...they attempt to regulate the internet. As a result, I will also mention if I personally agree with federal government regulating the internet. In any case, why should the media be forced to regulate under the federal government in the first place? To begin with, the aspects of the Federal Government to regulate the mass media involve technical considerations, ownership, and content. Moreover, in 1934, Congress passed the Federal Communications Act which in turn, created the Federal Communications Commissions. Subsequently, the Federal Communications Commission is an independent federal agency that regulates interstate and international communication by radio, television, telephone, telegraph, cable and satellite. Consequently, the FCC contained certain powers to regulate the media by...
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...restriction or boundaries. The concept behind the The "Open Internet" structure is Net Neutrality, defined by the Oxford Dictionaries as "the principle that internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites." Currently, net neutrality plays a substantial role in the competitive landscape of our current business markets. The current "open" structure of the internet allows for better communication, creativity, innovation, and access to markets as well as products for both organizations and consumers . Net neutrality has somewhat leveled the "playing field", and made it possible for smaller organizations to compete in the same markets as established organizations that have access to larger amounts of capital. Recently, President Obama released a statement calling net neutrality "essential to the American economy" due its ability to "lower the cost of launching a new idea, ignite new political movements, and bring communities closer together." In my opinion net neutrality isn't a good long term solution. While I do believe there should be a basic level of internet service provided at no charge (similar to our current situation), I also believe that a company, such as Comcast or Charter, should have the ability to make a profit from their investment (internet...
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...Are you for or against Net Neutrality? I am in favor of Net Neutrality. I believe in Net Neutrality and the freedom of speech on the Internet. Content within a site should be free to the public. By protecting open Internet, it will insure that the Internet is not own by only a hand full of key players in the industry like Google, Verizon, Comcast dominating the Internet. What are your thoughts concerning this? My major concern about net neutrality is that few key companies would dominate the Internet. It might means pushing small companies out of business due to key players in the industry would take control over the cost of Internet, speed of the Internet, and even take control of access to information over the Internet. Internet became a part of our lives and in past 10 years most of our offline activities like banking, shopping, and professional recruitment are following the trends and move to the online world. For better or for worse, the Internet is changing the way we are evolving. At “The Future of the Internet” public hearing, FCC Commissioner Mignon L. Clyburn said “New and innovative media companies are constantly starting-up today, citizen journalism is on the rise, blogs have an increasing influence on public discourse, and media providers from broadcast networks to newspapers are shifting their strategies online. For these reasons and more, I say without hesitation, that an open Internet is indeed the great equalizer. It enables traditionally...
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...I. Bibliographic Entry Gross, Grant. “FCC to claim some broadband regulatory power” Computerworld. 5 May 2010. II. Summary of Article The U.S. Federal Communications Commission is trying to partially reclassify all broadband as a common carrier service; they are trying to add this to the net neutrality rules in their new national broadband plan. Right now broadband is classified as a largely unregulated information service. They are trying to change this to make broadband more easily regulated under Title II of the Communications Act. FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski is going to make the announcement Thursday of the decision last month by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit where it was ruled that the FCC does not have the authority to try and impose net neutrality principles on Comcast Cable Company. Experts are saying that because of this ruling it is questionable whether or not the FCC will be able to enforce the new broadband plans that they have created. Genachowski is saying that the FCC does not necessarily want there to be heavy regulations under Title II but instead they wish to find a happy medium between the lax regulations now and those that would be perceived as too harsh. The chairman went on to say that the FCC was looking to assert jurisdiction over, "only the small handful of provisions that, prior to the Comcast decision, were widely believed to be within the Commission's purview," while creating, "meaningful boundaries...
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...to know whether net neutrality is a good thing or a bad thing for the country we must first define what it is and how it is being used or implemented. What is Net Nuetrality? Net neutrality is the concept that everybody should have the same access as everyone else. There are a few things that are incorporated into this concept. No blocking will be allowed with net neutrality. This means that “If a consumer requests access to a website or service, and the content is legal, your ISP (internet service provider) should not be permitted to block it. That way, every player — not just those commercially affiliated with an ISP — gets a fair shot at your business”. Throttling will also not be allowed. ISPs will not be able to slow down some content, and speed up others, usually based on the type of service or the ISPs preference. There will also be no paid prioritization, meaning that no service will be slowed down or not prioritized because they do not pay a set fee. Positives Many people feel strongly to have net neutrality in place. President Barack Obama says “I am a strong supporter of net neutrality … What you’ve been seeing is some lobbying that says that the servers and the various portals through which you’re getting information over the Internet should be able to be gatekeepers and to charge different rates to different Web sites … And that I think destroys one of the best things about the Internet—which is that there is this incredible equality there.” The benefits of net...
