Title: The Effects of Pseudo-Science and Superstitious Beliefs in Student’s Life Table of Contents
Appendix A

• Acknowledgement Page 3

• Consent Form Page 4-5

Abstract Page 6

Background of Info Page 7

Introduction Page 8-9

Literature review Page 9-13

Methodology Page 13-14

Result Page 15-17

Discussion Page 18-19

Conclusion Page 20

References Page 21-23

Appendix B

• Survey Questionnaires Page 1-4

• Figure Page 5-6

• Journals Page 7-17

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this golden opportunity to thank Mr. Goh Wai Meng, our ADP Co-Coordinator for allowing me and giving me the opportunity to take up Senior Project as a subject. I also like to thank Mr. JQ. Lim, for his kindness and long dedication in helping me in completing the project. Without his guidance and help, I would not be able to complete this subject successfully and comprehensively.

Not forgetting our fellow classmates for in giving us the co-operations by giving me the necessary information which helps me in finishing my compilation on time. Without them, the class also would not be a fun, learning environment.

Through this subject, I able to understand and able to experience the realistic of the research paper and also how to run a research my own. It has given me a broader scope on the research papers or senior projects in psychology major and how to improve the research paper by maximizing the strength and minimizing the weakness found in the subject of interest. With the knowledge at hand, I are thought on how to write, receive, & provide proper research paper for the future.

Finally, I would like to thank my parents, friends, and others who have given me constant support in completing this subject successfully, increase my confidence, and creativity in completing the task through their comments and ideas towards my work.

Again, I sincerely appreciate everyone’s help and support that has been given to me.

Concern Letter Requesting Participation in Survey

Today’s Date:

Dear Participant:

I’m Rathena Mahendaraj, who currently doing my final year in Psychology and Communication Majors under American Degree Program in SEGi College, Penang.

The purpose of this survey is to determine the popularity of Pseudo-Science and Superstitious Beliefs has benefited you as a student. We would like to determine the percentage of students who are benefited directly or indirectly by holding beliefs in Pseudo-Science and Superstitious phenomenon. Your response to this survey is essential in providing the necessary information to understand the beliefs in both paradoxes and its popularity among students.

This survey is anonymous. If you choose to participate, DO NOT writes your name on the questionnaire. No one will be able to identify you, nor will anyone be able to determine which college or course you are in. No one will know whether you participated in this study. Nothing you say on the questionnaire will in any way influence your present or future progress in your study field.

This survey is purely for college research purpose only. Your response and time is greatly appreciated. Thank you!

Sincerely,

Rathena

(Rathena Mahendaraj)

I hereby, would like to participate in this survey voluntarily and there was no pressure given to me while completing the survey. I understand clearly that this survey conducted for college research purposes only and will not be published. By signing this form I am stating that I am over 18 years of age, and that I understand the above information and consent to participate in this study being conducted by the assessor from SEGi College.

Participant’s Signature:

Abstract

Pseudoscience and paranormal or superstitious beliefs are widely spread among students in any level. The society still support it and the popularity of its effect doesn’t minimize by the modern science world that changes and give reasons with proves to the society. This research shows that the popularity and the effect do somehow affects student’s life positively and sometimes negatively. This survey research helps to understand that the belief in both paradoxes does have effect on student’s life. Participants more likely to holds beliefs in most of the aspects or elements of these paradoxes even when they didn’t experience it themselves as expected. This finding shows that even though science develops in fast phase yet the importance given to paranormal events and pseudoscience beliefs holds doesn’t seems to lessen down. This belief also helps students to identify their own ability and improve their lifestyle through the concept of self fulfilling prophecy.

Background Information

Pseudo science and superstitious beliefs are popular among our society even though we are moving towards science and high society community. Students are to be the majority groups that attracts to these paradoxes as they love to be explore the world in every aspects.

This can be seen where now days the youngsters are more attracted to films that expresses of magical, super natural life such as Harry Potter, Twilight, and etc. It’s interesting to know that we still do hold believes in pseudoscience and super natural phenomenon when science giving explanations with proves about events occurring around us.

This research was done to know whether the beliefs in both paradoxes does effect in student’s life. This research also helps to identify the popularity rate and effect of both paradoxes in student’s life.

