...Type 2 Diabetes results from a complex physiologic process that includes the pancreatic beta cells, peripheral glucose uptake in the muscle, the secretion of multiple cytokines and hormone-like molecules from adipocytes, hepatic glucose production, and likely the central nervous system. Consistent with the complex web of physiologic defects, the emerging picture of the genetics will involve a large number of risk susceptibility genes, each individually with relatively small effect (odds ratios below 1.2 in most cases). The challenge for the future will include cataloging and confirming the genetic risk factors, and understanding how these risk factors interact with each other and with the known environmental and lifestyle risk factors that increase the propensity to type 2 Diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes The genetics of Type 2 diabetes is complicated, with many different genes influencing a person's risk. Because of this array of genes, Type 2 diabetes is not inherited in a clearly dominant or recessive manner. Instead, a person may have one gene that increases their risk and other genes that decrease risk. Together, these genes, along with environmental factors, determine a person's overall risk for developing diabetes. With so many variables to consider, the medical community is a long way from a genetic test for Type 2 diabetes. Although researchers know from studying family histories that you can inherit a risk for Type 2 diabetes, they have had difficulty identifying...
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...Introduction Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the United States, contributing to $245 billion annually in medical costs. According to the American Diabetes Association 25.8 million Americans have diabetes, approximately 95% of which have type II diabetes. Type II diabetes is largely caused by obesity, with 85% of people with type II diabetes also diagnosed as obese. The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in the United States has increased by 128% from 1988 to 2008. Of those diagnosed, the risk of diabetes is 1.8 times higher among the black American population. Compared to 10.2% of non-Hispanic whites with diabetes, Blacks average 18.7% of the population with diabetes. What is Diabetes? There are three types of diabetes, all of which are associated with high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. Type 1 diabetes is a result of the body’s immune system attacking and destroying its own insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent, accounting for 95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. It generally occurs in adults over the age of 40; however, is becoming more frequent in younger adults. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not make enough insulin or cannot use the insulin it makes effectively. Lastly, gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and can lead to type 2 diabetes. There are many contributing factors to the development...
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...describes processes above genetics, which refers to above the order of base-pair nucleotides in the DNA making the genes (Mc Ewen, 2015). Epigenetics can be defined as genetic operations that make phenotypic changes without changing the base pair nucleotide sequence (Gilbert and Epel, 2009). These changes repeat during many...
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...Genes influence everyone in a big way. They help to determine our hair color, eye color and height. Genes also play a big role in weight and health promotion. Therefore, it is important to understand the genetic effects and the gene-environment interaction related to our nutrition and weight status. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the genetic effects and the gene-environment effect individuals. We will also mention how increasing the proportion of physician office visits made by patients with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia would also factor into genes and nutrition effects. We will explore genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. We will also talk about the protective factors and risk...
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...What benefit does being a carrier of the CF gene provide? A person that is a carrier of the CF gene means the person has only one copy the cystic fibrosis gene. Two copies are needed for a person to be diagnosed with the disease. The benefit to being a carrier is immunity to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a disease that kills people from the inside out. 8) How are type 1 and type 2 diabetes different? Diabetes is a condition of excess glucose in the blood. Normally insulin is secreted by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar level. Type 1 diabetes is when the body is unable to secrete insulin meaning there are no hormones to reduce blood sugar level. Type 2 diabetes is when the body’s cells are unable to respond to insulin. Insulin is produced but it does not enhance cellular consumption of glucose. 9) How does the human body react to serene cold? The initial human response to serene cold is to shiver. These movements generate heat to warm the body. The next response is to constrict blood vessels beginning at the extremities. By constricting blood vessels, less blood would flow to those regions and stay with the main circulation. This overall generates more heat exchange within the body’s core organs while increasing the chances of frostbites at extremities. 10) What evidence is there that predisposition to diabetes might be related to the human cold response? The main evidence that exemplifies the correlation between diabetes and human cold response is brown fat. Brown fat...
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...and Type 2 Diabetes Thesis: Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are two diseases that can be compared and contrasted according to the type. Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the pancreas no longer produces insulin. Diabetes can be classified according to two types; * Type 1 * Type 2 Compare and contrast Type 1 and Type 2 * Similarities * Differences Preventative Measures * Prevention * Causes * Treatment Type 1 and 2 diabetes are two diseases that can be compared and contrasted according to the type. A. Type 1 The pancreas no longer makes insulin or an extremely amount of insulin. B. Type 2 The body neither uses its insulin effectively, nor does it produce enough insulin. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are two diseases that can be compared and contrasted according to their similarities and differences. A. Similarities Both are genetic diseases Both have similar complications Treatment B. Differences Symptoms Complications Risks Preventive Management A. Type 1 Balanced Healthy Diet Exercise Medication B. Type 2 Insulin management Balanced Healthy Diet Exercise Conclusion A. Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by a high level of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion and insulin action. B. Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes can be compared and contrasted in; Type of diabetes, similarities...
