...of other tobacco products. You will also see long term elasticity of demand for cigarette smoking and what does this mean for the likely impact of taxes on long-term cigarette use and do you think taxing can be effective in decreasing the use of alcohol? Explain your answer using economic theory The people that are mostly affected by the increases in tax on cigarettes according to Frank J. Chaloupka would be the youth and Adults. The single most consistent finding of many econometric studies of the issue of cigarettes price being increased would lead to a drop in smoking. The ten percent increase in cigarettes price would overall drop the consumption of cigarettes sales by fiver percent. (Chaloupka, p. 3) By increasing the price in cigarettes it would most likely affect the youth and young adults do to the price increase. According to Study in 1996 by Chaloupka and Grossman they confirmed the earlier studies that the are three times as sensitive to the price increase then the adults (Chaloupka, p. 4) because they don’t have money like adults would have. Over all with the tax increase we will see a decrease in overall sales of cigarettes. To have the great effect on reducing cancer from the use of tobacco use we should tax Efforts to prevent the onset or continuance of tobacco use face the pervasive, countervailing influence of tobacco promotion by the tobacco industry, a promotion that takes place despite overwhelming evidence of adverse health effects from tobacco use. This...
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...codes are important in order to protect the vulnerable from this vast industry and maintain the public’s confidence in advertising. Consistent changes to our media and methods of communications has led to a dramatic impact on marketing methods and their extent thus requiring the codes to be consistently updated. It is possible to argue that the UK CAP codes have failed to keep up with these changes and need to be reformed especially when looking at alcohol advertising. The power, speed and volume of marketing communications has significantly increased in recent years and advertising now poses many challenging questions to its own regulations (alcoholconcern, 2011). The CAP codes are a code of practice which govern non-broadcast and broadcast adverts, marketing communications and sales promotions. The aim of the UK CAP codes is to lay down the rules for all advertisers, agencies and media industries (CAP, 2013). The codes simply do not focus just on goods and services, but they also enforce regulations on marketing communications which promote causes and ideas, however the codes do not cover political advertising. The advertising industry has taken the view that a self-regulatory code is required in order to protect consumers, maintain the effectiveness in advertising, fill in the gaps where the law is non-existent and preserve consumer confidence in advertising. The CAP codes are extremely thorough but the general rules are that advertising must be responsible by not misleading...
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...A Fire in the Global Village: Teaching Ethical Reasoning and Stakeholder Interests Utilizing Tobacco Lucien J. Dhooge Sue and John Staton Professor of Law Journal of Legal Studies Education Volume 29, Issue 1, pages 95–125, Winter / Spring 2012 [T]is a plague, a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands, health; hellish, devilish and damned tobacco, the ruin and overthrow of body and soul.( Richard Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), quoted in Philip J. Hilts, Smokescreen 185 (1996)) I. Introduction Tobacco has been an agricultural staple from the time of the first recorded European encounter with the plant in the fifteenth century.2 The pervasive nature of its cultivation and consumption has made tobacco one of the most profitable crops in world agricultural history.3 World production is estimated at thirteen billion pounds annually, originating in more than one hundred countries.4 This production has flourished, in part, due to the demand for cigarettes, the leading form of tobacco consumed in the global marketplace. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 1.2 billion people over the age of fifteen are regular cigarette smokers.5 In developed countries, 35 percent of men and 22 percent of women smoke cigarettes on a regular basis.6 In developing countries, 50 percent of men and 9 percent of women smoke cigarettes on a regular basis.7 Globally, smokers consume 5.5 trillion cigarettes every year, which translates into a consumption rate of one thousand...
