...Facts About and Impacts of FDI on China and the World Economy Yuqing Xing China: An International Journal, Volume 8, Number 2, September 2010, pp. 309-327 (Article) Published by NUS Press Pte Ltd DOI: 10.1353/chn.2010.0002 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/chn/summary/v008/8.2.xing.html Access Provided by Hamline University at 06/25/12 7:34PM GMT Facts About and Impacts of FDI on China and the World Economy Yuqing XING This paper provides a comprehensive review of foreign direct investment in China over the last three decades. It reviews the growth, sources and distribution of FDI in China and analyses factors determining FDI inflows. It summarises the contributions of FDI to the Chinese economy in terms of economic growth, total factor productivity, exports and technology progress. Finally, the paper discusses potential impacts of FDI in China on the rest of the world in terms of FDI-competing countries and FDI source countries. (FDI) among all developing countries, China received a cumulative total of USD854 billion in FDI from 1979 to 2008 and benefitted tremendously from both tangible and intangible assets associated with FDI inflows. In fact, in the modern history of economic development, no other country has ever benefitted, and continues to benefit, from FDI as much as China. There is a consensus among academic scholars specialising in the Chinese economy that, over the last three decades, FDI has been a critical engine...
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...Economic Modelling 28 (2011) 1348–1353 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Economic Modelling j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / e c m o d Foreign direct investment and China's regional income inequality☆ Kang Yu a, Xian Xin b,c, Ping Guo a, Xiaoyun Liu d,⁎ a School of Economics and Management, Zhejiang Forestry University, Zhejiang, 311300, PR China Center for Rural Development Policy, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China c College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China d College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China b a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t China's widening regional income inequality coupled with its pronounced regional disparity in foreign direct investment stock since 1990 has claimed the attention of many scholars. While some researchers confirm regional disparity in China's foreign direct investment, others attribute the widening regional income inequality to this regional disparity. This paper thus assesses the impacts of China's stock of foreign direct investment on its regional income inequality using simultaneous equation model and the Shapley value regression-based decomposition approach. Our results suggest that China's stock of foreign direct investment has accounted for merely 2% of its regional income inequality. Furthermore, the contribution ratio of per...
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...Introduction of Foreign Direct Investment Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is known as the long term participation by country A into country B. It usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and expertise. In other words, foreign direct investment is the cross-border corporate governance mechanism through which a company gains productive assets in another country. FDI is different from other major forms of foreign investment in that it is motivated largely by the long-term profit prospects in production activities that investor directly control (Wong, 2005). Wong also says that almost most of the developing and least developed countries worldwide equally participated in the process of direct investment activities. Over a long period of time, foreign direct investment (FDI) forms a major part of investment in most industrial and some developing countries. Besides that, he did explain that some FDI is intended to utilize local natural resources. Sometimes it is to employ relatively cheap labour, and sometimes to produce goods near to markets. Moreover, foreign direct investment can be a significant driver of development in poor nations. According to Katerina, John and Athanasios (2004), it provides an inflow of foreign capital and funds, in addition to an increase in the transfer of skills, technology, and job opportunities. Furthermore, they said it would be difficult to generate this capital through domestic savings, and even if it were...
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...OF FDI IN CHINA DETERMINANTS OF FDI IN CHINA Shaukat Ali and Wei Guo1 ABSTRACT Why and how firms take advantage of foreign opportunities, especially via foreign direct investment (FDI) has been much documented. China, as a major emerging market, has attracted significant flows of FDI, to become the second largest receipt. This paper briefly examines the literature on FDI and focuses on likely determinants of FDI in China. It then analyses responses from 22 firms operating in China on what they see as the important motivations for them to undertake FDI. Results show that market size is a major factor for FDI especially for US firms. For local, export-orientated, Asian firms, low labor costs are the main factor. The paper concludes with managerial implications for businesses wish to exploit opportunities in China. INTRODUCTION The past few years has seen a tremendous growth of foreign direct investment (FDI) that has exceeded both world output and world trade. China is by far the largest recipient, and in 2004 surpassed the USA as host destination. It has consequently attracted an increasing attention from multinational businesses. Since China adopted the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970s, foreign investment has played an increasingly important role in its economic growth. According to the World Investment Report for 2004 by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, China absorbed a total of US$53.5 billion worth of foreign direct...
