...1. First the crusade was in the near East and involved in Anatolia, Levant, and Palestine. They had a military that was aimed to reclaim the Holy Land in which the Muslims conquest had acquired. Pope Urban ll launched the crusades in hopes of fulfilling the 1095 Byzantine Emperor Alexius l request which was gaining help of the western volunteers and to come to his aid. 2. There were many different players during the first wave of the Crusades including Godfrey of Bouillon, the Medieval Frankish knight which in fact became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. And after Frankish became King he abandoned the title as king. So crusaders had decisive victory. 3. With the newfound of Jerusalem the crusaders founded four other crusader states....
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...The essay topic that I will be writing about will be focusing on two parts that intersect. The essay will focus on Pope Urban’s reasons for the crusade and his aims and ambitions for the church. I will also be discussing the Popes use of exaggerating claims of christians suffering and being murdered and liberating the holy lands to gain support for the Crusade. I have looked at these sources and found some of these more useful than others in writing my paper. Pope Urban II’s call for a crusade:Four Accounts -This piece of work has four different accounts of one of the first sermons that Pope Urban gave about the crusade. The sermon was a response to Constantinople plea for help against the Turks. The sermon had called for Christians all around Europe to help save their Christian brothers and sisters who are being greatly mistreated and to take back the Holy land from the Muslims who were currently occupying it. These four accounts were written by churchmen and all of the accounts were written after the conclusion of the first crusade. The First Crusade and the idea of crusading by Jonathan Riley-Smith- I find this book so far to be a good read and chapter 1:Pope Urbans Message to very useful in helping me write my paper. This chapter discusses focuses on pope Urban and his sermons to the people. The chapter gives reasons on why the Crusade was called and how the church legitimized the crusade through his sermons. Also goes into the goals of the crusades that were mentioned over...
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...The Crusades: Salvation or Exploitation? Student’s Name University Affiliation The Crusades: Salvation or Exploitation? The crusades trace their origin to the eleventh century. Europe’s many states were at constant loggerheads over boundaries and territories (Bréhier, 1908). The head of Christendom, on the other hand, embroiled himself in arguments over investitures. At the time, the Pope had managed to keep the Church united. Faced with the threat of the Mohammedan tribes and the Byzantine Empire, the Church came under pressure to suppress the Muslim persecution of Christians in the East. According to Bréhier (1908), the Pope was the only figure who could institute such a conquest. However, his eminent authority was not enough to persuade the Western nations to take up arms to conquer the Holy Land and to regain the Holy Sepulcher (“The Crusades,” 2013). Nevertheless, the sour relations between Syria and the Western Nations favored the Pope’s intentions. According to “The Crusades (1095-1291)” (2013), most historians attribute the beginning of the Crusades to a sermon preached by Pope Urban II in November 1095. The Christian faithful considered these waves of military campaigns as divinely sanctioned and thus Christians executed them with the utmost vehemence. Ten centuries later, the question that lingers in our minds is,” Were the Crusades a quest for Salvation or was there an intention of exploiting the peasants in Europe...
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...The Crusades is a long-standing topic that has been discussed by a multitude of historians. Since the event took place almost millennia ago, there are a vast majority of question that are asked pertaining to the subject. The question of this paper: what were the politics that sparked the First Crusades? To answer this question, there are two resources that comprise the foundation and starting point of this paper. The two resources are: The Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden and Pope Urban II's Call to Arms, which was recorded by Fulcher of Chartres. The most important document in this investigation is the Pope's Call to Arms, because it is a document from that time period and gives me a firsthand account of a significant event that...
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...The Crusades. 1. What was the cause of the crusades? a. I expect to find out why there was a war between Christians and Muslims, and what is the holy land and why were they fighting over it. 2. What were the objectives of the crusades? b. I expect to find out why it expanded from releasing the holy land to conquering Spain from the Moors. 3. How many crusades were there and what were the most important? c. I expect to find out the exact number of crusades and why the first four were the most important. 4. What was the crusades timeline? d. I expect to find the dates of each crusade and when they finished. 5. What was the effect of the crusades? e. I expect to find the answer to why did they play a very big role in the Middle ages and how did they effect the catholic church. 6. Who were the crusaders and how were they treated? f. I expect to find the classes of where the crusaders came from and if they had any special privileges. Throughout history the Crusades affected many aspects mostly the Europeans Middle Ages. The crusades went on for almost 300 years and affected the people whom lived there church and many other aspects. Powering religion and the church. Even though many people lost their lives it still plays a huge role. 1. What was the cause of the crusades? The word crusade means holy war, and was caused over the possession of the holy land. For many years Muslims were responsible of the...
