...Evolutionary Anthropology 21:50–57 (2012) ISSUES The Science Behind Pre-Columbian Evidence of Syphilis in Europe: Research by Documentary GEORGE J. ARMELAGOS, MOLLY K. ZUCKERMAN, AND KRISTIN N. HARPER This article discusses the presentation of scientific findings by documentary, without the process of peer review. We use, as an example, PBS’s ‘‘The Syphilis Enigma,’’ in which researchers presented novel evidence concerning the origin of syphilis that had never been reviewed by other scientists. These ‘‘findings’’ then entered the world of peer-reviewed literature through citations of the documentary itself or material associated with it. Here, we demonstrate that the case for pre-Columbian syphilis in Europe that was made in the documentary does not withstand scientific scrutiny. We also situate this example from paleopathology within a larger trend of ‘‘science by documentary’’ or ‘‘science by press conference,’’ in which researchers seek to bypass the peer review process by presenting unvetted findings directly to the public. George J. Armelagos is Goodrich C. White Professor of Anthropology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. His research has focused on diet and disease in prehistory. He was the Viking Medal Medalist (Wenner-Gren Foundation) in 2005, received The Franz Boas Award for Exemplary Service to Anthropology from the American Anthropological Association in 2008, and The Charles Darwin Award for Lifetime Achievement to Biological Anthropology...
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...Nuclear Revelations and Carbon Dioxide Enigma This upcoming election calls for a candidate who can help Canada continue to thrive and blossom as it has for many generations. The future of this extraordinary country relies on intelligent decision making and a unique outlook on tackling significant dilemmas that are up and coming. As Prime Minister, I would confront these problems in an idiosyncratic manner which would sanction for a cleaner, healthier, and brighter future for our children, and our children’s children. Together, through wise choices and a little time and effort, we can attain a more self-sufficient country and assist in the effacement of carbon dioxide emissions and dangerous greenhouse gases. In such, I plan to implement a radiant and greener future by manifesting the instalment of additional nuclear energy plants, and effective strategies among the government and citizens to help reduce the dangerous and rising carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. Canada is increasingly growing in it’s involvement in the nuclear sector. Soon, we will need to make major decisions regarding the construction of new nuclear reactors and other applications in this field such as uranium milling and mining and processing. As Prime Minister, I will make sure to implement the development of nuclear facilities as soon as possible as they not only contribute to these applications, but also, ameliorate growth in the aerospace, automotive, manufacturing and engineering sectors...
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...Multiple Sclerosis: A Neurological Enigma Multiple sclerosis is a neurological immune-mediated disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. It is an unpredictable, often disabling disease that disrupts the flow of information within the brain and between the brain and the body. MS affects one in every 500 persons, women twice as frequently as men. It is more common in young adults, and causes a variety of neurological deficits (visual loss, paralysis, sensory loss, ataxia, brainstem signs, psychiatric disorders, and dementia). Many MS cases evolve over a long period (20-30 years) with remissions and exacerbations. Some cases have an acute, even fatal course, and others go into a relentlessly progressive phase after a period of remissions and exacerbations. MS involves an immune mediated process that develops when a previous viral injury to the nervous system has occurred in a genetically susceptible individual. B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and activated T cells, along with pro-inflammatory cytokines, cause inflammation, oligodendrocyte injury, and demyelination. Early inflammation and demyelination lead to irreparable axonal degeneration and scarring (Huether & McCance, 2012). MS not only causes focal inflammatory changes but also causes diffuse injury throughout the central nervous system called MS lesions or plaques. MS lesions can occur anywhere in gray or white matter with localized areas of demyelination, changes in the components of myelin, damage to oligodendrocytes...
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...Journal of Sociology and Education in Africa – Vol.4 No.2: June 2006 INSTITUTING ACADEMIC INTEGRITY IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF MORALITY AND MOTIVATION Olabisi Olasehinde-Williams Department of EductgionalFoundations University of Ilorin, Nigeria ABSTRACT This paper explores the issue of academic integrity in Nigerian universities from the psychological perspectives of morality and motivation. The need and procedure for confronting the problem of academic dishonesty via academic integrity policy are advocated; and specific obligations and responsibilities of academic staff, students and administration in evolving academic integrity climate in universities are identified. Collaborative efforts among universities in engendering academic integrity climate; and collaborative research work in related areas are considered important and called for in the paper. INTRODUCTION It is no longer news that academic dishonesty remains one of the major challenges of the Nigerian education system (Olasehinde, 2000; Olasehinde-Williams, Abdullahi & Owolabi, 2003). – Literature is also replete with plausible explanations for the ‘culture’ of academic dishonesty (Olasehinde et al. 2003); and researchers have proposed variety of methods of dealing with the same (Crown & Spiller, 1998; Marzean, 2001). Deriving from such proposals for instance, it is new commonplace in most universities, to take such measures as alternate seating arrangements and identity checks in order...
