...The transatlantic slave trade is the longest lasting forced migration in history. Lasting from the 15th century to the end of the 19th century, the trade was responsible for the of between 12-15 million people being transported from Africa to the Western Hemisphere. During this time African men, women, and children were kidnaped from their home, torn away from their families and shipped halfway across the world to unknown lands. These voyages took anywhere between six to eight weeks, totalling over 4,000 miles. The Africans forced to make these journeys on these crowded ships were barely kept alive. Each space that they were kept in was approximately five feet three inches high and four feet four inches wide. People were packed so close that...
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...was her mother’s first name. She did not have any choice but was to be born into slavery. Ever since she was a baby, that was all she known. She was born in the 1820’s in Dorchester County, Maryland on a plantation. Died on March 10th, 1913 in Auburn, New York. Harriet is known to be an African American abolitionist, humanitarian and was a Union spy during the American Civil War. Tubman had made a choice and escaped from slavery. She made thirteen missions to rescue more than seventy slaves all around. The Underground Railroad was a way she used antislavery activists and safe houses. Later in her days, she helped a man named, John Brown who recruited men for his raid on Harpers Ferry. There soon was a post-war era that struggled for women’s suffrage. Harriet Tubman was a very strong, independent woman and never gave up to help other African Americans from becoming marketed in the slave trade. Harriet’s mother had been selected to be apart of the big house where they sold off slaves to people. Tubman acted like a big sister and took care of her younger brother and a baby in the house. When Harriet Tubman was about five or six years of age, Brodess hired her out to Miss Susan whom had a baby she wanted Harriet to watch and be her nursemaid. Miss Susan had Harriet only watch the baby when it was sleeping and if the baby woke up and started to cry when it was not suppose to, Harriet got punished for it and was whipped. Till the day that Harriet died, she still had the...
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...Tussaint Country & Black Jacobins Springing from the French Revolutions, the revolt in Saint-Domingue began on August 21, 1791, and quickly spread throughout the country, causing tens of thousands of people to join the revolt. The Haitian Slave Revolution was fuelled not only by the war against Revolutionary France, but the radical black general Toussaint L’Ouverture. Saint-Domingue, the western part of Haiti, was the largest and most profitable colony for the French, until news of the revolution in Paris weakened Saint-Domingue’s colonial power and created the opportunity for revolts. On August 29, 1793, after being attacked by the Royalists, the Spanish, and the British, L’Ouverture, a former slave himself, issued a law abolishing slavery. L’Ouverture’s ruling led to a series of slave revolts, and he had to brake his ties with his pro-slavery allies before joining the French Republicans in May of 1794. With L’Ouverture’s new allegiance, he was described by many as a “Black Jacobin”, and began a full-blown war in attempts to abolish slavery. L’Ouverture soon became the leader of the ever-growing rebellious black population of Haiti. Despite an attempt made by the British in 1798 to conquest colony, Haiti remained that of the slaves, and costed the British thousands of men while during so. L’Ouverture’s empire came crashing down when French ruler Napoleon Bonaparte’s attempt to defeat the Black Jacobins resulted in the arrest of L’Ouverture. L’Ouverture remained in a...
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...History books mainly reflect the involvement of men. The abolitionists (Clarkson and Wilberforce), the Slave traders (Canot) and the enslaved (Equaino). In portrayal of enslaved people, men appear more frequently. In the movie Amistad it is told from the point of view of Cinque; in the TV series Roots it follows Kunta Kinte. This male dominated history fails to acknowledge, belittles and devalues the role of women at all levels of slavery. What about the female slave traders, slave owners, enslaved females, female rebels and abolitionists? Are they really invisible? Verene Shepherd, in Women in Caribbean History states that up until the 1970s Caribbean books neglected women because early historians looked at colonisation, government, religion, trade and war fare, activities men were more involved in. Also some historians felt that women’s issues did not merit inclusion and where women could have been included, such as slave uprisings, their contributions were ignored. Shepherd believes changes occurred with the influence of women’s groups who tried to correct the gender neutral or male biased history. There was also a shift into social history, looking at the non elite and into topics such as family life. Books started to look at women’s social and political activities. Unfortunately there was a lack of first hand accounts from the period of the transatlantic slave trade – accounts written by men at the time either ignored women or perpetuated the myth of female inferiority...
