regular routine. Factors that encourage the customer to try a new self-service technology for the first time and factors impact customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction will be addressed. A practical guideline for developing and implementing successful SST will be proposed. Key words: Self-service technology, Competitive advantage, Customer Relationship management. INTRODUCTION Pick up any respected magazine or trade journal on management or marketing these days and you will likely stumble upon at least one article for Customer Relationship Management (CRM). One of the growing trends in CRM is the use of self-service. Technology is playing an increasing role in self-service and CRM in general. There can be advantages on both sides of the self-service technology coin. The company has the potential to serve more customers with fewer resources, and thus reduce costs, and the customer has the ability to customize a product or service for herself and also choose a time when it is most convenient for her to partake of it. ATM's and pay-at-the pump gas stations are required these days if banks and gas stations want to stay competitive. It's hard for many of us to remember a day without those first SST's. "Have...
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...com/1176-6093.htm Research in management accounting innovations An overview of its recent development Nur Haiza Muhammad Zawawi Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia and School of Accounting, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, and Management accounting innovations 505 Zahirul Hoque School of Accounting, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia Abstract Purpose – The purpose of paper is to present a review of the literature on management accounting innovations (MAIs). Specifically, it explores recent developments in research on MAIs and offers suggestions for future research. The review differs from existing reviews by its specific focus on MAIs and the recent time period covered. In this paper, MAIs refer to the adoption of “newer” or modern forms of management accounting systems such as activity-based costing (ABC), activity-based management, time-driven ABC, target costing, and balanced scorecards. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a review of findings from journal articles published in 22 notable accounting journals. Findings – The review finds that research on MAIs has intensified during the period 2000-2008, with the main focus on exploring the extent to which a host of organizational and environmental factors influence the implementation and use of MAIs in organizations. In addition, research on MAIs indicates the dominant use of sociological theories and increasing use of empirical/field studies...
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