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...Ryan Mynatt Mrs. Benton ENG 090 Argument Essay Deus Lo Volt For centuries, the cryptic Roman Catholic Church has been the infallible dominion to millions of Christians. This infallibility has rarely been questioned; if one is next to an omnipotent being, who would dare question such authority? The first Crusade is an exceptional topic which was implemented by Pope Urban II. The lay Catholic public believed the Holy Crusades were invoked for mainly religious goals, but in actuality these wars were for the personal gain of the papacy and indemnity of Pope Urban II himself. Beatified Pope Urban II, who was the protegé of Pope Gregory VII, was born into the French aristocracy. He was head of state, next to God, and educated. This groomed his major god complex and intolerance of non-believing heathens. He wanted to expand papal ideology, authority, and leadership to southeastern Europe; and he cunningly executed his plan with a little side of “à la hidden agenda”. One might ask what this cached agenda was? It was, simply, one thing, the expansion of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the known world. And the pedantic Emperor Alexios I would unknowingly play a gargantuan role in this dance of lethal, religious bureaucracy. One of the first responsibilities Pope Urban II felt implored to take on was healing the schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Byzantine Empire. Alexios I wrote a letter of aid to Pope Urban II asking for help...
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...Jotham Kim Crusader Essay 9-3 Word Count:1,452 In ancient Europe, around the 11th century, there were three major kingdoms/empires. The three major kingdoms/empires were the Catholic kingdom, the Byzantine Empire, and the Islamic Caliphates. The Catholic kingdom was located in Western Europe. In the Catholic kingdom, religion was very important and organized. First, their religion was the Catholic Christianity, and in the church hierarchy, there were different classes. The highest class was the pope, the second was the bishops, and lastly was the priests. Basically, the pope was considered to be the ruler of the Christian world (Ellis 193). Just how the Catholic religion was organized, so was the feudal system in Western Europe. The feudal systems contained social hierarchy, and the highest class was the king. After the king, the next powerful class was the lords, knights, and then finally the vassals (peasants and serfs)(Ellis 188). Although the conditions of the king’s and lords’ environments were luxuries, the vassals’ environment was really poor. They had to live in a manor, with less food, and hard labor (Ellis 190). The most beneficial advantage for the vassals was to live near the river (Class notes December 17, 2013). The reason is because they can catch fish at sometimes, and have additional food than others. Most of the vassals were serfs (slaves that were bound to the land, and can be sold and bought). Other vassals were peasants (people with rights that got...
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...How successful was the 1st Crusade? The 1st crusade was initiated by the call from Pope Urban II in 1095 to regain the Holy Land of Jerusalem, he promised those that went on this journey a place in heaven. This created one of the bloodiest religious wars in history between the Christian and Muslim worlds. The Christian side was made up of poor, less-advanced, yet savage Franks, and the more civilised Christians from the Byzantium empire in the East. The first major success for the Christians was the Siege of Antioch. On arrival, the defences of the city seemed unstoppable. The franks were truly astonished as they were used to wooden castles and fighting with ineffective weapons, but what they were faced with was 6 mile long stone walls and sharp weapons. Despite this, the Christians managed to get an insider who retrieved information that a large Muslim army was on its way, as well as this they managed to blockade the city in an attempt to weaken their defence. Before the Army had chance to arrive a long but brutal attack was made on Antioch. Once over the walls of Antioch no mercy was shown, it was a bloody battle as anyone in the Christian path was killed and tortured, some were even eaten by some of the most savage cannibalised Franks. Georges Tates believed 'it gave an impression that could never be forgotten'. Following the Siege of Antioch, it was then seen that the 'road to Jerusalem' had opened. After years of minor battles, both successful and unsuccessful the Christians...
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...point across and the best way to solve problems. It is a situation that affects so many people. Not just those involved in the actual fighting in the war, but their families, their friends, and each country included in the war. When we send soldiers in to fight a battle, a lot of them will not make it back home to see their loved ones again. They may not even understand or agree with the reason behind the war. They just know they were called to serve their country and that’s what they will do. Based on the history of the United States of America, we have been at war for about 90% of the time since 1776. Some of the wars that have been instrumental within our history and that I will be discussing are World War 1, Battle of the Bull Run and Crusade. The process of warfare throughout the ages of time has evolved substantially; and these changes that have been implemented have drastically changed the way that we as a society view war and all that it entails. Let me say that since I have been a part of two wars I can say there are changes that have and will effect...
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...Essay on Whitman and Cunningham Society, just a word that most people use to describe the people around them and the population, holds the meaning of so much more. Society always appears to be used in negative context, because normally, it is used to describe a stereotype. The world is fully of stereotypes that are created by the opinions of everyday people, members of our society. Society can be portrayed in many ways, but it is how it is shown that counts. Michael Cunningham in his works of “In The Machine” and “Children’s Crusade”, and Walt Whitman in his poem “Song Of Myself” portray society as a murderer and their characters as the victims. Through interpretations and descriptions, their journeys and victimizations are brought to life through the literature. The ways in which society affects each person are shown in “In The Machine” as Lucas falls to industrialization, in “Song of Myself” as the reader discovers society’s true effects, in “Children’s Crusade” as Cat breaks away from society and finds her true happiness, and in “Song of Myself” as stereotypes are formed by society. Throughout the story, In The Machine, by Michael Cunningham, the main character, Lucas falls victim to society and its expectations. Lucas is just an average boy trying to get by during the course of the industrial revolution. Throughout the course of this period, people in society began to realize how technology was going to take over their lives. Lucas, became very involved in machines, he began...
