...of Women in Revolutionary Iran The Quran, Sura 4, verse 38 states, “Men are the managers of the affairs of women for that God has preferred in bounty one of them over another…and those you fear may be rebellious admonish; banish them to their couches, and beat them”. To develop and understand social change, it is crucial to examine the central structures and organizations within a given society. Through examining family structure, the state, and religion, geared with a specific focus on gender, a basic set of followed societal governing rules and values become apparent. Each of these societal structures are interrelated, working together to permit as well as restrict the agency of women in revolutionary Iranian society. For the development of successful social change to take place, it must arise through gender conflict, class conflict, and political action. Each social structure such as, family structure, state relations, and religion, is located within the larger context of a national structure, meaning the examples previously mentioned are subject to larger regional and global influences and changes. Due to this reasoning, it is important to examine evolving economic development and political change to understand women’s status within Iranian revolutionary societies and furthermore, their changing roles within the traditional family structure, Islam, education, and the work force. Through an analysis of class location, policy restructuring, and changing gender roles, the...
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...Here are notes on the role gender played on making colonial religion modern religion. You can use gender as a basis for how the colonial past led our future in one direction. The part I think would be most helpful to you is in red. Open with, “After Adam and Eve, there was Anne Hutchinson and john Winthrop.” Because as you know she was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony By John for preaching something different. Gender: If you happen to be someone who participates in jewish/Christian services? How many men/women attend? Usually more women. Why? Protestant is the most dominant until 1860 As you move into the early 19 century, Baptist and Methodist Predominant is protestant Women in Colonial Society: -Adam’s rib - women is a “helpmeet” for man. The side, to be content with equality. -Equality function - Were on equal terms in the value and their degree of their participation on the development of the colonies. But only men could have leadership roles. Think of a farm. Women were managers of household economy, feeding the family, cultivating and producing the food. Own economic system of home production. Most women would live out their lives as junior partners in the household economy, but denied the control of the land. Yet colonial women were unlikely to feel useless or alienated from their family by the subsistence economy because they conducted the education and discipline of the children and extended family. If her husband died, she would be the sole person...
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...Women’s Roles in the Nineteenth Century: Invisibility and Visibility In nineteenth century, women in the United States were expected to fill the separate sphere of civilization. They were most likely living their lives mainly as caregivers and homemakers, whereas men were expected to live a public life and work in a factory and became a primary breadwinner in a household. Due to these traditional expectations for women in the nineteenth century, only a handful of women had the opportunities for higher education as men. Women had fought for equal rights and opportunities with men throughout the nineteenth and twentieth century. It had been long journey and a painful struggle for the females. Some groups often seen educated women as rebellious...
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...today through the viewpoint of oppressed women who are seen to be subordinated by men. Their main aim is to liberate women from men, patriarchal society and the socially constructed stereotypes of women. In order to do so, there are different strands of Feminism, which are, Liberal, the least extreme or violent, Marxist, who link in capitalism to Feminism and Radical Feminists, the most extreme. These groups seek to bring about equality through different means and on different levels of severity. In addition to these, there are smaller and more modern groups of Feminism which are Dual Systems Feminists, who are similar to Marxist Feminists and Poststructuralists who believe other Feminists disregard differences between women. Liberal Feminists are concerned with the human civil rights, therefore they seek legal reforms and changes in attitudes and socialisation to bring about gender equality, which does not require a violent revolution. They are the closest Feminist theory to a consensus view on today’s society even though it focuses on the conflicts between men and women. Liberal Feminists reject the idea that biological differences make women less competent or rational than men or vice versa. They distinguish between sex and gender; whereby sex refers to the biological differences such as their reproductive role and physical differences and gender refers to culturally constructed differences between ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ roles. As gender is culturally constructed and...
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...Women's Roles G.D Anderson a famous feminist poet once said "Feminism isn't about making women strong. Women are already strong. It's about changing the way the world perceives that strength". Women have always been overlooked no one has really taken the chance to stop and admire all the things that they do. In A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Nora plays the role of a mother, a wife and most importantly a women these three views have all changed over the years. The audience varying responses to Nora’s actions in the play A Doll’s House, reflect the changing role of women in the past 100 years. The first main point is how Nora and her actions as a mother are looked at over the last 100 years on the views of women. In the earlier years women were to stay home and watch after the children they were not expected to go out and help support the family. Kathryn Hughes points out “Not only was it their job to counterbalance the moral taint of the public sphere in which their husbands laboured all day, they were also preparing the next generation to carry on this way of life”.The main job of a mother was to make a good role model for the kids and to educate them while they are at home. Over the years the idea of a stay at home mom has faded away due to the...
