...lack of customer trust to the extent this area is not properly addressed. Describe the Expert Witness Trap, i.e. cause, problems generated, and how to prevent it. In litigation, we typically assume that there are two types of witnesses: the fact witness who has direct knowledge of the issues in the case and the expert witness who will use his/her specialized knowledge, skill and experience to assist the judge and the jury to understand the evidence. Most of the time these two witnesses are changed into an expert in a particular field who has first hand knowledge or involvement in the basic facts. This type of witness is called the expert witness. Calling in an expert witness can have pros and cons for the organization. The expert witness can be held in favor of the security manager but in the end the expert witness works for the courts. I think the key to deterrence of loss from the Expert Witness Trap is to first have the credentials and awareness to decrease or exclude the need for one in the first place. The experts should remained focused in various areas of the job and be able to easily communicate their education, experience and abilities. Then, when an expert witness is required, the Security Manager should be able to carefully review a pool of experts, interview them and eventually select ones that are appropriate for their situations. It is critical that such experts are ordered and there is a method to file complaints and pass along experiences through...
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...Expert Systems This paper will explain what Expert Systems are about, how it works the benefits and detriments and give an example about the system. Experts Systems is a man-made cleverness program that has expert level knowledge about a particular area and knows how to use its knowledge to respond properly. In all aspects the expert systems should replace a human expert. As defined by Edward Feigenbaum, “expert system is a wise computer program that uses knowledge and reading procedures to solve problems that are difficult to require major human expertise for their solutions.” (Robin, 2010) Additionally expert systems are usually considered to have six major components which give detail information about how the system works. It is obvious that expert systems must work behaviorally with system users in assisting them in making better decisions. The system interacts with the user by constantly asking for information until it is ready to make a decision. Once the system has gathered the information needed, an answer is returned to the user. It is important to remember that not only must the system assist in making the decision itself; it must also provide the user with reason it employed to reach its decision. The reading engine processes the date the user inputs to find matches with the knowledge base. The knowledge base is where the expert’s information is deposited. The user interface is what allows the user to communicate with the program. The explanation...
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...What is the role of the expert witness in the trial and to what extent do such witnesses fulfil this role? In understanding what expert witnesses do, one has to first establish the definition of an expert witness. An expert witness can be defined as “a person who can provide information and opinion from the body of knowledge that makes up their own expertise.” An example of an expert witness would be a psychologist. As a general rule laid by Lord Mansfield in Folkes v Chadd, “the opinion of scientific men upon proven facts may be given by men of science within their own science. In this essay, the term expert witness is going to be put under the microscope, divulging into the many aspects and rules of an expert witness and the opinion they give. A In the Criminal Procedure Rule, it terms an expert witness a person who is required to give expert evidence for the purpose of criminal proceedings, including evidence that is to determine the fitness to plead or for the purpose of sentencing. For example one may call on a police officer that is experience in collision investigations may offer his expert opinion on how the accident transpired. There are also times when an expert witness is not required, where a judge or jury can form his or her own views and inferences without the help of an expert. Expert witnesses can be called to testify on a variety of issues, such as DNA analyses, engineering, architecture, handwriting, fingerprints, psychologists, pathologist, etc. “When...
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...Expert System Robert Savageau CIS 501 ABSTRACT In the creation of an Expert System the knowledge base is in the center of it all. Understanding the process which is done through identifying, conceptualizing, formalizing, implementing, and testing followed by reiterating the stages thereby insuring knowledge acquisitioned is in its totality. There are many knowledge elicitation techniques and their success is in choosing the right method(s) used for the knowledge being acquired. The five general stages of knowledge acquisition will be discussed, as will a few knowledge elicitation methods. It is not the intent of this paper in giving a complete listing and discourse of elicitation methods, rather an introduction of knowledge acquisition design steps and methods of elicitation. Knowledge Acquisition is extracting the knowledge from any source and Knowledge Elicitation deals with attaining that knowledge specifically from people (Burge, 1998). There five general stages in knowledge acquisition giving knowledge engineers (KE) certain activities preparing the knowledge /deliverables from that stage to be used as input in the next (Marakas, p246). Hayes-Roth (1983) as referenced by Marakas (2003) and by De Kock (2003) views knowledge acquisition as consisting of five stages, having the output from one stage becoming the input for the next consecutive stage. The five stage model is a reiterative process of constant improvement and fine tuning to ensure the systems correctness...