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...Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Hereditary Disorders ___ By Matthew Jefferson Where Does it come from? Type two Diabetes can be inherited from family genes or it can be developed over time due to being overweight from consuming lots of sodium and carbohydrates into a diet. Most of the time diabetes is caused by poor health choices in diets, however there are a great number of people who have inherited diabetes from family genes. Diabetes usually starts as type one when the person is a child then develops into type two when the person is an adult. In other cases diabetes doesn't show up until adulthood usually in the forty to sixty year range. Diabetes Treatment Diabetes treatments include taking medicine through prescription drugs like metformin and...
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...Josiah Hicks Genetic (Or Not) Disorders There are many diseases and disorders in the world, they all have different causes and effects. Some of the causes may be genetic, some might be the result of the surrounding environments, and some even remain unexplained. Today, I’m going to cover some of them, I’m going to explain the causes of the disorders, the resulting effects of the disorder, and if there is a cure. Sickle cell anemia or SCD is a hereditary disorder (meaning that it is acquired through the parents) and is categorized by the most prominent effect on the body’s production and storage of the a molecule in...
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...What is Diabetes? Diabetes is a disease that affects the glucose in the body by high levels of sugar in the blood . Glucose is the sugar in the body . Which is impairment to the body. It effects the pancreas. The pancreas is what makes a hormone called insulin. Insulin is what lets calls come into the body , and lets glucose go into the body to become cells. Diabetes was discovered in the 1425, in a medical text. In the 17th century 1675 Thomas Willis added mellitus to the word diabetes , because of the sugar found in the urine . (College, 2014) Can diabetes be prevented ? Someone with diabetes either can’t make insulin ( type 1 diabetes) . Or the insulin don’t work in the body how it should work ( type 2 diabetes), which the glucose can’t...
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...Diabetes Mellitus among African Americans Final Research Paper Peggy Hollie Epidemiology Disease Dr. Peters May 9, 2012 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by abnormal metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fat, resulting in increased levels of blood sugar. The adjective mellitus (for sweet) is used with diabetes insipidus (tasteless), which is so rare that the word diabetes by itself generally refers to diabetes mellitus. The only thing that diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus have in common is polyuria, or frequent urination. There are two forms of diabetes mellitus: Type I, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus IDDM), and Type II, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). Diabetes is one of the ten leading causes of death from disease in the United States. It is the result of an insufficient supply of insulin or an inadequate use of insulin that is supplied from the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2010), diabetes affects 25.8 million people 8.3% of the U.S. population, diagnosed 18.8 million people and undiagnosed 7.0 million people. African Americans who have diabetes are 4.9 million or 18.7% aged 20 years or older. African Americans are twice as likely to be diagnosed with diabetes as non-Hispanic whites. In addition, they are more likely to suffer complications from diabetes, such as end-stage renal disease and lower extremity...
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... Student ID: 24975 SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES Research Topic Assignment # 1 Matriculation to BSc Occupational Safety Health & Environment. Research Topic Assignment # 1 Matriculation to BSc Occupational Safety Health & Environment. INTRODUCTION Research Area: Obesity Research Topic: Causes of Obesity among Trinidadians Background: Obesity is a serious, chronic disease that can have a negative effect on many systems in your body. Obesity or being overweight has serious effects on the individual and society. It also is very expensive for government to provide health care for obese individuals as health care and medication is provided free in our country (Trinidad). People who are overweight or obese have a much greater risk of developing serious conditions, including: Heart disease Type two diabetes and bone and joint disease. Obesity will also have an effect on physical abilities. People who are suffering from obesity may not be able to do things that normal weight people can do. Playing sports or do any activities that involves fast movement of any kind. They may not even have power to walk freely as the increased weight places pressure on the ankles and knees causing the obese individual to become less productive. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE This research is aimed at determining the factors which account for obesity within the population of Trinidad. RESEARCH QUESTIONS...