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...‘Women are handed the role as the ‘handmade of laughter’, not its creator’. Discuss with reference to the Importance of Being Earnest Throughout the Importance of Being Earnest the female characters exercise power briefly, although they also confirm too many female stereotypes – ultimately ensuring that the play upholds traditional gender stereotypes instead of challenging or changing them. This causes the women to become the pun of the jokes within the play rather than the creator. The private and public spheres are the two gendered spheres that have become a common practice to think of the social world divided into two. The private sphere is the stereotypically feminine world of household, family, and unpaid domestic labour, while the public sphere is the stereotypically masculine world of politics and paid employed. The men and the women both uphold to the gender spheres or invert them. For example Lady Bracknell is unlike a conventional woman as she is portrayed to have the role of her husband and therefore fits into the public sphere rather than the private sphere. Both Cecily and Gwendolen within the play conform to their stereotypes and therefore become the butt of the jokes. Whilst Algernon and Cecily are talking, Algernon compares her to ‘a pink rose’ and Cecily replies with ‘I don’t think it can be right for you to talk to me like that.’ Algernon’s line about Cecily being ‘like a pink rose’ reveals that men flirt with women by praising their beauty. Although Cecily...
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...diaries, memoirs, letters, and other contemporary material, Mary Beth Norton examines the impact of the Revolution War had on the women residing in the thirteen colonies from 1750 to 1800. Liberty's Daughters provides historical evidence of women's daily lives, domestic activities, marriages, pains of pregnancies, and the difficulties women of this era had in defining a sense of feminine independence before, during, and after the Revolutionary War. Norton takes an in-depth look at "The Constant Pattern of Women's Lives" within the first part of the book, expanding on the livelihoods of women in the immediate years before the Revolution. This section addresses how women were treated, measured, and what their acceptable roles were as respectable daughters, mothers, sisters, and wives....
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...and force in the changing roles of women was consumerism which took off in the 1920’s and continued to have an impact on women until the 60’s/70’s, which to a small extent gave women an increased sense of independence, through working and self-expression. Industrialisation and the growth of cities laid the platform for mass consumerism in America, by the 1920s, the development of downtown department stores gave accessibility to a vast array of new goods and cities became the centre of cultural change. Mass entertainment was also popular with amusement parks, dance halls and movie theatres resulting in a new visibility of women in the public sphere. The department and chain stores created accessibility to an array of new goods. Women...
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...Armstrong, Jean Holme and Nawal El Sadawi. They all think that the church has and continues to support inequalities between men and women, this is due to the fact that the teachings benefit men more than women, the main concerns of feminists are religious organisations, place of worship, sacred texts and religious laws and customs. However, another area for concern are the religious professionals, these have traditionally been male and women have not been able to become priests or rabbi’s and were only able to be adorned in 1992 however, this is slowly changing with the vote for female bishops being passed, we should be seeing female bishops before the end of the year. Whilst women remain the main attendees of the church, they still are restricted within their roles, whilst men’s roles within the church tend to be primary, i.e. priest or organ player, women’s roles tend to be behind the scenes and secondary. The place of worship can be very problematic for females, especially of the Jewish faith as they are not allowed to touch their holy book, the Torah. Within religion, females are limited to where they can go at home and also in their place of worship. These limitations can be problematic for feminists for example; Swale (2000) argues that because Jewish women have to sit on the balcony during mass as not to distract the men is very problematic for women In most religions, the sacred texts contain all male gods and are also they’re written by men and...
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...Name: Tutor: Course: Date: The Role of Women in Kuwaiti Politics Introduction Kuwait is a rapidly growing modernizing country where women enjoy a number of similar social and civil rights that men do enjoy. The country has gone through numerous economic, political, and social developments throughout the 20th century. Regardless of this, rulers in Kuwait continue to cherish that fact that Kuwait can be a developed nation with its traditionally organized formation. The people of Kuwait dream that “Kuwait can be simultaneously a "developed" country and a "traditional" tribally organized” (Tetreault 204, p. 203). Social formation run by an autocratic ruler Rulers such as Emir Mubarak consolidated the power of ruling Sabah family against merchant clans that dominated before. More, the ruler made sure that his autocratic reign could go beyond his descendants after his death. In the reign of Emir Abdullah al-Salim, policies, which strengthened social forces in Kuwait, were emphasized. In as much as women enjoy similar social and civil rights as men, they are deprived of several political rights that men enjoy. Whereas they are entitled to take part as voters as well as candidates in the administration of local cooperatives stores, they are offered with the chance to run for national legislature/vote for its members. In the month of May, 1999, the emir of Kuwait promulgated a decree that offered women with the right to vote and for public office in municipal and parliamentary...
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...entitled to the same rights. Most believe that women are disadvantaged in society due to their gender and that this disadvantage is socially constructed; there are numerous types of feminists which take different approaches in explaining key concepts such as status, power the labour market and other disadvantages some individuals face within society. Most feminist explanations of inequality focus on discrimination surrounding gender, however Oakley provides an explanation for age inequality; she argues that inequalities experiences by children are inextricably linked to those of women and the patriarchal nature of society. Children are controlled by adults in relation to the age they can start work, their education, where they play and use of their time. Gannon (1999) goes on to argue that some are controlled by abuse and neglect and that older women are materially deprived compared to men as a result of time out of employment and the gender pay gap. However Wyness (2006) opposes this view and argues that children are controlled by both women and men in society. Liberal feminists desire equal opportunities for men and women which they argue can be achieved through legislation and changing attitudes. They argue that gender roles are socially constructed through the family, education and the media. Through socialisation or sex-role conditioning, gender inequalities are formed; women are socialised into passive or subordinate roles and men into dominant ones. Oakley argues that...