Does Pseudoscience and Superstitions believes effect student’s life

Introduction

Our society is moving towards advance science technology where it’s constantly rationalizes the phenomenon take place around us. This also creates a way for the society to exposed to information about pseudoscience and superstitious beliefs that been existed for many years among us. Many started to withdraw from their beliefs in this division and some still continue their beliefs and trust in it. The oxford dictionary brings the meaning for what is pseudoscience as “a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method”. According to Preece and Baxter (2000), the pseudoscience is a group of notions or assumptions which are normally claimed as scientific reasons but in real it’s just opposite to usual science. This because their claims doesn’t fulfill the experimental tests and can’t be tested or provide evidence to their hypothesis. Astrology and homeopathy are the common pseudoscience that are famous and common among the public and till today receive good responses in all type of society (Ede, 2000; Preece & Baxter, 2000; Shermer, 2003).

At early these beliefs are harmless to the public but the deep observation does prove that there are few negative effects arise through this beliefs. Self concept and self verification plays an important role in why people still holds beliefs in pseudoscience and superstitions events. The perceptions which are formed by one’s experiences with their own interpretations of their environment and these interpretations usually will be effected by reinforcements, evaluations of significant others (like parents, peer groups, ethnic group, and others), (Shavelson, Hubber, & Stanton, 1976) is known as self concept. Thus, if one had seen the positive effect of their beliefs in superstitions and pseudoscience, they tend to belief it more than others who experienced the negative effect. According to Secord & Backman (1961, 1965) self verifications happens when one tries to create a social reality in both actual social world and own minds which can verify and confirms their self conceptions. This explains why certain people still belief in superstitions and pseudoscience as they feel it’s important to balance their self concept among the society in order to make the environment and social around them well-suited with their self conceptions. The main purpose of these studies conducted to see whether the experiences of a student’s influence their beliefs in pseudoscience and superstitious phenomena. It’s also to know whether their beliefs become stronger when they had been experience it themselves. Through this research we can identify and understand whether student’s beliefs in pseudoscience does influence by their experiences or not.