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...Describe the spatial characteristics of drumlins in Ireland and explain their relationship to the evolution of the last lowland ice sheets in Ireland. Drumlins are undoubtedly among the most intensively studied of all glacial landforms and have bee particularly widely used as ice-directional indicators. They frequently occur in ‘fields’ or ‘swarms’ in lowland areas where there was little obstruction to the passage of ice, or in piedmont zones where flow was radiative or dispersive. They are also occasionally found on the floors of glacial troughs. Many are ellipsoidal in form, some kilometres in length have been observed (Lemke 1958). Most possess a prominent stoss end with a trailing distal slope. It is generally agreed with the direction of the drumlin long axis reflects local direction of ice movement with the stoss end usually pointing up-glacier. The ice moulded or streamlined form appears to be produced by variations in stress levels at the base of the ice, although the precise mode of formation of the features is far from clear. The Kingscourt drumlins mentioned below gives a detailed account of the spatial characteristics and it’s internal components. ‘In addition to the regional ice flow trends displayed by their long axes, the overall shape of drumlins can provide information on former glacial dynamics, such as indications of basal ice pressure and rate and type of ice flow (Doornkamp and King 1971)’[1]. The recent work on drumlins has tended to concentrate...
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...(SUBMITTED BY) TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION HISTORY BODY * EASTERN PAINTING * WESTERN PAINTING * 20th-CENTURY MODERN * AND CONTEMPORARY DEFINITION OF TERMS * FAMOUS PAINTERS * AND BIOGRAPHY * Paintings of famous painters CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION REFERENCE INTRODUCTION: Painting can be done in a variety of media. For example, Oils, Watercolour, Acrylics, Gouache and Tempera. Paints are made from a pigment, and a binder. Binder is relatively cheap, while pigment is much more expensive. Pigments are a colored powder, made from organic or inorganic materials. (This is different than a colorant, which dyes or stains a color.) All paints use the same basic pigments, but the binder changes. The binder for acrylics dries quickly and the paint is more like a plastic than oils which have an oil based binder and dry slowly. Oil Paints are often built up in layers or glazes. The other paints---Watercolour, Acrylics, Gouache, and Tempera---are water-based, meaning the paint can be diluted with water and clean-up can be done with soap and water. Oil paints, on the other hand, require paint thinner to clean brushes. The number and variety of painting techniques is endless. Besides quality of paint, factors affecting color quality include: paint opacity, glossiness of painting surface, lighting, transparency, and texture 1 HISTORY OF PAINTING: The history of painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans...
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...to food and nutrition requirements at the household level? (iii) What are the programmes and policies that India has followed in realizing food and nutrition security? (iv) What should be done to realize food and nutrition security for all citizens of India? Food availability is a necessary condition for food security. India is more or less self sufficient in cereals but deficit in pulses and oilseeds. Due to changes in consumption patterns, demand for fruits, vegetables, dairy, meat, poultry, and fisheries has been increasing. There is need to increase crop diversification and improve allied activities. It may be noted that the slowdown in agriculture growth could be attributed to structural factors on the supply side, such as public investment, credit, technology, land and water management, etc., rather than globalization and trade reforms per se. Access to food can be increased through employment due to growth in labour intensive sectors and/or through social protection programmes. The malnutrition problem is much broader than that of access to food. The South Asian Enigma (levels of malnutrition in Asia are higher than in Africa) is well known. India has malnutrition levels almost the levels double those of many countries in Africa. This problem needs a multi-disciplinary approach covering diet diversification including...
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...benefited from the combined interactions of forces of product mix, location factors, and market advantages. However, evidences also suggest that there are cases of SME failures. Growth of SMEs is constrained by many factors. Many SMEs occasionally go on growing into large firms. This paper looks for identifying such constraints of manufacture based SME Development in Bangladesh. From the study, it has been identified that, lack of utility facilities, for example, electricity, gas and water, frequent changes of the prices of raw materials as well as shortage of raw materials, political unrest, high interest rate on borrowings, high transportation cost, lack of financing for ongoing concern, and inadequate infrastructure are the major constraints of manufacture based SMEs Development in Bangladesh. The researchers assume that few initiatives like developing necessary infrastructure, ensuring utility services, reducing bank rate and ensuring consistent supply of raw materials can change the total scenario and thus can help the...
