...STAGE 2 BIOLOGY ASSESSMENT TYPE 1: Investigations Folio Issues Investigation Human Awareness Essay – Source Analysis Should all babies be DNA fingerprinted at birth? Article to be evaluated: Website: Genetics and Public Issues – ELSI (Ethical, Legal and Social Issues) – http://darwin.nmsu.edu/ Reliability: This source is a reliable one as it was developed by Dr. Clay Dillingham and Dr. Susan Root. They are professionals, educated in the technique and knowledgeable about the subject with years of experience as scientists in the field. Therefore it is expected to have some reliability. Bias: This article presents both the advantages and disadvantages of the topic of storing everyone’s DNA sequences and is not biased in either direction. It gives the scientific facts and procedures of DNA fingerprinting and continues to give the good effects and also the issues it would cause in the public. It explains how DNA fingerprinting would benefit us, referring to the solving of criminal offenses, detection of possible future diseases of the subject, clues about possible behavioral traits, and other medical information. This is the positive side. The article also discusses the negative side and questions the accessibility of the DNA fingerprints and the information they hold. The effects on the public if the information was misused are discussed including the impact on individuals in relation to seeking insurance policies...
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...has it is positive and negative in other words, it is benefits and limitation. Familial DNA searching is a great way of identifying suspects from the use of family DNA. But unfortunately, it is not the most efficient way of searching because it is time consuming. In order to obtain the DNA lots of database information is required and must be obtained correctly. The database is compared/matched with existing samples and if there is a large database and a complete match can not be made then the research would be moved on to family members. The DNA testing must be obtained only from the suspect parents or siblings, or if the suspect has any children and no other family members. Also, the family member must be a male in order to match...
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...Forensic Science Introduction Within this paper the author will explain what DNA is, describe how it used and discuss the ethical issues surrounding the idea of having a national database. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the hereditary material in all humans and almost all other living organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA however no two people have the same DNA make-up. Most DNA can be found in a cell nucleus. (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna) DNA was first discovered in 1892 but wasn’t used in criminal investigations until a murder inquiry of two young girls between 1983 and 1986 which Professor Alec Jeffreys used DNA profiling to convict suspect Colin Pitchfork in 1988. Only one-tenth of a single percent of DNA differs from one person to the next. Scientists or forensic profilers can use this to generate a DNA profile of an individual using samples from blood, bone (marrow), hair, semen and other body fluids and tissues. Main Body In 1984 a very popular figure of the party Greenpeace Hilda Murrell was murdered in Shrewsbury. She had been stabbed, sexually abused and kidnapped before being left to die in a Shropshire wood of hypothermia along with her other injuries. She was due to give evidence at a public inquiry about a proposed nuclear reactor. Also her nephew played a crucial part in the sinking of the Belgrano during the Falklands war. This prompted a rash of conspiracy theories pointing the finger at British...
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...Research on DNA Forensics 1. Is DNA evidence perfect? 2. Should every prisoner have the right to reopen his or her case for DNA testing? Follow-Up Questions • Who should decide who does and does not have the right to reopen a case? • Who should pay for the testing? • How is the credibility of our legal system affected by the fact that numerous people have been convicted and then exonerated of a crime? 3. Would you vote to convict a person of a crime based solely on DNA evidence? Follow-Up Questions • Would you be more or less comfortable with convicting a person of a crime based solely on DNA evidence than with convicting a person based on eyewitness testimony? • Other than scientific evidence, what else might influence the decision of a jury? • If the case were heard by a technology-savvy jury, would the verdict have been different? • If the memories of an eyewitness are open to contamination, how can we trust what honest people see? • Should eyewitnesses that wrongly implicate a person for a crime be held accountable for damages? • Should a wrongly convicted person seek damages and restitution? What would be the implications for our legal system? • How does the questionable nature of eyewitness testimony affect the use of DNA forensics? Internet Research links Killer’s Trial (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/) From WGBH Boston, this is a collection of on-line resources that accompany a NOVA special investigating the Sam Sheppard murder...
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...applications were expected to be the result from this project? What are some of the ethical, legal and social issues that surround the HGP? What are gene patenting and the potential arguments for and against gene patenting? What are my thoughts about the Human Genome Protect and why this was an important projected between the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Energy for a 13 year period. The Human Genome Project was started in 1990, it was supposed to last for 15 years but it only took 13 years complete since the technology was more advanced and accelerated. The goals the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Energy were trying to figure out from this project were to identify all the gene in the human DNA, determine the sequence that make up the pairs of the DNA, store information in databases, improve tools for the analysis for the data, transfer related technologies to a private sector, and address the ethical, legal, and social issues that might arise from this project. Some of the ethical, legal and social issues were the fairness of who would be able to have access for genetic information, who owns the privacy and the confidentiality of this genetic information, the reproductive, clinical, health and environmental issues. The National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Energy has dedicated between 3-5% of the annual budgets to study the ethical, legal and social issues that surrounded the availability information for genetics...