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...A Fire in the Global Village: Teaching Ethical Reasoning and Stakeholder Interests Utilizing Tobacco Lucien J. Dhooge Sue and John Staton Professor of Law Journal of Legal Studies Education Volume 29, Issue 1, pages 95–125, Winter / Spring 2012 [T]is a plague, a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands, health; hellish, devilish and damned tobacco, the ruin and overthrow of body and soul.( Richard Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), quoted in Philip J. Hilts, Smokescreen 185 (1996)) I. Introduction Tobacco has been an agricultural staple from the time of the first recorded European encounter with the plant in the fifteenth century.2 The pervasive nature of its cultivation and consumption has made tobacco one of the most profitable crops in world agricultural history.3 World production is estimated at thirteen billion pounds annually, originating in more than one hundred countries.4 This production has flourished, in part, due to the demand for cigarettes, the leading form of tobacco consumed in the global marketplace. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 1.2 billion people over the age of fifteen are regular cigarette smokers.5 In developed countries, 35 percent of men and 22 percent of women smoke cigarettes on a regular basis.6 In developing countries, 50 percent of men and 9 percent of women smoke cigarettes on a regular basis.7 Globally, smokers consume 5.5 trillion cigarettes every year, which translates into a consumption rate of one thousand...
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...A Fire in the Global Village: Teaching Ethical Reasoning and Stakeholder Interests Utilizing Tobacco Lucien J. Dhooge Sue and John Staton Professor of Law Journal of Legal Studies Education Volume 29, Issue 1, pages 95–125, Winter / Spring 2012 [T]is a plague, a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands, health; hellish, devilish and damned tobacco, the ruin and overthrow of body and soul.( Richard Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), quoted in Philip J. Hilts, Smokescreen 185 (1996)) I. Introduction Tobacco has been an agricultural staple from the time of the first recorded European encounter with the plant in the fifteenth century.2 The pervasive nature of its cultivation and consumption has made tobacco one of the most profitable crops in world agricultural history.3 World production is estimated at thirteen billion pounds annually, originating in more than one hundred countries.4 This production has flourished, in part, due to the demand for cigarettes, the leading form of tobacco consumed in the global marketplace. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 1.2 billion people over the age of fifteen are regular cigarette smokers.5 In developed countries, 35 percent of men and 22 percent of women smoke cigarettes on a regular basis.6 In developing countries, 50 percent of men and 9 percent of women smoke cigarettes on a regular basis.7 Globally, smokers consume 5.5 trillion cigarettes every year, which translates into a consumption rate of one thousand...
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...In the context of the UK’s total ban on tobacco advertising and the potential future restrictions on alcohol advertising, critically review the debate between the strong or weak theories with regard to the effectiveness of advertising bans. The effectiveness of advertising bans has been a debated for many years. There are two dominant theories of the debate regarding the nature of how advertising works: the strong theory and the weak theory. The strong theory coined by John Philip Jones holds the belief that advertising exerts a powerful persuasive influence on consumer’s behaviour (Jones, 1990). In Contrast Andrew Ehrenberg developed the view of the weak theory of advertising. This view suggests that advertising reinforces rather than initiates consumer behaviour (Ehrenberg, 1992). These two theories have been discussed thoroughly by many theorists to understand how advertising works. Many countries have implemented restrictions in advertising for tobacco and have issued potential future restrictions for alcohol, with the objective that introducing an adverting ban would lower overall consumption. However, Studies analysing the effects of advertising being linked to consumption has led to two separate views on how advertising works and have led some to believe that advertising bans have no effect on overall consumption. The strong theory of advertising supports the belief that advertising has the power to persuade people who may not know of a brand or bought a product before...
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...Q 1: Discuss and analyze the ethical issues reflected in the case. The case is about British American Tobacco (BAT), London-based tobacco firm, which is involved in doing unethical activities and hence breaking their marketing code in Africa. BBC had investigated and found BAT is trying to attract more young African buyers of its product by adjusting marketing strategy to meet young people's needs. They are actually promoting and selling cigarettes in form of “single sticks”, which is attractive to young people of poor African countries like Nigeria, Malawi and Mauritius, who cannot afford to buy a whole packet of cigarettes. Now, there is nothing wrong with marketing one's product to target an audience of possible consumers. However, in this case, BAT allegedly targeted African children as young as 11 by aggressively marketing single sticks' to them. The company also hosted events that targeted young people despite their publicly stated commitments. Now, we know that most ethical issues concerning business consumer relations refer to the ‘marketing mix’, ethical issues in product policy, marketing communications, pricing and marketing strategy. Ethical Issues in marketing management – Product Policy At the most basic level, manufacturers should exercise due care in establishing that all reasonable steps are taken to ensure that their products are free from defects and safe to use as well as effective and fit for the purpose. Cigarette may be effective as they claim...