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...Nayak D.N (2004) in his paper “Canadian Foreign Direct Investment in India: Some Observations”, analyse the patterns and trends of Canadian FDI in India. He finds out that India does not figure very much in the investment plans of Canadian firms. The reasons for the same is the indifferent attitude of Canadians towards India and lack of information of investment opportunities in India are the important contributing factor for such an unhealthy trends in economic relation between India and Canada. He suggested some measures such as publishing of regular documents like newsletter that would highlight opportunities in India and a detailed focus on India’s area of strength so that Canadian firms could come forward and discuss their areas of expertise would got long way in enhancing Canadian FDI in India. Balasubramanyam V.N Sapsford David (2007) in their article “Does India need a lot more FDI” compares the levels of FDI inflows in India and China, and found that FDI in India is one tenth of that of china. The paper also finds that India may not require increased FDI because of the structure and composition of India’s manufacturing, service sectors and her endowments of human capital. The requirements of managerial and organizational skills of these industries are much lower than that of labour intensive industries such as those in China. Also, India has a large pool of well – Trained engineers and scientists capable of adapting and restructuring imported know – how to suit...
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...Proposal for Effects of Foreign Direct Investment towards Economic Growth, Exchange Rate, and Management Skills in Malaysia Research Method (MKT651) Noor Azyan Syawanie Bt Abdul Ghani Nur Athirah Binti Mohamadzin Nur Aishatul Adila Binti Adnan Effects of Foreign Direct Investment towards Economic Growth in Malaysia Introduction Malaysia is a nation that has been working itself up from the predominantly mining and agricultural based economy towards a more multi-sector economy. To achieve a faster economic growth, Malaysia has accepted an unparalleled opportunities for developing this country through globalization (Athukorala, 2003). An offer of combination of locational advantages by the government is a factor that foreign investors got tempted with (Farhad, Alberto, & Ali, 1999), to invest in Malaysia. Foreign investors has been encouraged by the Government to invests in Malaysia in which has the advantage of having a well-developed infrastructure, industrious workforce, as well as politically stable nation with a good legal system with the additional attractiveness of incentives for the foreign investors. In other words, foreign investors are attracted to invest in Malaysia because of the lower cost of production (Wong, 2005). FDI is a medium for acquiring skills, technology, organizational and managerial practices and access to market, besides being the source of finance and employment (Farhad, Alberto, & Ali, 1999). There are a lists of exports by...
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...I. What is Foreign direct investment Foreign direct investment as known as FDI is an investment made by a corporation or individual from other country, the foreign investor will have ownership or controlling interest in the business. “Foreign direct investment” (FDI) takes place when a corporation in one country establishes a business operation in another country” (Moran, 2012) II. Why choose this study? Since 1978 Chinese government has announced new policy of reform and opening Chinese economic, Chinese government has offered lots of new policy to attract foreign investors, different provinces have different policy but attract more foreign direct investment is a basic state policy. The government has adopted a series of policy measures...
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...study: Tata’s Croma 16 Findings 20 FDI in Retail in India 21 Growth drivers in India for retail sector 22 Discussion 23 FDI in INDIA SECTOR WISE 23 Conclusion 25 Bibliography 27 Introduction Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is fund flow (inflow/outflow) between the countries wherein one gains benefit from their investment whereas another can exploit the opportunity to enhance the productivity and find out better position through performance. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the flow of funds between countries wherein one country reaps benefits from the investments and the other can make the most of the opportunity to improve the productivity and stabilize their position through performance. The Dictionary of Economics has defined FDI as investment in an overseas country through the acquisition of a company there of an operation on a new site. In other words, the capital inflows from abroad that is invested in to improve the production capability of the economy. Two forms of FDI: * Inward FDI * Outward FDI FDI is an important factor for growth and development in both developed and developing countries. FDI has seen a spectacular growth in the last two decades globally. Policies are formulated in order to accelerate inward flows. FDI provides good opportunities and benefits for both the host and home countries in terms of investments. The “home” countries benefit from the markets opened by industrial growth and the “host” countries obtain managerial...