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...Last name 1 First name Last name Instructor's Name Course Number 15 February 2016 SECTION 1 Describe the economic, social and political importance of water in the historical narrative from 1500 through the 1790's. Introduction The use of water in the history of the United States impacted the everyday life of the various inhabitants presents during the vast period from early 16 century to the 1790's. Before the colonist and settlers ever migrated to this region, the natives who were the Indians were able to grow a few crops and conduct regular fishing as part of their diet. Upon the arrival of the white people, they were able to trade with them in exchange for their products like kitchenware and clothes. They were able to live sustainably because they understood the climate and the weather pattern having lived here for longer. Without their help, the immigrants would found the land very tough to inhabit and possibly they might have turn back away discouraged. Water is essential in every part of the human life, for example, cooking, cleaning, growth of crops and animal rearing. As it shapes individual livelihood, so does it shape families and communities. The white people who had experienced civilization centuries earlier were able to expel forcefully the natives and begin massively controlling the land all the way from the coast to the inland. The presence of good harbors and ports contributed to the influx of foreigners while the good productive land and adequate rainfall provided...
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...PSYCHOPATHS IN POWER: THE COLLAPSE OF THE AFRICAN DREAM IN A PLAY OF GIANTS Olusegun Adekoya Department of English Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife Nigeria oadekoya2@yahoo.com AN ABSTRACT A critical investigation of Wole Soyinka’s A Play of Giants, the paper discusses what the playwright himself calls the Aminian theme, that is, African leaders’ obsession with power, a seductive drive that breeds moral corruption, dictatorship, delusions, economic distortions and ruination, megalomania, perversion and desecration of all that is good in African traditions, and the evaporation of all the dreams of greatness, of nationalism, liberation from colonial thraldom, disease, ignorance and poverty, and of pan-Africanism nursed in the heady days of Independence celebrations. The four despots caricatured in the play are Field-Marshal Kamini (late Idi Amin, deposed president of Uganda), Emperor Kasco (Jean-Bedel Bokassa, former Emperor of the Central African Republic), Benefacio Gunema (late President Macias Nguema of Equatorial Guinea), and General Barra Tuboum (late President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of Congo). They are in New York to attend the General Assembly of the United Nations. In response to the Secretary-General’s request for a work of art representative of each member nation’s culture, say, a miniaturized bust of the president, they sit for a life-size group sculpture on Kamini’s suggestion and in what appears to be a vivid demonstration of the old...
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...brother, Benjamin, being the first victim. His father, John, passed from pneumonia; a fishing trip with companions ended in a friend drowning; an emigrant was stabbed to death in his father’s office; a shooting of citizen by a local merchant; a slave would end up mutilated and dead. Clemens’ youth was a devastating and mortalizing event of trauma. However, the town, friends, and environment would later inspire Clemens to write two of his world-renowned novels: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. To provide for his family, Clemens would work as a printer's’ apprentice for Joseph P. Ament’s Missouri Courier. The child play and adventures in boyhood of Clemens would come to an end at the age of thirteen. The young Clemens would work until his eldest brother, Orion, bought the Hannibal Journal and began publishing weekly newspaper where he would work there with his brother, Henry. Orion would leave town and this gave Clemens an opportunity to finally publish a sketch where he would first go under the pseudonym “ W. Epaminodas Adrastus Perkins.” He would later undergo as other pseudonyms, such as “ Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass” and the infamous “ Mark Twain.” Nearing was the age of 18, Clemens had taken hold of a trade and left the town of Hannibal to peruse as a itinerant laborer. From this journey, he discovered the reality and self-responsibilities of the cold world. In the early 1850s, Clemens traveled to the East and had the occupation of a typesetter...
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...CORN AND CULTURE: THE INFLUENCE OF ZEA MAYS ACROSS CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL BOUNDARIES BY GINNY MARIE MUELLER Undergraduate Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the University Scholar distinction The University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2011 Approved by: James C. McKusick, Dean The Davidson Honors College Kathleen Kane, Faculty Mentor English David Moore, Faculty Reader English 1 Mueller, Ginny, B.A., May 2011 English Literature Corn and Culture: The Influence of Zea mays across Cultural and Historical Boundaries Faculty Mentor: Kathleen Kane Second Faculty Reader: David Moore Corn's status as a critical food crop, and its location within indigenous new world cosmographies, illustrate the important sociocultural role the plant has played for millennia. However, modern society has elevated Zea mays far above the status of mere plant, fashioning it into a commodity intimately connected to systems of control and capitalism. Consequently, corn has played an essential role in colonization, industrialization, and the advent of overproduction. The beliefs and literature of numerous new world cultures, along with the literatures of modern Western cultures, offer a striking analysis of corn's current position in western society. The far-reaching impacts that corn has on our socioeconomic and subsistence systems reveal a great deal about globalization, commodification, and dominance. This paper examines corn through a cultural studies lens, documenting...
