...Chapter 2 1. How many generations of computer hardware have evolved? What is one characteristic of each generation? There are five generations. First-generation used vacuum tube technology and they are bulky and unreliable. They generated too much heat. It is too hard to program. For the second generation, it used transistors. Compared to first-generation, they are faster, more reliable, and easier to program. Third generation combined integrated circuits. Their characteristic is small and fast. As developing to fourth generation, the computer became smaller by using VLSI circuits. Personal computer appeared. Finally, the computer we use now is fifth generation. It is much faster because of parallel processing CPUs. It spends less power. 2. How many generations of computer software have evolved? What is one characteristic of each generation? There are five generations and it has been listed blow: Generation | Major attribute | First | Machine language | Second | Assembly language | Third | High-level language | Fourth | Fourth-generation language | Fifth | Natural language processing (NLP) | First, the machine language is time consuming. Second, assembly language is much easier to program and higher level. Third, high-level language is more like English. So, it is easier to learn and code. Forth, fourth-generation language also called nonprocedural language. It means that people don’t need to follow the rigorous command syntax to...
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...Computer GeZnerations Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system. There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period, characteristics. We've used approximate dates against each generations which are normally accepted. Following are the main five generations of computers: S.N. | Generation & Description | 1 | First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. | 2 | Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. | 3 | Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. | 4 | Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. | 5 | Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based | First Generation The period of first generation was 1946-1959. First generation of computers started with using vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded...
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...the degree of production and utilization of good and services in the organization of human activities. Five Categories 1. Tangible – blue prints, prototypes, and operating manual 2. Intangible – problem solving and training methods 3. High – powerful force 4. Intermediate – medium level of force 5. Low – labor or weaker force Five Common Uses of Technologies in the Classroom 1. Social media and websites 2. Ipad and laptops 3. Teachers are using SMARTBOARDS and clickers 4. Computer based standardized test to predict the performance of the student in one year 5. Computer reading are monitored via computer based reading programs TIM BERNERS LEE * Invented the world wide web in 1989 (4th generation computer) HISTORY OF COMPUTER Early Ideas 1. Abacus – the oldest calculating machine develop by Chinese as early 2600 BC 2. Slide Rule – 17th century helps to produces multiplication an divisions result instantly 3. Adding Machine – Blaise Pascal * 1623-1662 * Machine that can be add and subtract easily 4. Leibniz Machine - developed by Godfried Leibniz in 1671 * machine that could multiply and divide as well as add and subtracted 5. Difference Engine – Charles Babbage in 1821, use in mathematical tables 6. Analytical Engine – a general purpose computer concerned by Charles Babbage Early Computers * Punched Cards * Joseph Marie Jackquard * Use to roll punched card to feed instruction to textile...
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...community service and helping others, it would be said that they left behind a legacy of selflessness. The current generation can be remembered for many things: the war on terrorism, global warming, or the changing gender identities. In the end, the current generation will be remembered for its dependency on technology every day in education, daily tasks, communication, and the workplace. Use of technology in education at all levels has become commonplace for many reasons. First off, the use of the internet allows for an...
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...Exploring Programming Languages Computers don't do anything without someone telling them what to do, much like the average teenager. To make the computer do something useful, you must give it instructions in either of the following two ways. When you write a program it tells a computer what to do, step by step, just as you would like when taking directions. When you buy a program that someone else has already written, it tells the computer what to do. Ultimately, to get a computer to do something useful, you (or somebody else) must write a program. A program does nothing more than tell the computer how to accept some type of input, manipulate that input, and spit it back out again in some form that humans find useful. Table 1 lists some common types of programs, the types of input that they accept, and the output that they produce. The five popular programming languages in the 1970’s were Pascal, C, SQL, KRL, and COMAL. Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968–1969 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth. C (/ˈsiː/, as in the letter C) is a general-purpose programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs. SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in the early 1970s. SQL often referred to as Structured Query Language. KRL is a knowledge representation language, developed by Daniel G. Bobrow and Terry Winograd while at Xerox PARC and Stanford University...