Literature Review

Pseudoscience had been part of everyone’s life even though we do move in fast phase world. There are many paranormal stories and superstitious beliefs circle around us make us wonder whether this stories are manmade or its part of the reality of world. What is pseudoscience? As I mention in introductory paragraph is bring the meaning, “a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method”, according to oxford dictionary. Pseudoscience includes the astrology, numerology, future predictions, tarot card reading, and etc. While superstitious beliefs sometimes directly and indirectly involve in the belief in pseudoscience. This research focuses whether the beliefs in this both paradoxes bring benefits or negative effects to students. According to Valley, 2008 many scholars had been done research on found unexpectedly that the beliefs the society hold in the paranormal were not extensively inferior among college students when we compare with common population. These previous researches raise the question in student’s education level and their reasoning skills. As a consequence, this experiment focuses on whether this belief helps students gain benefits or they gain negative effects from these beliefs. It’s vital for us to understand that superstitious belief includes the wide range of extraordinary beliefs such as haunted houses, ghosts, devils, spirits, reincarnations, extrasensory perceptions (which known as ESP) ( Glenn, Leigh, Nelson, Rose, & Sparks, 1997 as cited by Vallee, 2008). According to Miller & Sparks, 2001 as cited by Valley, 2008, in a national survey which conducted among 1000 of participants in 1991, the results showed that half of the participants, which means 50% of the participants holds the belief in the power of ESP, and approximately 30% of them belief in haunted houses. Through this research Miller & Sparks (2001) realize that there is no major difference in the belief rate in paranormal and pseudoscience among college students compares with ordinary populations. This shows that many college students express their beliefs in both the paradoxes by giving a lot of attention to it and with great concern about it too. This could be due to their own experiences in the paradoxes which make them hold the beliefs or oppose to it. Through their research also they showed that this beliefs are under the students own willingness. According to Britt, 2006 in his recent research reported that many college students especially seniors and graduate students embrace the belief in haunted houses, telepathy, physics, channeling and a host of questionable ideas. In 2003, a study was conducted by Greening, Smith and Wiseman and through their results they found that one third of their participants (1/3) claimed a table is moved (those take part in fake séance), because an actor suggested it, although in fact it had remained stationary. This results indicates a direct correlation between those reported that they belief in paranormal and pseudo-science and with those participants claimed the table did in fact move. Therefore, what exactly the person belief when they claimed their beliefs in pseudoscience and paranormal occurrences. According to Rudski (2003) as cited Valle (2008), discovered that when one asked to rate the beliefs of a fictitious superstitious person; they endorsed the socially pass on beliefs such as black cats, rabbit’s feet, crows, dogs howling at mid night, and etc. Followed by eccentric rituals, commonly related to luck and chance, and finally hold beliefs in the paranormal. This explains the notions of compliance and persuasion. It’s normal for one to hold the belief when the social around them influences and make changes in their beliefs, behavior, or an attitude. When the society around a person induce changes in their behavior we called as the compliance in which will lead to changes in attitude which known as persuasion. If the society around us induces changes in our beliefs than we say as education or propaganda depending on individual’s perspective (Pratkanis, 2001). This proves that many students tend to belief in pseudoscience and superstitious beliefs when their peers delivered the massage in very convincing ways. It could be also due to the experiences their peer’s faced by believing in these paradoxes. According Bennett (1991) and Mckenzie (1986), claimed that students can’t accurately use their reasoning and scientific approaches when they voluntarily accept the concept of pseudoscientific theories and superstitious beliefs. They explains it further by saying that when students fix their mind in those beliefs they tend to look events around them differently and this beliefs can bring positive and negative impacts to them as it might not only effect their reasoning skills but the understanding of real science world. It may be a concurrence that the decrease in the scientific beliefs to the increased in the beliefs of paranormal events among the society. This raises many questions on why people tends to beliefs in something that can’t be explain clearly than science which can show results with laboratory reports. Social psychology explains this by indicating that society tends to create strong beliefs in issues that been discussed traditionally. In 2001, Markovsky and Thye demonstrated in their experimental studies on malleability of paranormal beliefs to social pressures. Through their study they found that their participants become notably tends to believe they had observed a mystical incident when a accomplice who witnessed the same incident claimed to believe the experience to be true. For an example, when a student always fails in exams and loss interest in studies were brought by his or her parents to a priest where the priest claims that the student is very bright in studies and will get state award in studies. These claims will make the students belief the priest as respective figure in society, as the self-fulfilling prophecy process take place. Through this the students will put more afford in the studies and indeed get very impressive results as the priest claims. This will encourage the students to share among the peers and the beliefs will continuously take place as it gives positive effect towards student’s life. We also can’t deny the prediction could bring negative effect if the student accepts the information given negatively. It’s important for us to understand that this paradoxes belief mainly comes from an intuitive system and not due to malfunctioning of analytical system. This explains clearly why till today these beliefs do not fade away even with the increase of education, scientific knowledge, and rational thinking. This also explains why students tend to hold the beliefs as much as the society around them. Religious beliefs and this paradoxes shares positive qualities and similarities. Those who are religious be more intuitive, having experienced more spiritual event and having peers and parents with more positive attitudes towards the supernatural forces and pseudoscience beliefs. This explains the example given in above paragraph clearly (Harnio, 2007).
Method

Participants

Fifty participants will be selected from the age range 18-50 years old who are students in SEGi, Penang and MAHSA College, Kuala Lumpur. The participants will be chosen randomly from both college and they can be pursuing any field of interest. Consent papers will be given to the participants in which include the simple procedures that required to be followed in completing the survey while informing the purpose of this study conducted to the participants. This survey is based on the willingness of participants so that the survey results won’t be affected by biasness or other factors.

Design

This study uses the survey techniques in collecting data for the results. There will be 2 sets of questionnaires will be given out to each participant and all the survey papers contain the same type of questions. The questions design in both pseudo science and superstitious belief with the experience of the participant’s to see the correlations clearly. The second sets of questionnaires were taken from Valle (2008) to make the research to have strong results and which will help to have comparison. The study is a qualitative research as the survey questions are used to identify the correlations between the beliefs of both paradoxes and affect the participant’s gain through the beliefs. Survey methods were chosen as it will help in collecting data on issues that are not easily observable.

Materials

There will be two sets of questionnaires given out to the participants to fill up. The questionnaires are mostly contains closed ended questions and likert scale. The second set of questionnaires are based on previous studies that used by Vallee (2008) with five adjectives (1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3 (neutral), 4 (agree), and 5 (strongly agree)).