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...Bibliographic Essay on African American History Introduction In the essay “On the Evolution of Scholarship in Afro- American History” the eminent historian John Hope Franklin declared “Every generation has the opportunity to write its own history, and indeed it is obliged to do so.”1 The social and political revolutions of 1960s have made fulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks Higgingbotham, ed., Harvard Guide to African American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, Jr., eds., The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001); and Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro- American Slavery (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988), provide informative narratives along with expansive bibliographies. General texts covering major historical events with attention to chronology include John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000), considered a classic; along with Joe William Trotter, Jr., The African American 1  Experience (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001); and, Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The...
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...or bonded labor. Some humanitarian groups buy captives’ freedom, but critics say that only encourages slave traders to seize more victims. Meanwhile, nearly a million people Abducted from her village in southern Sudan when she was 6 years old, Akuac Malong was enslaved in northern Sudan until she was freed at age 13. are forcibly trafficked across international borders annually and held in captivity. Even in the United States, thousands of women and children from overseas are forced to become sex workers. Congress recently strengthened the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, but critics say it is still not tough enough, and that certain U.S. allies that harbor traffickers are treated with “kid gloves” for political reasons. I N S I D E THIS ISSUE THE ISSUES ......................275 BACKGROUND ..................282 CHRONOLOGY ..................283 CURRENT SITUATION ..........287 AT ISSUE ..........................289 OUTLOOK ........................291 The CQ Researcher • March 26, 2004 • www.thecqresearcher.com Volume 14, Number 12 • Pages 273-296 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................293 THE NEXT STEP ................294 RECIPIENT OF SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE x AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILVER GAVEL AWARD HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SLAVERY T CQ Researcher H E THE ISSUES 275 • Does buying slaves in order to free them solve the problem? • Is the...
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...TOPIC 1: THE AMERINDIANS Week 1: THE ARAWAKS (Theme One) PAPER: CORE CONTENT----BAHAMIAN-WEST INDIAN HISTORY References: Bahamian History Bk.I by Bain, G. Macmillan,1983 2.Caribbean story Bk. I and II By Claypole, W Longman (new edition) 1987 3. Development to Decolonization by Greenwood R, Macmillan, 1987 4.Caribbean people Bk.I by Lennox Honeychurch. Nelson, 1979 The Migration of the Indians to the New World. It is believed that the people who Columbus saw when he came to the New World were nomadic hunters from central and East Asia who followed the buffalo and deer. When the herds moved, people moved after them because they were dependent on the animals for food. It is therefore suspected that the herds led the people out of Asia by the north-east, across the Bering Strait and into North America. They crossed the sea by an ice –bridge when it was frozen over during the last Ice-Age. They did not know that they were crossing water from one continent to another. Map 1 Amerindians migration from central Asia into North America. The Amerindians settled throughout North America and were the ancestors of the many Red Indian tribes we know today, as well as the Eskimos in the far north. In general, they were nomadic but some followed settled agricultural pursuits and developed civilizations of their own like the Mayas in South America (check internet reference for profile on this group, focus on...
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...Global Travel and Trade The African Cultural Heritage West African Kingdoms The Europeans in Africa Native American Cultures Maya Civilization The Empires of the Incas and the Aztecs The Spanish in the Americas and the Aftermath of Their Conquest The Impact of Technology Christian Humanism and the Northern Renaissance Luther and the Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism The Catholic Reformation 2 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte The Industrial Revolution Advancing Industrialism Colonialism China and the West Social and Economic Realities Nineteenth-Century Social Theory: conservatism, liberalism & socialism The Radical View of Marx and Engels Picasso and the Birth of Cubism Futurism, Fauvism and Non Objective Art The Birth of Motion Pictures Freud and the Psyche Total War and Totalitarianism The First World War The Russian Revolution Nazi Totalitarianism The Second World War Identity and Liberation: Gandhi, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X 3 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The Black Death The most devastating natural catastrophe of the early modern era was the bubonic plague, which hit Europe in 1347 and destroyed one third to one half of its population within less than a century. Originating in Asia and spread by the Mongol tribes that dominated that vast area, the disease devastated China and the Middle East, interrupting long-distance trade and crossnatural encounters...