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...Historical Context Tobacco one of the major leading causes of preventable and premature death, accounting for an estimated 443,000 American deaths in the United States each year or one out of every five deaths. These deaths are due to preventable conditions such as cancer, heart disease, stroke, and lung diseases including emphysema, pneumonia, and chronic airway obstruction. No other risky, self-indulgent addictive behaviors directly endanger bystanders as much as cigarette smoking or tobacco use endangers nonsmokers through secondhand tobacco smoke or inhaled environmental tobacco smoke (Oriona, 2009). According to the Center for Disease Control nearly 24.6% high school students have used at least some type of tobacco product. More than 80% of adult smokers begin smoking by 18 years of age with 99% of first use by 26 years of age. In...
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... 3 III. Target Customers 4 IV. SWOT Analysis 5 V. Unique Selling Proposition (USP) 6 VI. Pricing and Positioning Strategy 7 VII. Distribution Plan 8 VIII. Promotion Strategy 8 IX. Online Marketing Strategy 8 * Keyword Strategy 10 * Search Engine Optimization Strategy 10 * Paid Online Advertising Strategy 10 * Social Media Strategy 10 X. Referral Strategy XI. Financial Projection XII. Conclusion EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes are the most popular form of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) that take the form and shape of a cigarette but...
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...Abstract Cigarette and Tobacco taxation has been a hot topic for years. Typically, the taxing of this product is accepted as there are health concerns associated with the consumption of tobacco products. The concept of raising cigarette taxes aligns with goals of increasing revenue for local, state and federal governments, and also works to increase the overall public health of the country. Although the taxation is widely accepted, there are concerns associated with who the taxation effects primarily, how funds are being utilized and issues with meeting budget goals with the earned revenue. This paper addresses each of these topics in an effort to identify the effectiveness of cigarette and tobacco taxation. Introduction The concern associated with the health risks of tobacco use and cigarettes began as early as the 1930’s. The ill effects of tobacco were studied by epidemiologists in long term case studies to assess the increase of lung cancer mortality to smoking. The findings were considered merely casual by Surgeon General Leroy Burney in 1957. As a few years passed, the concern between the relationship of smoking and health grew. This led to The American Cancer Society, The American Heart Association , The National Tuberculosis Association and the American Public Health Association collaborating together to address a letter to President Kennedy. In this letter they asked for a call to action on the issue of cigarette smoking. The Kennedy Administration...
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...Corporation Ethics The study of ethics within corporations is a study of applied ethics that examine moral and ethical dilemmas, and ethical principles that come up in the business world. It is an important subject in today’s business world; with the scandals that are in the business news around the world. It is crucial that business organizations question their principles in every area, from product testing, customer service, to working in the global economy. The list of corruption cases in the world are growing in number. It is becoming a problem that governments across the globe have to face. Greed is usually the driving force in corruption around the world regardless of the industry. “To be really greedy, a person has to not just want and acquire a lot of material wealth. He (or she) needs to come by it less than honestly, and enjoy stacking it up in the face of the far less fortunate. He has to put his own desire for stuff above the needs and legitimate concerns of those around him. In the business world, that often means cheating. Madoff, for example, didn't just get rich, he got rich by faking an entire investment enterprise and doing it at the expense of decent charities and people who had trusted him with their life savings. All that just served to make him the most-hated guy of ... well, of February. By March, all that populist anger had turned to the AIG bonus boys. It wasn't just that they got fat bonuses after their firm took U.S. government bailout...