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...function as a patriarchal ideology that legitimates female subordination. 3. EVIDENCE OF PATRIARCHYRELIGIOUS ORGANISATIONS• They are mainly male dominated despite the fact that women often participate more than men in organisations. For example, Orthodox Judaism and Catholicism forbid women to become priests. Armstrong sees women’s exclusion from the priesthood of most religions as evidence of marginalisation. View slide 4. PLACES OF WORSHIP• They often separate the sexes and marginalise women, e.g. seating them behind screens while the men occupy the central and more sacred spaces.• Women’s participation may be restricted, for example, not being able to preach or to read from sacred texts. Taboos that regard menstruation, pregnancy and childbirth as polluting may also prevent participation. For example, in Islam, menstruating women are not allowed to touch the Qur’an. Holm describes this as the devaluation of women in contemporary religion. View slide 5. SACRED TEXTS• They largely feature the doings of male gods, prophets ect, and are usually written and interpreted by men. Stories often reflect anti-female stereotypes, such as that of Eve who in the Judaeo-Christian story of Genesis, caused by humanity’s fall from grace and expulsion from the Garden of Eden. 6. RELIGIOUS LAWS AND CUSTOMS• These may give women fewer rights than men, e.g. in access to divorce, how many spouses they may marry, decision making, dress codes ect. Religious influences on cultural norms may also lead to...
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...Family is a set of relationships The main tension we have talked about is the how the family exists in reality and how we view the family We organize ourselves as families because of economics, continuity, communication, convenience and efficiency The myths from the textbook are that marriage is universal, family harmony, you are what your family is, and the stable past The three revolutions: Post industrial – life and modernity, evolution of life, altered family with technology, work moved outside the home Old family had a lot of kids and worked on farms then had less kids and went to work (rural to urban) Life course revolution – advances in medicine and vaccines, family and people live longer, have less children and have more time for education and job pursuit, medicine helped people to live longer added stages in life that people never had before like old age and middle age and childhood stages Psychological revolution – family relationships used to be functional (roles) now it is about love and support, increased education increased peoples marriages Conservative views – decline, pessimists, and their values were traditional Avoid talking about women’s rights, claim that America’s problems are a result of the breakdown of family values Liberal – diversity (variation), optimists, and values were changing Claims that women’s problems are a result of job discrimination Feminist – diversity, caring for each other, women’s roles, individualism over...
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...2007 WOMEN AT WORK IN CONNECTICUT: 1880-1920 In 1977 the average women could expect to spend 27.6 years of her life in the work force, compared with 38.3 years of men. Women workers are concentrated in low paying dead end jobs. As a result, the average women worker earns only about three-fifths of that a man does, even when both work full time year round (U. S. Department of Labor, “20 Facts on Women Workers,” 1980). How did women inherit this inferior position in the United States work place? Has it always been this way? Has their position improved since the country industrialized at the turn of the century? Do male or female workers have control over the types of jobs they get and the working conditions they find there? Though most American women have always been relegated to low-level, subservient jobs in and out of the home, many have been able to exercise varying degrees of choice in their work lives. Between 1880 and 1920 the choices available to women expanded due to the change in job definition, technology, the production pressures of World War 1, the growing militancy of women workers riding the tide of labor unrest during the war, and the increased acceptance of women in the work force. The period of 1880 to 1920 is of particular importance in our economic history because the structure of our present economic world developed at that time. Many new jobs were stereotyped by sex, while many jobs opportunities opened up for small number of women in various...
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...This chapter was excerpted from Dayle M. Smith (2000). Women At Work: Leadership for the Next Century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Cynthia A. Thompson and Laura L. Beauvais I love my life! My husband and I have arranged our work lives so that we can spend as much time as possible with our kids, and still feel like we’re making a difference at work. —JESSICA DEGROOT, FOUNDER. THE THIRD PATH INSTITUTE It just got to be too much. Monday through Friday I caught the 6:30 train for the city, and didn’t return until 6 P.M. . I loved my job, the money was good, but there was no flexibility, no possibility for part-time work. And I really missed my kids. My husband was making more than I did and we finally decided we could live on his salary. So I quit. —LISA CELONA. FORMER NASDAQ EQUITY TRADER. CURRENT AT-HOME MOM I spent four years working for an insurance company as director of media services. Because my wife was a performer in New York City and had to work evenings; I was the primary caregiver for our two children. That meant I had to leave work earlier than any of the other managers, and that caused a lot of friction and resentment... The tension it created for me at work was instrumental in my eventually having to leave the company. —MICHAEL KERLEY, PRESIDENT, CREATIVE DIALOGUES Chapter Overview This chapter focuses on how women (and, increasingly, men) attempt to balance the multiple competing...
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