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...transportation fees through prostitution, 12 hours a day, and six days a week. Guards were posted at the doors. Attempted escapes were punished with severe beatings. The bosses considered rape a training method. Mexican farm workers paid $20 for a condom and 15 minutes with a woman, though on average they received $3 per encounter. It became impossible for the women to pay their debts, since the bosses added charges for room, board and miscellaneous fines to the original transportation fee. Eventually two 15 year-olds successfully fled to the Mexican consulate and the traffickers were arrested. The women face deportation to Mexico, where some of the original recruiters are still at large. (D’Agostino, Joseph. “The New Illegal Immigrants: Sex Slaves.” Human Events 7/2/99, Vol. 55, Issue 24, p. 4) Freedom is a short, powerful word we take for granted every day. It is hard to fully appreciate freedom when we have never had it snatched away from us. We get to choose our jobs, where we live, what we eat. If we are unhappy with any of our life situations we have the freedom to leave and engage in some other activity that satisfies us. Unfortunately, some people are not so lucky. They live the majority of their lives without ever experiencing freedom due to the various practices of modern day slavery. Today, there are millions of people around the world being kidnapped, virulently mistreated and sometimes even murdered, all to facilitate cheap or free labour and sexual...
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...Acids, bases and salts yl:chemistry FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL Contributor YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: f Define acid, acid anhydride, base, alkali, salt, acidic, basic, amphoteric and neutral oxides f Relate acidity and alkalinity to the pH scale f Discuss the strengths of acids and alkalis on the basis of their completeness of ionisation f Investigate the reactions of non-oxidising acids with metals, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, bases f Investigate the reaction of bases with ammonium salts f Identify an appropriate method of salt preparation based on the solubility of the salt f Distinguish between acid salts and normal salts POINTS TO NOTE f Non-metals form acidic oxides, while metals form basic oxides. f Amphoteric oxides show both basic and acidic properties, while neutral oxides show neither. f Non-metallic oxides dissolve in water to form acids. f Metallic oxides are basic oxides and dissolve in water to form alkalis. f Acids combine with bases to form salt and water only. f Salts can be formed from the reaction of acids with carbonates, hydrogen-carbonates, alkalis and metals. f The pH of a substance indicates how acidic or basic (alkaline) its aqueous solution is. The pH scale goes from 0 - 14 with a pH less than 7 described as acidic and a pH greater than 7 described as basic or alkaline. One can use pH paper (litmus) or indicator solutions, such as methyl orange and phenolphthalein, to determine whether substances are alkaline...
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...Th e T yranny of Gui lt • Pa s c a l B ru c k n e r Translated from the French by s t ev e n r e n da l l The tyranny of Guilt An Essay on Western Masochism • P r i n c e t o n u n i v e r si t y P r e s s Princeton and Oxford english translation copyright © 2010 by Princeton university Press First published as La tyrannie de la pénitence: essai sur le masochisme occidental by Pascal Bruckner, copyright © 2006 by Grasset & Fasquelle Published by Princeton university Press, 41 William street, Princeton, new Jersey 08540 in the united kingdom: Princeton university Press, 6 oxford street, Woodstock, oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu all rights reserved library of congress cataloging-in-Publication data Bruckner, Pascal. [tyrannie de la pénitence. english] The tyranny of guilt: an essay on Western masochism / Pascal Bruckner; translated from the French by steven rendall. p. cm. includes index. isBn 978-0-691-14376-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. civilization, Western— 20th century. 2. civilization, Western—21st century. 3. international relations—Moral and ethical aspects. 4. Western countries—Foreign relations. 5. Western countries—intellectual life. 6. Guilt 7. self-hate (Psychology) 8. World politics. i. title. CB245.B7613 2010 909’.09821--dc22 2009032666 British library cataloging-in-Publication data is available cet ouvrage, publié dans le cadre d’un programme d’aide à la publication, bénéficie du soutien du Ministère des affaires étrangères et du service...
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