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...IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA BY OKUNLOLA TUNDE S. MATRIC NO: 139191 September 2011 Being research work submitted to Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) in Economics CERCTIFICATION I hereby certify that this work was carried out by OKUNLOLA TUNDE S. of Matric No 139191 in the Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ibadan. …………………………………. ……………………………… Date Dr. B. Fowowe Supervisor DEDICATION My sole dedication goes to God almighty whose mercy has never ceased in changing me despite all odds, whose boundless love and vast grace is bringing to pass my childhood dreams and fantasies. ACKNOWLEDGMENT My deepest gratitude goes to my parents who always, tirelessly and sacrificially support me, trust me, care for me and love me despite all my short comings and even when it so difficult. May the lord reward you abundantly. And also to my supervisor, Dr. B. Fowowe, I say thank you. Your direct professional...
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...CHINA’S PROVINCIAL BUREAUCRATIC CORRUPTION ON FDI AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Ziwei Hao z_hao@mit.edu TA: Joaquin MIT Department of Economics, 14.05 Spring 2012 Word count: 5000 I. INTRODUCTION China’s economic achievement over the past three decades has been one of the most outstanding of our time. Since its “reform and opening-up policy” in 1978, foreign direct investment (FDI) has contributed a great deal to China’s economic growth by injecting capital into the economy, creating jobs, transferring technology and knowledge, enhancing trade, bringing in competition for local enterprises, improving the quality of local labor and intermediate goods suppliers, and connecting China’s gradually opening economy to the global market (Berthélemy and Démurger, 145). By the opening up of the country to FDI, China’s economic growth has averaged approximately 9% annually over the last 25 years (China Statistical Yearbook). With the introduction of FDI came a wave of corruption and bad governance, which may have hindered FDI’s effect on China’s economic growth. The reform in the market encouraged private institutions to compete for market share and resources. In order to rise to the top, these private intuitions required the help people in power who are not under heavy scrutiny. Local government officials were the perfect targets. With foreign capital in their hands, private intuitions sought out local government officials for help in exchange for bribery. These “favors”...
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...2.1.1 Foreign direct investment 2 2.1.2 Economic development 3 2.2 Related literature: The role of FDI in economic development 3 2.2.1 The radical view of FDI 3 2.2.2 The positive view of FDI impact 4 2.3 The impact of economic development 5 3. Case of study: the impact of FDI in garment industry and automobile industry in Viet Nam 7 3.1 Overview of FDI in Vietnam 7 3.2 Garment industry 8 3.3 Tourism Industry 9 3.4 Assess the impact of FDI in Vietnamese economic development 10 4. Conclusion 11 References 14 Appendices 17 1. Introduction to the study Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a concept that has emerged in recent decades. It was born with the trend of globalization and become an interesting topic for economic researchers. The evidence is that there are a large number of studies on this field, including case studies in specific country and cross-country analyses, single-dimensional and multi-dimensional studies, examinations in single-sector and multi-sector. However, until now there are still some debates about the issues related to this concept. One of the noticeable discussions is the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic development. This paper, to some extent, will review these studies about the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic development. In specific, it aims to answer the question: Is foreign direct...