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...such immensity, regulation was not only necessary but also inevitable. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was established specifically for this purpose. To successfully regulate a large structure, such as the communications networks, requires a great deal of authority. Although the FCC has obtained numerous achievements, like any regulation committee, there are several critics. ------------------------------------------------- The History In the early 1900’s, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) regulated the entire radio industry of the United States. Unfortunately, the regulation tactics imposed by this committee caused too many debates for the government to simply overlook. In 1934, Congress passed the Communications Act that abolished the FRC, delegating the duties over to the newly formed Federal Communications Commission (FCC). It was designed as an independent government agency with Congress providing its authority. Unlike the FRC, the FCC was authorized jurisdiction over not only radios, but telephone, telegraph, and television communications as well. Since its inception, the Communications Act has been subjected to several amendments and provisions expanding the jurisdiction of the FCC while still preserving the rights of individuals. ------------------------------------------------- The Purpose Broadband | "All Americans should have...
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...Over the last decade, net neutrality has increasingly made its way into public discourse: politicians on Capitol Hill have battled over it, corporations have worked to curb it and public interest advocates have fought to preserve it. In September, the fight to keep the Internet free and open found its way to the DC’s Circuit Court of Appeals, where Verizon is attempting to overturn the Federal Communications Commission’s current net neutrality regulations. Verizon vs. FCC , which could be decided as soon as this month, is the latest and arguably most important battle to protect the Internet from censorship and discrimination. But what is net neutrality? And what could this case mean for the future of the Internet? We’ve put together this explainer to catch you up. What is net neutrality? Network neutrality, or net neutrality, is a term first coined by technology policy scholar Tim Wu to describe the preservation of online innovation by prohibiting companies from discriminating against some users and content, or prioritizing some content over others. It guarantees a level playing field in which Internet users do not have to pay Internet service providers more for better access to online content, and content generators do not have to pay additional fees to ensure users can access their websites or apps. By the way, what is an Internet service provider? An Internet service provider, or ISP, is a company or organization that sells you access to the Internet....
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...Verizon sued FCC stating that FCC has no say in how the telecoms operate and charge their customers (Kang, 2011). However, in 2015, FCC has voted for net neutrality and against price differentials. This bill pertains to the new set of rules that have been passed in 2010 by the FCC. To enforce fairness rules, the agency has regulated the network owners by scooping them up under Title II of 1934 Telecommunications Act, a specific set of regulations that apply to phone companies (Berkman, 2014). Telecoms say that the rules do not match the services they provide (Pagliery, 2015). This act is a monopoly prevention act. This law was to give regulation for national and international communication via wire and radio (FCC, n.d.). These rules limit the paid prioritization. Under these new set of standards, Verizon cannot block Google Wallet like it did in 2011, and Comcast cannot block certain file sharing apps like the bit torrent. In simple words, net neutrality promotes open and equal internet for everyone. There are no price differentials for the data plans. Verizon and other telecoms oppose this because they fear more...
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...modern electric grid and, subsequently, the electric utility corporations we know today. During the earlier years, neither the states nor the federal government regulated the industry. Cities and townships were largely tasked with granting utility companies the right to use public streets. Consequently, regulation for entry into the industry was de facto controlled by municipalities. It was not uncommon for cities to grant these rights to competing companies for the same area. In 1907, states began to pass legislation that granted utility companies localized monopoly power in order to correct for ‘natural monopoly-style’ market failures. The states argued that the cost advantages caused by overwhelming economies of scale allowed the winners to establish monopolies “naturally” threatening public well-being. This idea of a “public interest” and the “greater good” was extended to also regulate other critical public services such as the water and gas utilities. Recently, in January of 2014, a federal appeals court ruled that regulations enacted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) unfairly treated Internet services providers as if they were public utilities. This decision halted the expansion of these ideals to regulate additional industries, namely the Internet. This landmark decision begs the question, should the Internet be considered a public utility? If so, is this the best solution to the problems facing Americans regarding the Internet service provider industry? ...
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...Communications Act of 1934). However, the term “net neutrality” as it pertains to the internet was first used by Tim Wu in 2003 in his article “Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination” (Wu, 2003). In March of 2005, the concept became more well known when the internet service provider (ISP) Madison River Communications was caught blocking all of its subscribers from using a voice over internet protocol (VoIP) service called Vonage. The company blocked this service because their own telecommunications service was competing against Vonage’s lower prices, made possible by utilizing customers’ internet connections instead of telephone lines (Ante & Crockett, 2005). Vonage made a complaint to the FCC, and Madison River Communications had to pay a $15,000 fine (Regan, 2005). Later in 2005, the FCC released an internet policy statement, which outlined support for an early version of net neutrality. This statement was meant to “encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet” by adopting the following principles: • allowing consumers access to the lawful internet content of their choice, • allowing consumers access to run applications and use services of their choice, subject to the needs of law enforcement. • allowing consumers to connect their choice of legal devices that do not harm the network • entitling consumers to competition among network providers, application and service providers, and content providers....