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...Fold along perforation before detatching cards abridge ˘ (´ BRI J) abstract ˘ (ab STRAKT) acclaim ¯ (´ KLAM) adulation ¯ (a j´ LA sh´n) ˘ adversary ˘ (AD vû(r) se r e ˘ ¯) adversity ¯) (a VÛ(R) s´ te ˘d advocate ˘ ¯ (AD v´ ka t) aesthetic ˘ ˘ (e THE tı k) ˘s affirmation ¯ (a f´ r MA shun) ˘ v. condense or shorten. v. applaud; announce with great approval. also n. adj. theoretical; not concrete; nonrepresentational. The NBC sportscasters acclaimed every American victory in the Olympics and decried every American defeat. To him, hunger was an abstract concept; he had never missed a meal. Because the publishers felt the public wanted a shorter version of War and Peace, they proceeded to abridge the novel. n. poverty; misfortune. n. opponent. n. flattery; admiration. We must learn to meet adversity gracefully. The young wrestler struggled to defeat his adversary. The rock star thrived on the adulation of his groupies and yes-men. n. positive assertion; confirmation; solemn pledge by one who refuses to take an oath. adj. artistic; dealing with or capable of appreciation of the beautiful. aesthete, n. v. urge; plead for. Despite Tom’s affirmations of innocence, Aunt Polly still suspected he had eaten the pie. The beauty of Tiffany’s stained glass appealed to Esther’s aesthetic sense. The abolitionists advocated freedom for the slaves. Fold along perforation...
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...January 9, 1986 There was no phone, and the window to the outside was too small for anyone but a small cat or a large rat to crawl through. Slitting her fingers through the envelope and withdrawing the letter yet again, she felt her remaining hope disappear instantly. The envelope that had been left in her office mailbox was supposed to have interested her. At first she had been excited but with every reading of it from agitation gave way to despair. Amanda Hylen had been awaited for this rendezvous for months now but it appeared as though it may never happen. Amanda had never been a patient person or a very caring one either. She was best known around her office for disregarding other peoples’ opinions and rarely did she consider the impact her action might have on another person or their feelings. Behind her back, her colleagues often referred to her as being selfish, uncaring, arrogant, and unkind as well as many other names that shouldn’t be repeated. The fact that she was short and had a prosthetic leg didn’t help her temperament. Fits of rage filled with flailing arms and spit had a reputation through her office. Her chestnut hair sprinkled with golden highlights that resembling the leaves of a poplar tree in autumn allowing her turquoise eyes to look even brighter and more welcoming. Her features allowed her to conceal her true employment with almost anything while she was away. ...
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...what they are looking for as well as what they want to pay. An organisation's pricing policy will vary according to time and circumstances. Crudely speaking, the value of water in the Lake District will be considerably different from the value of water in the desert. The place Although figures vary widely from product to product, roughly a fifth of the cost of a product goes on getting it to the customer. 'Place' is concerned with various methods of transporting and storing goods, and then making them available for the customer. Getting the right product to the right place at the right time involves the distribution system. The choice of distribution method will depend on a variety of circumstances. It will be more convenient for some manufacturers to sell to wholesalers who then sell to retailers, while others will prefer to sell directly to retailers or customers. The promotion Promotion is the business of communicating with customers. It will provide information that will assist them in making a decision to purchase a product or service. The razzmatazz, pace and creativity of some promotional activities are almost alien to normal business activities. The cost associated with promotion or advertising goods and services often represents a sizeable proportion of the overall cost of producing an item. However, successful promotion increases sales so that advertising and other costs are spread over a larger output. Though increased promotional activity is often a sign of a...
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...Cambridge From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the city in England. For other uses, see Cambridge (disambiguation). City of Cambridge | — City & non-metropolitan district — | King's College Chapel, seen from the Backs | Coat of Arms of the City Council | | Cambridge shown within Cambridgeshire | Coordinates: 52.205°N 0.119°E | Sovereign state | United Kingdom | Constituent country | England | Region | East of England | Ceremonial county | Cambridgeshire | Admin HQ | Cambridge Guildhall | Founded | 1st century | City status | 1951 | Government | • Type | Non-metropolitan district, city | • Governing body | Cambridge City Council | • Mayor | Sheila Stuart[1] | • MPs: | Julian Huppert (LD) Andrew Lansley (C) | Area | • Total | 44.65 sq mi (115.65 km2) | Elevation | 20 ft (6 m) | Population (2011 est.) | • Total | 123,900 (ranked 171st) | • County | 752,900 | • Ethnicity[2] | 73.8% White British 1.3% White Irish 9.8% White Other 2.2% Mixed Race 5.5% Asian 5.1% Chinese and other 2.3% Black | Time zone | Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) | • Summer (DST) | BST (UTC+1) | Postcode | CB1 – CB5 | Area code(s) | 01223 | ONS code | 12UB (ONS) E07000008 (GSS) | OS grid reference | TL450588 | Website | www.cambridge.gov.uk | Cambridge in 1575 The city of Cambridge (i/ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij) is a university town and the administrative centre of the county...