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...increased psychological well-being, and greater awareness of available treatments or risk-reducing strategies, but it may also contribute to an increase in the risks associated with genetic testing, such as decreased individual and family well-being; increased depression, anxiety, guilt, stigmatization, discrimination, and family conflict; and unnecessary or inappropriate use of risk-reducing options (Riper & Gallo, 2005). Money is maybe the most important driving force in the modern era of biotechnology. Genome and genetic findings have been given also financial value. The possibility to test for genetically-based individual susceptibility provides new ideas for marketable products. In an industrial worker, a metabolic polymorphism that causes an increased risk for cancer would create an avoidable financial burden in industry and insurance companies. The involvement of such financial aspects brings along several ethical implications in genetic research. The first aspect is the motivation of scientists that determines the target of research interests and goals (Vahakangas, 2001). Another ethical implication linked with the financial aspects of science is the transparency of science. Especially genetic information is material for numerous patents and patent applications in the hope for a marketable genetic test later. An increasing amount of research is done in laboratories of private...
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...to me, because everyone has DNA and the way that scientists are able to tie our DNA to our possible future in the way of diseases is amazing and scary. The Human Genome Project is a project that was created by the U.S. Department of Energy in conjunction with the National Institute of Health in order to determine the complete DNA sequence of a person’s hereditary information. The project started in 1990 and was finally completed thirteen years later in 2003. The goal of this project was as follows: “identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA, determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, store this information in databases, improve tools for data analysis, transfer related technologies to the private sector, and Address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.” (Popular Issues Home, 2012) So far in the project: “more than 60 disease-linked genes have been identified and are believed to be advantageous to gene-based therapy development”; going forward scientist hope to identify all of the estimated 80,000 genes in human DNA. (Wattanapitayakul & Schommer, 1999) The total cost of this project was $3 billion dollars this includes the study of” human diseases, experimental organisms (such as bacteria, yeast, worms, flies, and mice); development of new technologies for biological and medical research; computational methods to analyze genomes; and ethical, legal, and social issues...
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...found that had a code of ethics was the Institute of Certified Records Management (CRM). The CRM’s code of ethics is extensive and very well put together. You have to actually become a member and if you are accused of unethical behavior you have to go through an ethical review board which determines if you can continue to use their designation. Two ethical issues that I believe are associated with the consolidation of citizen records in the London Borough of Bren are respecting the rights of privacy of individuals whose lives may be documented in intimate detail in those records and government agencies and other people can misuse the gathered information for their personal gain. The privacy issue would probably be my biggest concern since there can be very sensitive information about disabilities, mental and physical health issues, etc. listed in them. Government agencies can use the information to profile different groups of individuals on their actions, beliefs, and race. They can also use the information to seclude individuals from the majority of the population causing more harm than good. There are differences in the way that records are obtained and kept in the U.S. versus in the U.K. Although the U.S. uses the census to collect information it only does so every 10 years, which doesn’t make it...
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...a project cancer and dna oncology information system with numerous illustrations oη by okeke chika tochukwu Department of computer science madonna unversity, elele campus ©august, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS declaration ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� i dedication ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ii acKnoWledgement ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� iii aBstract ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� iv CHAPTER ONE �������������������������������������������������������� 1 introdUction �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 BackGround oF study ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 oBJectives oF study ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 scope oF the study ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 JustiFication oF study ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 statement oF proBlem �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3...
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...Eugenics: Health Benefits 1 Running Head: EUGENICS: HEALTH BENEFITS AND THE FUTURE Eugenics: Health Benefits and the Future Abstract The study of eugenics is propelling the world quickly into the future. Eugenics is the study of genetically engineering enhanced humans. This genetic engineering is done through modification of certain traits on an embryonic level, to create a heritable trait. Once modified, these traits will be passed on to the offspring of this individual, as well as demonstrated in that particular individual. The traits that can be modified are as simple as hair color, eye color, skin color, ability to grow muscle mass, body build, etc. They can be as complex as prevention of cancer and other gene-based diseases. Gene modification to create enhanced humans is an evolutionary necessity. In the day and age where the aspects of oneself can be modified with enough money or enough time, it is only natural that society would progress to the point where they would want to modify their offspring. The prospect of eugenics (literally, "well born") is not new, it spans back to the 1800's, when Sir Francis Galton created the word to define the basis for inheritance of intellect. He theorized that through the process of uncontrolled breeding, the unintelligent were outweighing the intelligent. Galton was not too far off according to movies such as Idiocracy, where the world becomes exclusively populated by morons...