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...Expert Systems Hema Rohira IT-620-8035-Info Resource Management-01/2013 01/13/2013 Professor: Carol Farabee, Abstract Expert systems (ESs) are applications of artificial intelligence, that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. ESs are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, like an expert (Wikepedia). There are expert systems that can diagnose human illnesses, make financial forecasts, and schedule routes for delivery vehicles. Some expert systems are designed to take the place of human experts, while others are designed to aid them. The first ESs was the Logic Theorist developed in 1956 .In 1970s, with the introduction of two AI languages ,LISP and Prolog ,ESs were brought out of the lab in to the businesses. In the 1980s, expert systems proliferated as they were recognized as a practical tool for solving real-world problems. Universities offered expert system courses and two thirds of the Fortune 1000 companies applied the technology in daily business activities. [Durkin, J. Expert Systems: Catalog of Applications. Intelligent Computer Systems, Inc., Akron, OH, 1993.). To avoid re-inventing the wheel, expert system shells were created that had more specialized features for building large expert systems. ESs are ideal for domains that are well defined, in which there is a large corpus of human expertise and knowledge, yet the knowledge is mainly heuristic and uncertain. Although expert systems do not necessarily perform...
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...Table of Contents Introduction 3 Accommodation System 3 Identification and Literature Surveys 3 The need for the system 4 Aims and Benefits 4 Domain Expert and Users 5 Users 5 Knowledge Acquisition 5 Strategy 5 Process of acquiring knowledge 5 Problems and solutions 5 Solution 6 Evaluation of prototype don`t do 6 Expert opinion 6 Performance/Achievement 6 Further Improvement 6 Special features 8 Variable 8 Tags 9 References 11 Apendices 12 Program Code 12 User Manual 15 This software will ask you your name and then you continue being friends. 15 INTRODUCTION APIIT/UCTI ACCOMMODATION SYSTEM EXPERT T he system provides apartment type accommodation located close to the campus with full condominium facilities, which includes swimming pool, launderettes, clubhouses, restaurants, 24 hr security and etc. All units are furnished with basic amenities, including a living room set, dining room set, air conditioning, washing machine, kitchen and bedroom furniture. Internet Access and Satellite TV are complementary for Deluxe Accommodation. Student can also rent apartments at their own. Rental of a 3-bedroom furnished apartment unit at Vista Komanwel Apartments ranges from RM1, 500 to RM1, 800 per month. On a six-student per unit sharing basis, rental for each student ranges between RM 350 to RM 500 per...
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...services require Calvin to be an Expert witness in the court. The following are a list of mistakes that the expert witness (Calvin) made in his engagement: * Insufficient preparation and experience in litigation support. (He have no experience in this field and He only attended a 3 day seminar before marketing for those services) * Calvin should have mentioned to the lawyer that he testified only once before in a divorce case and it was on tax services that he provided. * Calvin signed the engagement letter without carefully reviewing it. (Must importantly he should have reviewed it for any restrictions imposed on use and disclosure of his work, any conflict of interest exist with the attorney, fees and payment arrangements) * If Calvin has reviewed the engagement letter, he would have avoided the issue of independency related to fees, because the fees were tied to the trial results. * Lack of communication with his client, Lack of information (such as Plaintiff was disabled), inadequate examination of the issues presented, and wrong assumptions used for calculating potential damages. (An expert should review and rely on industry practices and professional standards instead of relying on opinion of single individuals. Also, an expert should establish a proper communication with his client in order to enable him to develop a clearer picture of the assumptions used) * He shouldn’t lie about the expert report. (An expert should discuss the report with...