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...as societal threat whereas Furedi (1994) described moral panics as a threat to happiness and health. Continuing the research in same domain, Goode and Ben-Yehuda also contributed in defining the concept of moral panics in relation to the cultural, social and political problems. Focusing on the broader spectrum presented by Goode and Ben-Yehuda, the given paper has been written. The main aim of the current discussion is to highlight the study or research conducted by Goode and Ben-Yehuda about a specific issue and major public concern that is none other than moral panics. The given paper has been categorized into the following sections in order to develop an understanding what the researchers have done in terms of constructionism, moral crusades and social problems. Main Theme: Action and concern is apparent within the communal control culture; it has been observed that law enforcement should be considered to do something remarkable regarding the perceived threat. In this regard, it is said that it is the role of legislators and politicians who grab a prospect to the recommend...
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...Ottoman Empire after 1453. In some respects the Byzantine artistic tradition has continued in Greece, Russia and other Eastern Orthodox countries to the present day. The finest work, the most elegant, and the most accomplished technically, was, naturally enough, associated with the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, which was the very hub of the civilized world from the foundation of the city as capital around 330 till its conquest by the Turks in 1453. But there were other great centers too. In Rome, Milan, Ravenna, and elsewhere in the West works of the greatest importance that were in no way provincial were executed in the early years of Christendom, though little of quality was produced there that belongs to the period covered by this essay. In Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and elsewhere in the East a great deal was also being done in early times and production continued there till Syria, Palestine, and Egypt were overrun by the Moslems just before the middle of the seventh century. Though little remains on the spot, quite a large...
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...I came to this essay confident in objectivity in journalism. It was the ideal, impossible to attain, but what we must strive for in no uncertain terms. But I had barely finished reading Kinsley’s essay (my first), I was forced to change my mind. What Kinsley did was point out the newspaper I read, the one I most trust, “make no pretense of anything close to objectivity in the American sense.” It does not. The Guardian is a liberal left paper. It is a newspaper, much like the American ones, which reports on daily news around the world. But its editors pick and commission smaller stories that would most interest liberals. In today’s paper, stories on the arms trade, the world bank, and the environment. And it may surprise Americans, a paper with strong perspective can remain a very serious and respected. It doesn’t skew statistics. It’s a paper grounded in fact. Having what Cunningham calls “a crusade,” forces them to discuss, argue, prove their point. Facts have to be checked, articles written thoughtfully because they admit openly articles have implications. Often it comes on the side of the left. But they also criticize it. When it does, I take note. It isn’t partisan, it’s a real issue. Paraphrasing I.F. Stone, “When they quote Churchill, they will not call Hitler for a comment,” they made a stance. Without pretend objectivity, they don’t have to participate in what Rosen calls “He Said, She Said Journalism,” leaving me at lost to what to believe. It gives the...
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...certainly with the author on this point as far as the verified five crucial elements of moral panic in the fear towards cyber bullying are concerned. As for the organization of the text, several identifiable topic sentences are found in the text. For instance, “by this time it was clear that accusations of liberation and lack of cooperation had become identified with a soft stand on the drug issue.” as well as “moral panic and crusades are inevitably and intimately linked to politics and deviance.” More importantly, a concluding paragraph is included in the text, which can summarize the text effectively as it reinforced the main argument by emphasizing Israeli drug panic met the criteria shown as follows: heightened concern, elevated hostility, nature of disproportion and recognizable volatility. Also, the structure of the text is made clear with the use of listing words like first, second and third, and words indicating causal relationship such as furthermore, and in addition. Above all, there is cloze relationship between the text and my mini-essay for criminology titled” Moral Panic over Cyber Bullying in the United States” in terms of their similarity in format and organization. Particularly, it has demonstrated that how the moral panic nature of cyber bullying can be manifested through examining the five elementary constituents of moral...
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...Francesco at Fano, Italy. The medium used is oil on canvas. The physical dimensions of the paint are 94 7/8 x 67 1/8 in (241 x 170.5 cm). It is being displayed today at the North Carolina Museum of Arts in the Northern European Art Gallery. It was a gift to the Museum of the Samuel H. Kress Foundation. The Madonna of Loreto Appearing to St. John the Baptist, St. Eligius, and St. Anthony Abbot The paint depicts St. Eligius, patron saint of the goldsmiths, St. John the Baptist and a third man, St. Anthony Abbot which is Antonio Salvatore patron saint. It represents a legend of the time where Mary with little Jesus on hands appears on top of a house carried by angels when the safety of the Christian shrines was threaten during the time of the Crusades. Let’s take a closer look at this work. Initially I set the...
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