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...Term paper on “FDI in BRICS Countries” Submitted By AMARNADH ILLURI (1223114141) B.V.S.P.CHARAN TEJ (1226114108) SANDESH.SAKA (1226114132) SAIRAJ THAMMINA (1223114139) Submitted To Dr Radha Raghuramapatruni.,PhD Associate Professor in International Business & Economics GITAM School of International Business GITAM University Visakhapatnam -45 Andhra Pradesh FDI in BRICS Countries ABSTRACT: The BRICS continued to be strong performers in attracting foreign direct investment in 2013, almost doubling their share from the pre-crisis level. BRICS now account for over one fifth of global FDI with China gaining the 2nd spot, Russia 3rd and Brazil 7th in the list of top 20 host economies of 2013.The current share of global FDI inflows to BRICS is at 22 per cent which is twice that of their pre-crisis level, according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) report. Total inflow to BRICS reached $322 billion in 2013, up 21 per cent from 2012. INTRODUCTION: South Africa outperformed other countries within BRICS, with FDI inflows rising by 126%. With inflows to China at an estimated US$127 billion, including both financial and non-financial sectors – the country again ranked second in the world, closing the gap with the United States to some $32 billion, FDI inflows to the Russian Federation jumped by 83% to US$94 billion making it the world’s third largest recipient of FDI for the first time ever, The rise was predominantly ascribed to the large acquisition by BP (United...
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...globalization’ in the developing countries. In this journal, James analysed the relationships and effects between the developing countries’ economy development and the information technology. Firstly, from James (2001) point of view, there is a ‘cumulative causation’between foreign direct investment and exports and economic growth. Heclaimed that foreign direct investment (FDI) had a huge influence on the export performance of the developing countries, the degree of exports stimulates economy growth thus attract more FDI. There are some evidences exist to prove his claim. China isone of the good examplesto indicate that. Song and Zhang (2001) stated that there was a strong link between foreign direct investment and exports in China. Exports which generated by FDI had attracted more FDI into China. It also provided the evidence that only 1 percentage of FDI level changed in 2000 was related to 0.29 percentages rise in exports in 2001 (Song and Zhang). Moreover, foreign investment has played a vital role in both China’s economy and fast growth (Whalley&Xin, 2010). According according to Whalley and Xin (2010), their research result has shown that ‘China’s growth rate may have been around 3.4 percentage points lower in the past few years’ without FDI(Whalley&Xin, 2010). While on the other hand, this ‘cumulative causation’ application may be affected by current global situation. The export-led growth strategy for those least developed countries seem to be not so effective in recent years...
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...attraction and retention of foreign direct investment (FDI) is a complex and multifaceted activity for a number of different stakeholders” FDIs are distinct in Foreign Investments in that the entities making the investment wield a substantial degree of governance over the businesses invested in. Economies with few trade restrictions that have exports and imports that make up a large sector of the host nation’s GDP are considered to be ideal sites for FDIs. It is the degree of openness of that economy that regulates a government's choice to pursue the economic policy of FDIs. In the movie The Grand Seduction, a small fishing village called St. Marie-La-Mauderne, of Newfoundland has been dying an economic death. Their GDP has flat-lined which makes them an idyllic candidate for an FDI. The town’s willingness to do whatever it takes in terms of lifting restrictions is the impetus for the movie’s plot. The aspiration to attract the appropriate FDI often leads nations to participate in a global competition. This competition has created investment promotion agencies and endorsed policies that produce incentives for FDIs. These incentives traditionally are financial in nature. They are presented as: tax concessions in the form of a reduced corporate income tax rate (as in the movie where they received a tax exemption for life), enhanced depreciation allowances, and exemption from import taxes and refunds of duties on exports. These entail: direct contributions to the firm from...
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...Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a category of investment that reflects the objective of establishing a lasting interest by a resident enterprise in one economy in an enterprise that is resident in an economy other than that of the direct investor. The lasting interest implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise and a significant degree of influence on the management of the enterprise. The direct or indirect ownership of 10% or more of the voting power of an enterprise resident in one economy by an investor resident in another economy is evidence of such a relationship. FDI is measured on an asset/liability basis or on a directional basis. On an asset/liability basis, FDI statistics are organized according to whether the investment relates to an asset or a liability for the reporting country (FDI IN FIGURES, 2014). In 2008, during the financial and economic crisis which swamped the world economy in 2008 had impacts on foreign direct investment (FDI) that had become the major driver of the globalization process. The Chinese stimulus program to get the country through the global crisis was much criticized by western experts, because it was thought to extend the Chinese development model which is strongly based on exports and investments in infrastructure and favors state-owned enterprises. Yet, during the global financial and economic crisis China succeeded to remain a much favored location for inward FDI compared...
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