Procedures

The participants will be chosen from both colleges as mention earlier randomly 25 students from each respective college. They will ask to sign the consent papers if they interested in completing the survey and in the basis of willingness. Each group will be given to complete the surveys on separate days. The participants will be told that this survey is done purely for college research purpose and not for other usage. This is to avoid misunderstanding from the participants view of point and also to reduces the biasness which may take place if all participant given to complete the survey at same time. One participant will take part in the survey at one time. The purpose is to avoid participant to share their point of view which will affect others perceptions and analysis of the questions. This is also to make sure that each participant will able to give answers based on their own opinions and beliefs and not from others suggestions or opinions.

They will also be told that the results of the research will be given upon request when all the research questions has been collected and evaluated. Each participant will be given their own time in completing the task and which will help them to complete the task with less stress and hurry. After each participant is finished and the materials are collected, the participants will be thanked for participating in the research for their time spending on the survey.

Results

Table 1

|Please evaluate your beliefs and tick (√) in the appropriate columns. Thank you. | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| |Belief | |Believe |Not Sure |Do Not Believe |
| | | | | | |
|1 |Dejavu, or the feeling that you have been somewhere or done something before | |10 |15 |25 |
|2 |The Devil | |25 |8 |17 |
|3 |ESP, or extrasensory perception | |10 |5 |35 |
|4 |Possesion by the Devil | |20 |2 |28 |
|5 |Psychic or Spiritual Healing | |30 |5 |15 |
|6 |Telepathy | |10 |30 |10 |
|7 |Haunted Houses | |30 |2 |18 |
|8 |Extraterrestrial beings have visited the Earth | |5 |20 |25 |
|9 |Clairvoyance | |0 |30 |20 |
|10 |Astrology | |40 |0 |10 |
|11 |Ghosts | |50 |0 |0 |
|12 |Reincarnation | |10 |18 |22 |
|13 |Communication with the dead | |0 |22 |28 |
|14 |Telekinesis | |0 |0 |50 |
|15 |Witches | |0 |20 |30 |
|16 |Channeling, or allowing a "spirit being" to assume control of a human body during a trance |30 |0 |20 |
|18 |Pyramids have special healing power | |5 |2 |43 |
|19 |Rock crystals have a special healing power | |10 |3 |37 |
|20 |Chiropractic medicine is a useful holistic alternative to alternative to traditional medicine |0 |40 |10 |
|22 |Vitamin C can prevent or cure the common cold | |50 |0 |0 |
|23 |Homeopathic medicine is a useful hoilistic alternative to traditional medicine | |15 |0 |35 |
|Please evaluate your experience and tick (√) in the appropriate columns. Thank you. | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| |Experience | |Yes |Not Sure |No |
| | | | | | |
|1 |The feeling of déjà vu or that you have been somewhere or done somethinf before | |0 |0 |50 |
|2 |That you were in touch with or getting a message from someone without using | |10 |0 |40 |
|3 |the five senses | | | | |
|4 |Been able to heal your body using the power of your mind without traditional | |10 |0 |40 |
|5 |medicine | | | | |
|6 |Felt that you were in touch with someone who has already died | |22 |8 |20 |
|7 |Consulted a fortune teller or psychic | |50 |0 |0 |
|8 |Been in a house you felt was haunted | |36 |2 |12 |
|9 |Felt you were talking to or being talked to by the Devil | |2 |0 |48 |
|10 |Seen or been in the presence of a ghost | |18 |0 |32 |
|11 |Felt that you were on Earth before in a previous life | |26 |4 |20 |
|12 |Personally seen someone moving or bending objects using mental energy | |0 |1 |50 |
|13 |Consulted an astrologer | |50 |0 |0 |
|14 |Bought or used a rock crystals for its healing powers | |36 |2 |12 |
|15 |Been personally involved in channeling | |0 |4 |46 |
|16 |Bought or used a pyramid for its healing powers | |38 |2 |10 |
|17 |Been treated by a chiropractor | |0 |2 |48 |
|18 |Cured yourself of a cold by taking vitamin C | |50 |5 |35 |
|19 |Taken a homeopathic remedy for illness | |2 |5 |43 |

Table 2

Likert Scale |Q1 |Q2 |Q3 |Q4 |Q5 |Q6 |Q7 |Q8 |Q9 |Q10 | | |1 |19 |7 |5 |7 |28 |12 |3 |22 |5 |3 | | |2 |4 |3 |7 |22 |12 |7 |3 |18 |9 |1 | | |3 |10 |0 |15 |0 |2 |5 |18 |0 |0 |22 | | |4 |2 |1 |10 |11 |3 |10 |20 |2 |4 |6 | | |5 |15 |39 |13 |10 |5 |16 |6 |8 |32 |18 | | |