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...LONDON: THE SWINGING CITY Before Affluence and After Austerity SLIDE: London smog 1953 In the mid-1960s, London was the place to be. ‘Fifteen years earlier, few would have predicted that London would soon play host to the most swinging ball of the century’ (Sandbrook, 2006b)[i] In fact Hardy Amies had had a similar opinion when reflecting on the legacy of the Festival of Britain in 1951; nothing in it signalled the onslaught of the Swinging Sixties, making particular reference to the Britishness of design in the shape of Mary Quant and her artistic contemporaries which would have enormous further global impact (Banham & Hillier 1976)[ii]. In retrospect it is understandable; the gloomy and restrictive situation of the country locked in the interminable shackle of debt from which it seemed almost impossible to free itself, gave absolutely no hint at the transformation to come. Historical descriptions of Britain in the 1950s are invariably depressing (Akhtar & Humphries, 2001; Marr, 2007; Kynaston 2008; Sandbrook, 2006ab; Tarrant, 1990; White, 2008)[iii]. The word that tends to sum up these accounts is ‘grey’. Cyril Connolly, the writer and critic wrote in 1947 after the worst winter since records began followed by the worst flooding, that the British people had been reduced to ‘a neuter class …with [ ] drab clothes … - a careworn people … in their shabby raincoats, under a sky permanently dull and lowering like a metal dish-cover.’ (Gardiner, 1999:35)[iv] SLIDE: London...
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...LONDON: THE SWINGING CITY Before Affluence and After Austerity SLIDE: London smog 1953 In the mid-1960s, London was the place to be. ‘Fifteen years earlier, few would have predicted that London would soon play host to the most swinging ball of the century’ (Sandbrook, 2006b)[i] In fact Hardy Amies had had a similar opinion when reflecting on the legacy of the Festival of Britain in 1951; nothing in it signalled the onslaught of the Swinging Sixties, making particular reference to the Britishness of design in the shape of Mary Quant and her artistic contemporaries which would have enormous further global impact (Banham & Hillier 1976)[ii]. In retrospect it is understandable; the gloomy and restrictive situation of the country locked in the interminable shackle of debt from which it seemed almost impossible to free itself, gave absolutely no hint at the transformation to come. Historical descriptions of Britain in the 1950s are invariably depressing (Akhtar & Humphries, 2001; Marr, 2007; Kynaston 2008; Sandbrook, 2006ab; Tarrant, 1990; White, 2008)[iii]. The word that tends to sum up these accounts is ‘grey’. Cyril Connolly, the writer and critic wrote in 1947 after the worst winter since records began followed by the worst flooding, that the British people had been reduced to ‘a neuter class …with [ ] drab clothes … - a careworn people … in their shabby raincoats, under a sky permanently dull and lowering like a metal dish-cover.’ (Gardiner, 1999:35)[iv] SLIDE: London...
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...CURRICULUM OF GEOGRAPHY For 4 years BS & 2 years MS (Revised 2009) | | HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION ISLAMABAD CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC Dr. Syed Sohail H. Naqvi Executive Director Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shahikh Member (Acad) Miss Ghayyur Fatima Director (Curri) Mr. M. Tahir Ali Shah Deputy Director (Curri) Mr. Shafiullah Deputy Director Composed by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC Islamabad CONTENTS 1. Introduction………………………………… 6 2. Aims and Objectives……………………… 10 3. Standardized Format for 4-years BS degree programme ………………………. 12 4. Scheme of Studies for BS …………………. 14 5. Details of Courses for BS …………………. 16 6. Elective Group Papers ……………………. 45 7. Scheme of Studies for MS Programme …. 48 8. Details of Courses for MS …………………. 50 9. Optional Courses Model……………………. 56 10. Recommendations …………………………. 61 11. Annexures A,B,C,D & E …………………… 63 PREFACE Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By looking at the curriculum one can judge the state of intellectual development and the state of progress of the nation. The world has turned into a global village; new ideas and information are pouring in like a stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our curricula regularly by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields of knowledge. In exercise...
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