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...guide Published February 2014 Published on behalf of the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit educational foundation of 15 Route des Morillons, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland by the International Baccalaureate Organization (UK) Ltd Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate Cardiff, Wales CF23 8GL United Kingdom Website: www.ibo.org © International Baccalaureate Organization 2014 The International Baccalaureate Organization (known as the IB) offers four high-quality and challenging educational programmes for a worldwide community of schools, aiming to create a better, more peaceful world. This publication is one of a range of materials produced to support these programmes. The IB may use a variety of sources in its work and checks information to verify accuracy and authenticity, particularly when using community-based knowledge sources such as Wikipedia. The IB respects the principles of intellectual property and makes strenuous efforts to identify and obtain permission before publication from rights holders of all copyright material used. The IB is grateful for permissions received for material used in this publication and will be pleased to correct any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the IB, or as expressly permitted...
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...where food is no longer produced naturally, it is imperative that you know how safe our food is and the repercussions of decisions made by biotechnologists, the FDA, and the consumer, who all drive the market of GMFs and stock your local grocery. • Preview- In my speech I will go over what genetically modified foods are, where they are found, the risks and benefits, and why the labeling of genetically modified food remains problematic. BODY 1) What are genetically modified foods? a) GMFs are made by a technique called gene splicing b) Gene splicing A. Target organism’s DNA is cut & piece removed B. New DNA from another organism inserted into the gene sequence of the original organism c) Why GMFs are made A. Higher yields B. Less susceptible to disease, drought, and pests C. Better nutrition a) EG: pigs with growth hormone 30% less fat(McHughen) D. More economical a) Use less pesticides which saves farmers money E. Some are modified to take less time to...
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...Resource Review: Resource Review-5 Sources Samuel Bakos DeVry University G.Nikhita Reddy#1, G. R. (2013). Effects of Wireless Electricity on Human Bodies. International Journal Of Engineering Trends And Technology, (6), 2567 In this part of the report I will be researching the ethical concerns society has with the introduction of wireless electricity. One of the main ethical concerns we have about wireless electricity is how will it affect the human body. This article details the different resistant levels men and women have to wireless electricity, as well as the difference resistant each body part may or may not have. Weckert, J., & Hoven, J. d. (2008). Information Technology and Moral Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press In this section of my paper I will use this resource that goes into detail of how technological advances need to be monitored almost like children to make sure they develop correctly. This resource covers the ethical concerns an emerging technology will undergo during its lifecycle. As a product goes through its lifecycle stages the ethics that relate to the technology need to evolve with the technology. Ling, R. & McEwen, R. (2010) ―Mobile communication and ethics: implications of everyday actions on social order‖, Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics - Special issue on mobile/ubiquitous computing, Norway, Vol 4, No 2. This article will be used as a point of reference for how the morals of mobile technology have changed social...
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...but rather to get ahead of crime and to get a grasp on the criminals who are committing the acts. Technology is insightful in every aspect of the criminal justice system, from the examination to the trial of crimes. The advancement of technology is already in its most profound stage of conformity. It is allowing us to be visually able to see individuals from space via satellite and target their intellect by viewing what it is they are arranging criminally and for us to use that information to our advantage. Other directions of crime fighting and its role in social policy implications suggest that we are also setting up to not only visually be ahead of the game and criminals in the future but also that we are asking it possible for us to listen more openly to conversations that are being exchanged between criminals. This alone is substantial information that sticks in the courtroom when it comes to putting these individuals behind bars for their criminal acts. There are so many forms of technology that we use such as surveillance drones that are used for beta-testing, which is a video-based crowd-sourcing software program to solve crimes. This technology searches the crowd for individuals who are criminal and listens...
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...selecting juries and managing jails and prisons. (pg. 97) * Sheriff 3. Early police officers likely gained their positions as a result of: (pg. 98) * Political connections 4. Many of our American policing institutions have their roots in _______________ tradition. (pg. 97) * English 5. The patronage system is associated with which era of policing? (pg. 98) * Political 6. All of the following were recommendations of the Wickersham Commission: (pg. 99) * 2 areas in need of reform: 1.) police brutality; 2.) “the corrupting influence of politics.” * This reform should come about through higher personnel standards, centralized police administrations, and the increased use of technology 7. Who is known as "the father of modern police administration?" (pg. 99) * August Vollmer 8. The community era of policing began in the year: (pg. 101) * 1968 9. The third era in American policing, the ____, may have started with several government initiatives, including the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act. (pg. 101) * Community era 10. Attempting to stop crimes before they are committed is a form of ____ policing. (pg. 101) * Proactive strategies / community policing 11. What was the major drawback of the reform era? (pg. 100) * Relations with the community suffered/ the civil rights movement intensified feelings of helplessness and impoverishment...
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