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... ECO 550 Assignment 1: Market Models Patterns of Change. The Tobacco Industry Describe the industry. Unit 1: History & Economics of Tobacco: History of Tobacco states that, “Tobacco has a long history in the Americas. The Mayan Indians of Mexico carved drawing in stone showing tobacco use. These drawings date back to somewhere between 600 to 900 A.D. Tobacco was grown by American Indians before the Europeans came from England, Spain, France, and Italy to North America. Native American smoke tobacco though a pipe for special religious and medical purposes. They did not smoke every day. Tobacco was the first crop grown for money in North America. In 1612 the sellers of the first American colony in Jamestown, Virginia grew tobacco as a cash crop. By the 1800s, many people have begun use in small amounts of tobacco. Some chewed it. Others smoked it occasionally and a pipe or they hand rolled cigarette or cigar. On the average, people smoked about 40 cigarettes a year. The first commercial cigarettes were made in 1865 by Washington Duke on his 300-acre farm in Raleigh, North Carolina. The American tobacco Company was the largest and most powerful tobacco company until the early 1900s. In 1902 Phillip Morris Company came out with its marble brand. They were selling cigarettes mainly to...
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...Wednesday, June 22, 2011 / Rules and Regulations C. Consumers’ Lack of Knowledge of the Health Risks D. Larger, Graphic Warnings Communicate More Effectively E. Need To Refresh Required Warnings III. FDA’s Selection of Color Graphic Images A. Methodology for Selecting Images B. FDA’s Research Study 1. Study Design 2. Use of FDA’s Study Results in Selection of Images 3. Comments on FDA’s Research Study C. Comments to the Docket 1. Comments Submitting Research on FDA’s Proposed Required Warnings 2. Other Comments D. Selected Images 1. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes are addictive’’ 2. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke can harm your children’’ 3. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease’’ 4. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause cancer’’ 5. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease’’ 6. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby’’ 7. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking can kill you’’ 8. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in nonsmokers’’ 9. ‘‘WARNING: Quitting smoking now greatly reduces serious risks to your health’’ 10. Image for Advertisements With a Small Surface Area E. Non-Selected Images 1. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes are addictive’’ 2. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke can harm your children’’ 3. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease’’ 4. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause cancer’’ 5. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease’’ 6. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby’’ 7. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking can kill you’’ 8. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in...
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...How to reduce utilization costs and to improve patient health outcomes? The following report will outline a strategy that can be used to improve patient health outcomes and reduce utilization costs. Increasing pressure to control health care a cost necessitates that limited healthcare resources be used equitably and judiciously. Healthcare expenditures must be correlated with high quality and efficiency in the delivery of services to improve health outcomes. This requires understanding the benefits and effectiveness of clinical procedures, recognizing the major drivers of health care costs, and identifying potential means for achieving savings. (American College of Physicians, 2009) To improve health outcomes, physician and staff members will encourage patient to utilize “my chart.” My chart is a portal that can be used when utilizing an Electronic Health Records. One electronic health records would be Epic/Apex. When patients are able to look at their lab results at will and clinical results this gives them an opportunity to be involved in their own health care. An electronic database allows patients to have access in asking provider questions, and finding out the answers in a timely manner. When patients are able to communicate with their provider by directly sending him/her a message, this gives them easy access involving health outcomes. Patients have an online access that allows them to communicate with a provider in a timely manner, which makes it easier to communicate...
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...“Marketing Leaders and Ethical Issues in Advertising” ABSTRACT The purpose of this project is to point out some different measures used in advertising for defining problems and to note ethical and moral problems that advertising can and does raise and, finally, to suggest certain steps for the marketing leaders of those professionally involved in advertising. The project examines what the ethical problems in advertising are and why many marketing leaders create unethical advertisements. In order to demonstrate the unethical advertising, I provided some examples. I added to the project a list of ethical and legal issues when creating advertisements can help you to craft legal, responsible advertisement messages. The project also examines ways of solving ethical issues in advertising and what advertisers, marketing leaders should do to be in the money. INTRODUCTION Communication stimulation was known in ancient times. With banners and signs and graffiti dealers notified the citizens about the availability of certain goods on the stalls, as well as future events, such as the slave trade or the gladiators. Due to mass illiteracy traders also had to resort to touts - people standing in the streets or on the busy intersections of the city and loudly informed the passers on the goods. While advertising was of informative, it did not have the elements of persuasion. The flourishing of the advertising business falls on XIX century, when the first public relations man, began...
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