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...QUESTION 1 a. Describe how expert systems perform inference [4 marks] Inferencing is the reasoning process of AI. It takes place in the brain of an AI process. The brain of an expert system is the inference engine that provides a methodology for reasoning about information in the knowledge base. Inference can be performed using semantics networks, production rules, and logic statements. b. Describe generic categories of Expert Systems applications [16 marks] Diagnosis. These are mainly used in the medical field to recommend remedies to illnesses, trouble-shoot electronic or mechanical problems or as debugging tools. Repair. Expert systems that define repair strategies are also very common. As well as diagnosing the problem they can suggest a plan for the repair of the item. The repair plan typically contains a scheduling structure and some control structure to validate the repair process. Such systems have been employed in the automotive repair field and similar areas. Instruction. They are mainly used in the training of pilots . Instructional expert systems have been used for individualised training or instruction in a particular field. The system presents material in an order determined by its evaluation of the user’s ability and current knowledge and monitor’s the progress of the student, altering the sequence depending on this progress. Interpretation. Interpretive expert systems have the ability to analyse data to determine its significance or...
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...T.C BAHÇEŞEHİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ DEVELOPING AN EXPERT-SYSTEM FOR DIABETICS BY SUPPORTING WITH ANFIS Master Thesis ALİ KARA İSTANBUL, 2008 T.C BAHÇEŞEHİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEVELOPING AN EXPERT-SYSTEM FOR DIABETICS BY SUPPORTING WITH ANFIS Master Thesis Ali KARA Supervisor: ASSOC.PROF.DR. ADEM KARAHOCA İSTANBUL, 2008 T.C BAHÇEŞEHİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE COMPUTER ENGINEERING Name of the thesis: Developing an Expert-System for Diabetics by supporting with ANFIS Name/Last Name of the Student: Ali Kara Date of Thesis Defense: Jun .09. 2008 The thesis has been approved by the Institute of Science. Prof. Dr. A. Bülent ÖZGÜLER Director ___________________ I certify that this thesis meets all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adem KARAHOCA Program Coordinator ____________________ This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that we find it fully adequate in scope, quality and content, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Examining Committee Members Assoc.Prof.Dr. Adem KARAHOCA Prof.Dr. Nizamettin AYDIN Asst.Prof.Dr. Yalçın ÇEKİÇ Signature ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ii To my father ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is dedicated to my father for being a role model in front of my educational life. I would like to express my gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adem Karahoca, for not only being such...
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...Describe any five early expert systems (20 Marks) An expert system (ES) is a knowledge-based system that employs knowledge about its application domain and uses an inferencing (reason) procedure to solve problems that would otherwise require human competence or expertise. Expert systems are built to solve a wide range of problems in domain such as medicine, math, engineering, chemistry, geology, computer science, business, law, defense and education. Five early expert systems are detailed below. 1. DENDRAL DENDRAL is an expert system that examines the spectroscopic analysis of an unknown chemical compound and predicts its molecular structure. It was developed by Bruce Buchanan in the late 1960’s and its domain field is chemistry. It was designed to use mass spectrometry and other chemical information to deduce the molecular structure of chemical compounds. Its primary aim was to help organic chemists in identifying unknown organic molecules, by analyzing their mass spectra and using knowledge of chemistry. 2. MYCIN MYCIN is an early expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight. Its expertise lies in the domain of bacterial Infections. It was developed in MYCIN operated using a fairly simple inference engine, and a knowledge base of about 600 rules. It would query the physician running...
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...The purpose of this paper is to provide my reflection of the results of The Nursing expertise self-report scale and how the results will be used to improve communication skills in health care settings. The scale used in this assignment, developed from Patricia Benner’s model of clinical competence, measures self perception by a nurse progressing from novice to expert. Her model suggests a link between experience and expertise using a scoring method. “The nurse-expertise self report scale has 20 items scored using a Likert Scale from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree” (Hansten & Jackson, 2009, p. 178). Based on the scoring of those 20 items as determined by a point value assigned to expert and novice, this writer scored 85 out of a possible 100. This score, according to Benner’s system, reflects experience resembling closer to expertise rather than novice. Acquiring 28 years of nursing experience, I would expect to have evolved closer to expert than novice in patient care, however; I know with each new day and each patient or situation, an opportunity exists to learn something new. I have often identified communication skills as an area that I could improve upon. In the early stages of my career, communicating with my patients seemed easier than communicating with my peers and superiors. Over time, I have become a more confident communicating with my peers and not necessarily with superiors and some physicians. In my current position, I am required to communicate...