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...Targeting Insulin Signaling in Treating Alzheimer’s Disease Name Institution Table of Contents Abstract 3 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Present Therapeutic Regimens for Alzheimer’s disease 5 Methods 7 Search Strategy 7 Exclusion/ Inclusion Criteria 8 Relevant Information 8 Results 9 Discussion of Results 12 Epidemiological information linking type 2 diabetes to AD 16 Insulin-signaling abnormalities in Alzheimer disease affected brain 17 Diabetes drugs in treatment for AD 19 Treatments regimens for type 2 diabetes Mellitus and their potential in treating AD 23 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). 23 Metformin. 23 Amylin and Leptin analogs. 24 Findings 26 Interpretation of Results 26 Limitations 28 Future Research 29 Conclusion 31 References 32 Abstract Type 2 diabetic drugs could serve as potential in the treating Alzheimer’s disease. AD is a dementia defined by partial or total loss of memory. The risk of development of AD increases with age. Different therapeutic approaches have been employed when it comes to treatment of AD. Results of indicate that diabetic drugs are effective in treating Alzheimer ’s disease. Despite efforts directed at treatment of the condition, the results have not been satisfactory. This could be attributed to the early or late onset of AD pathogenesis while at the same time being underpinned by various mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting the effectiveness of type 2 diabetic drugs in treatment of AD. Research has focused on understanding...
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...Targeting Insulin Signaling in Treating Alzheimer’s Disease Name Institution Table of Contents Abstract 3 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Present Therapeutic Regimens for Alzheimer’s disease 5 Methods 7 Search Strategy 7 Exclusion/ Inclusion Criteria 8 Relevant Information 8 Results 9 Discussion of Results 12 Epidemiological information linking type 2 diabetes to AD 16 Insulin-signaling abnormalities in Alzheimer disease affected brain 17 Diabetes drugs in treatment for AD 19 Treatments regimens for type 2 diabetes Mellitus and their potential in treating AD 23 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). 23 Metformin. 23 Amylin and Leptin analogs. 24 Findings 26 Interpretation of Results 26 Limitations 28 Future Research 29 Conclusion 31 References 32 Abstract Type 2 diabetic drugs could serve as potential in the treating Alzheimer’s disease. AD is a dementia defined by partial or total loss of memory. The risk of development of AD increases with age. Different therapeutic approaches have been employed when it comes to treatment of AD. Results of indicate that diabetic drugs are effective in treating Alzheimer ’s disease. Despite efforts directed at treatment of the condition, the results have not been satisfactory. This could be attributed to the early or late onset of AD pathogenesis while at the same time being underpinned by various mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting the effectiveness of type 2 diabetic drugs in treatment of AD. Research has focused on...
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...Why Does The Same Drug Affect People Differently? By: Brianna Morse Basic Genetics and the Inheritance of Genes What are Genetics? Have you ever wondered why you have your mother’s eyes of your father’s hair color? The simplest answer for this would be genetics. Genetics is the study of heredity or inheritance. Genetics helps to explain how traits are passed from parents to their young. Parents pass traits to their young through gene transmission (for example hair and eye color, shape of ears, cheek bones, and mouth shape). Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA (A chromosome is a long, stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information (DNA) and is formed from condensed chromatin). They contain specific instructions for protein synthesis. A protein synthesis is the process in which cells build proteins, and a protein is a dietary component that helps with things such as building strong muscles and other parts of the body. Genetic Inheritance of Single Gene Disorders The genetic inheritance process can be useful in predicting what sorts of disorders or mutations that an offspring will have in the future. This can basically be explained and shown in a punnett square. A punnett square is a tool that helps to show all possible combinations of an offspring in a cross of parents the DNA with known genotypes in order to predict the probability of their offspring possessing certain sets of traits. It makes a grid using letters, capital letters to represent...
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...What causes humans to become ill? Humans can get ill a variety of different ways, anything we eat or come into contact with may cause illness in a human. In this essay I will outline different potential illnesses that a human may suffer with. When a human comes into contact with something that causes an abnormal immune response we call it an allergy. When allergy-prone person initially comes into contact with an allergen their B-cells produce IgE antibody, this antibody produced binds to mast cells which are found throughout the body. The second contact with this allergen, the mast cells with IgE present produces histamine which then lead to allergy symptoms such as running nose, sneezing and watery eyes. There are millions of types of different bacteria, some good and some bad called pathogens, which can make a human ill. When a pathogen enters the body it attaches to cells, potentially damaging the cells and releases its toxins. The bodies white blood cells can destroy the pathogens however while the body destroys the pathogens it may also damage the surrounding tissue. In most cases antibiotics can be taken to kill the bacteria, it does this by stopping their growth or killing them it does this by preventing the bacteria from building up a cell wall. An example of a bacteria is acne, acne is caused by bacteria growing near or in the sebaceous glands in the skin which causes inflammation and white pus. Viruses also enter the body and attach to a host using it to reproduce...
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