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...The Legal Environment of Business II Chapter 19 Review Questions 19-1 Why did Congress create administrative agencies? The administrative agencies were created by Congress because they felt that the anticompetitive conduct of railroads and other corporations could best be controlled by separate administrative agencies with defined statutory mandates. Also during 1929 because of the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression Congress felt the need of additional agencies to assist free-market economy and to act in the public interest, convenience, and necessity. 19-2 What are the two major functions of administrative agencies? The first function is rulemaking, where agencies are authorized to create new regulations by virtue of their enabling statutes; if they are not agencies, they need to follow the three ruled making models which are formal, informal, and hybrid outlined in the APA (Administrative Procedure Act). The Second Major Function is the Adjudication of individual cases brought before administrative law judges by agency staff, this function is done in individual cases as oppose to rulemaking for whole industries, and administrative agency usually pursues a four step process. 19-3 Explain the distinction between executive administrative agencies and Independent administrative agency is an agency which appointed heads and members serve for fix terms and cannot be removed by the president except for reasons defined by Congress...
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...INTERNET REGULATION Legal and Ethical Issues Concerning Internet Regulation Calvin White Park University Outline 1. Intro a. Regulating the Internet: Delicate, difficult, presents challenges 2. Body b. Past i. History of Internet Regulation 1. Early role of regulation a. Mediate connectivity between researchers, government 2. Milestones and events that shaped regulation b. 70s and before - Lab experiments c. 80s - Early commercialization d. 90s - Widespread adoption i. Early malicious activity ii. Educational organizations e. 2000 to present iii. The need to curb crime iv. The need to protect consumers and businesses v. The defense of our nation’s assets 3. Leaders in Internet regulation f. Efforts at home g. Efforts abroad 4. The challenges of regulation ii. Why broad regulation has proven difficult 5. Technology meant for other purposes 6. Grew too quickly c. Present iii. Structure 7. Present-day regulations h. How ongoing Internet regulation works 8. Who controls the Internet? i. Who enforces regulation? 9. How infractions are punished iv. Problem...
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...Net Neutrality legislation being considered by Congress. Briefly summarize the content of the legislation. Net Neutrality in the United States has been an increasingly heated issue since the Internet blossomed. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has power to regulate "interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories" (FCC, n.d.). It would, therefore, seem a natural fit to include the Internet as another means of regulated communication. Currently, FCC regulations shape Net Neutrality more than laws. However, the FCC has recently been deemed by the court to lack the authority to enforce Net Neutrality. It's Open Internet Order, a set of policies prohibiting the blocking or charging of services by ISPs, was largely struck down in early 2014 in the ruling of Verizon v. Federal Communications Commission (Weil, 2014). The reasoning of the court was that the FCC cannot regulate the broadband providers because they are defined as data services, not telecommunication services. Since that ruling, the FCC has been considering policies involving tiered Internet access, but has yet to act. Since the court struck down FCC rule of network neutrality, there have been several attempts to enact laws regarding Net Neutrality. These include: • S. 1981, The Open Internet Preservation Act • H.R. 3982, The Open Internet Preservation Act • H.R. 4070, The Internet Freedom Act • H...
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...been laws. Equity law: decisions of chancery court were made on the basis of fairness. Equity law begins where common law stops. Laws designed to address justice without criminal intent. (fairness) Administrative law: Rules that govern industry. Ex. FCC Statutory law: Created by government rep. Written law formally enacted by city, county, state and federal legislative bodies. Executive orders- orders from executive branch Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Freedom of speech, press, religion, petition, assembly Laws establish boundaries and allow for punishment of violators, they limit government power, and establish fundamental rights/liberties. They carry sanctions. Policy is adopted to achieve a social goal,they lack sanctions. Laws are passed in the U.S. to support policy. FCC- Federal Communication Commission is an IRA. Directed by five commissioners appointed by the President/confirmed by the senate for 5 year terms creates laws, administers law, establishes policy Congress creates FCC A party would appeal an FCC ruling at the Federal Court of appeals for District of Columbia. 6. Jurisdiction- States District of Columbia Federal Military U.S. territories There are appellate and trial...
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...Basic RF Calculations The power emitted from wireless devices, especially in unlicensed bands, such as 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Wireless network professionals must calculate power levels (or RF signal strength) that are being transmitted by wireless devices to make sure their designs are complaint with FCC regulations. They also need to calculate power levels that are being received by wireless devices to make sure the signal is properly received at the destination. RF power can be measured in two ways: on the linear scale, by the number of watts that are being transmitted; and on a relative scale, by the number of decibels (dBs) instead of watts. Decibel milliwatt (dBm) is the logarithmic power ratio (in dB) of the measured power in milliwatts referenced to one milliwatt (mW). Notice that the reference point is specified as 1 mW = 0 dBm. 3’s and 10’s rules are shortcuts for estimating the increase or decrease of these power levels. In this lab, students will practice basic RF calculations, including · converting from mW to dBm; · converting from dBm to mW; and · estimating power levels using the 3’s and 10’s rules. Task 1: Converting between dBm and mW Applying the 3’s and 10’s rules, the relationship between dBm and mW is estimated as shown in the following (partial) table. 3’s rule|10’s rule| ……|……| 0.125 mW = -9 dBm|0.001 mW = -30 dBm| 0.25 mW = -6 dBm|0.01 mW = -20 dBm| 0.5 mW = -3 dBm|0.1 mW = -10 dBm| 1...
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