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...Brief History of China Prehistory Mythical Era Ancient Era Imperial Era Modern Era Introduction Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River Valley in the Neolithic era A history of 4700 years since Yellow Emperor during the period of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors; the written history of China begins with Shang Dynasty 3600 years ago when turtle shells with ancient Chinese writing were carbon dated in 1500BC Prehistory Peking Man Paleolithic – – – – China was inhabited by Homo erectus more than 1 million years ago The archaeological site of Xihoudu site in Shanxi Province is the earliest recorded of use of fire by Homo erectus 1.27 million years ago The excavations at Yuanmou and later Lantian show early habitation The most specimen of Homo erectus found in China is the so-called Peking Man discovered in 1965 Prehistory (cont.) Neolithic – – – – – – Stone Tools The Neolithic age traced back to 10,000 BC Early evidence for proto-Chinese millet agriculture is carbon-dated to about 7,000 BC Population was increased due to agriculture, the ability to store and redistribute crops and to support specialist craftsmen and administrators In late Neolithic times, the Yellow River valley began to establish itself as a culture center, and the first villages were founded Early history of China is complicated by the lack of a written language during this period At Damaidi site in Ningxia, 3172 cliff carvings dating to...
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...ISSUE Whether a private expert’s evaluation is admissible in court when the opposing party refuses to participate or objects to the report. DISCUSSION Hiring a private expert of a party’s own choice is governed by Minn. R. Evid. 706, which allows a party to retain. Refusal to admit an expert’s report is within the court’s discretion. See Sheeran v. Sheeran, 401 N.W.2d 111, 116 (Minn.Ct.App.1987) (citing Peterson v. Peterson, 408 N.W.2d 901, 904 (Minn. Ct. App. 1987)). However, the expert’s report in P case will likely be admitted into evidence in order to modify his parenting-time. Courts decide whether to admit or exclude expert reports or testimony into evidence for various reasons. In Peterson, the court refused to admit father’s expert’s testimony from his custody evaluation. Peterson, 408 N.W.2d at 904. The Court excluded the evidence because “of the untimeliness of the request.” Id. The father “notified the court of the witness’s testimony only four days prior to the trial in a case which had been ongoing for three years.” Id. The Court also noted that the testimony lacked foundation because mother and daughter were not interviewed by father’s expert, and thus, the recommendation was based primarily off father’s statements. Id....
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...APPROACHES TO CREDIT RISK MEASUREMENT: INTRINSIC RISK There are three basic approaches to credit risk measurement at individual loan intrinsic level that are used for various types of loans such as commercial loans, project and infrastructure finance, consumer and retail loans. They are: * Expert Systems * Credit Rating * Credit Scoring Expert Systems: In an expert system, the decision to lend is taken by the lending officer who is expected to possess expert knowledge of assessing the credit worthiness of the customer. Accordingly the success or failure very much depends on the expertise, judgment and the ability to consider relevant factors in the decision to lend. One of the most common expert systems is the five “C’s” of credit. The five C’s are as under (Saunders, 1999): 1. Character: Measure of reputation of the firm, its willingness to repay and the repayment history. 2. Capital: The adequacy of equity capital of the owners so that the owner’s interest remains in the business. Higher the equity capital, better the creditworthiness. 3. Capacity: The ability to repay is measured by the expected volatility in the sources of funds intended to be used by the borrower for the repayment of loan along with interest. Higher the volatility of this source, higher the risk and vice versa. 4. Collateral: Availability of collateral is important for mitigating credit risk. Higher the value of the collateral, lower would be the risk and vice...
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...Experts in the legal field can have biases. These biases can be controlled for by training. In other words, I am interested in the types of biases legal experts can have, the effect of training on those biases, and the effect of correct training on mitigating those biases. Both of these article relate to the role of forensic psychiatry in the legal system. Yeo (2002), looks into a specific Supreme Court of Canada decision in R. v Stone. He explores the advantages of the conclusions reached by this decision. Reynolds and Miles (2009) in a pilot study explored the effect of training on the quality of a HCR-20 assessment. The HCR-20 is a approach to assess the risk of violence that a mentally disordered patient could have. Both of these papers...
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