For the first of questions the students tends to hold believes in supernatural powers and events, such as ghost, haunted houses, existences of devil and pseudoscience such as astrologers, palm readers, psychic power and etc even when they didn’t experience it. All the participants says yes for the questions they been consulted an astrologers before. And the same questions repeated in beliefs, 80% of them beliefs in the predictions given by the astrologers. Even though all of them agrees that they belief in ghost but only 36% of them does say yes in having experience with ghost. This shows that students believe and experiences holds strong positive correlations.

The second set of questionnaires added more prove in explaining that both paradoxes beliefs do affect student’s life indirectly in positive and negative manner. 38% of the students strongly disagree with the questions that, “I do not believe that anyone really has psychic powers”. This shows that they belief people do posses this power and its correlates positively with the 1st questions where why students believe in astrologers and psychic powers. 64% of students strongly agree that fortune tellers can really tell one’s future correctly. This also supports and correlates positively with the first set of questionnaires.

Discussion

In the both set of questionnaires, the students tends to hold stronger beliefs in certain paradox events which are common like astrology, haunted houses, possessions of ghost and etc. the results also shows that when they hold strong beliefs in the paradoxes it’s not that necessity for them to experience. The students to hold beliefs in certain paradoxes like channeling or trance despite the fact that they personally involved in it. When they had been experience it themselves the beliefs tends to be stronger. This explains why students still seek advice from astrologers, belief in ghost and etc. There are certain paradoxes like telekinesis and clairvoyance, students doesn’t hold any belief in it. It could be that they not very sure with the meaning of this paradoxes or it’s uncommon in their cultures. When the issues comes to experiences majority of the students agree that they been consulted an astrologer and consulted a fortune teller or psychic. This mainly because it’s common in Asian culture to consulted these professionals to improve their lifestyle in many aspects. For an example, an Indian family had to consult an astrologer if they would like to purchase any property, marriage and even for the dates to do the funeral ceremony. Thus, it’s not surprising for the students to experience it at least one in their lifetime. Paradox such as pyramids have special healing power only 10% of the students experience and agree that they belief it but almost 76% of the students been purchased those type of pyramids before. This shows that when they don’t experience the claim of the paradox their belief also lessen down in it. It was expected for the students to write different answers for believe and experience that vitamin C cures cold. But the students belief that vitamin C can cure colds as 76% of the students answered yes for experiencing it.

The second set of questionnaires, used to add proves in this both paradoxes believe do affect student’s life. The questions are almost similar as the first set of questionnaires and it’s to see clearly the positive correlations between both sets of questions. Students strongly hold belief in ghost and existence of paranormal events around them. They also believe in pseudoscience such as astrology, palm reading, and psychic powers strongly. This shows that this paradox does affect the student’s life positively. Through these belief students tends to apply self fulfilling prophecy in their life. When they belief the fortune tellers and astrologers they try their best to improve their lifestyle where indirectly lead them to get positive effect from it. When the results of this prediction didn’t satisfy them, the students tend to avoid it as much as they can and pay more attention to their weakness. This helps them to understand their own ability and able to improve their life. In short, predictions they get from the people who practices fortune telling, astrology, and psychic powers make the students to be more conscious of their life and their future which indirectly makes them more matured and problem solvers effectively.

Limitations

Limitations of these studies is the populations of students been used. This survey only been done among Malaysian students and according to their cultural background, experiences, and beliefs.

Suggestions for future studies

In future the results can be added stronger evidence by increasing the size of population used in the survey. The researcher can be extended to other cultural background students to compare and see the difference in beliefs and experiences. In future research the survey questions can be added with open ended questions below each questions as to understand why the participants choose that particular answer in order to get more precise understanding on how beliefs and experiences correlates.

Conclusion

The survey reaches the expected results as its shows that beliefs does correlates with the experience positively. This positive correlations show that students do get positive effects from this beliefs. It also explains that cultures, social groups of the participants somehow indirectly influence the results. This because, when the participants comes from cultures that rich with pseudoscience and superstitious beliefs, they hold stronger beliefs even they didn’t experience it personally.

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