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...THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER One of the earliest machines designed to assist people in calculations was the abacus which is still being used some 5000 years after its invention. In 1642 Blaise Pascal (a famous French mathematician) invented an adding machine based on mechanical gears in which numbers were represented by the cogs on the wheels. Englishman, Charles Babbage, invented in the 1830's a "Difference Engine" made out of brass and pewter rods and gears, and also designed a further device which he called an "Analytical Engine". His design contained the five key characteristics of modern computers:- 1. An input device 2. Storage for numbers waiting to be processed 3. A processor or number calculator 4. A unit to control the task and the sequence of its calculations 5. An output device Augusta Ada Byron (later Countess of Lovelace) was an associate of Babbage who has become known as the first computer programmer. An American, Herman Hollerith, developed (around 1890) the first electrically driven device. It utilised punched cards and metal rods which passed through the holes to close an electrical circuit and thus cause a counter to advance. This machine was able to complete the calculation of the 1890 U.S. census in 6 weeks compared with 7 1/2 years for the 1880 census which was manually counted. In 1936 Howard Aiken of Harvard University convinced Thomas Watson of IBM to invest $1 million in the development of an electromechanical version of Babbage's analytical engine...
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...Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC) 2008 Five Forces Driving Game Technology Adoption Roger D. Smith U.S. Army Program Executive Office for Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Orlando, FL roger.smith14@us.army.mil ABSTRACT The computer gaming industry has begun to export powerful products and technologies from its initial entertainment roots to a number of “serious” industries. Games are being adopted for defense, medicine, architecture, education, city planning, and government applications. Each of these industries is already served by an established family of companies that typically do not use games or the technologies that support them. The rapid growth in the power of game technologies and the growing social acceptance of these technologies has created an environment in which these are displacing other industry-specific computer hardware and software suites. This paper introduces five specific forces that compel industries to adopt game technologies for their core products and services. These five forces are computer hardware costs, game software power, social acceptance, other industry successes, and native industry experimentation. Together these influence the degree and rapidity at which game technologies are adopted in a number of industries. The military simulation industry is just one of the many industries that are being impacted by these technologies and the five forces are affecting it just as they are many other industries. The...
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...1 Cron, Carol OMDE 601 9040 Assignment #3 Due November 27, 2010 Classification of Six Institutions into Five Generations of Technology of Distance Education Introduction Study Group 3 (SG3) in OMDE 601 collaboratively researched five generations of technology in distance education (DE) and classified one institution into one of the generations. The scope of this subsequent, individual assignment is to select six institutions from around the world – divided evenly between Europe, America and Asia. This assignment will build on SG3’s selection of the Open University (OU) in the United Kingdom, with five additional DE institutions classified into the five generations of technology. The classification will be based on the six characteristics of DE institutions selected by SG3, to determine whether the characteristics selected were effective. The characteristics selected were audience, modes for delivery, communication or interactive media, types of technology used, affordability, and breadth of course offerings. The following sections are broken down by the five generations, with six DE institutions classified into the five generations. First Generation: Correspondence/Home Study/Independent Study The University of South Africa is the world’s oldest DE institution, and prior to 1970 was the only institution that was autonomous in structure. In 1955 there were about 5,500 students enrolled, but today there are more than 130,000. The...
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...neighborhood in their spare times. There were no computers, laptops, iPods or cell phones; so the major sources of entertainment were evening get together, park walks, bicycle rides and skating were our favorite activities. This era was the peak of childhood amusements like jacks, hide and seek and kick ball. Bicycle was the most preferred medium for almost everywhere I had to go. My times were pleasurably more inclined towards physical activities, and amusements were limited to physical outreach. Today, children of new generations are surrounded by most technically equipped gadgets that have completely revolutionized the way they spend their childhood. Sitting at home, over the LCDs, they can play games that are truly addictive. Moreover, they can have access to almost everything they want to know. Cell phone is the biggest addiction of new generation. Computers and laptops have become a necessity rather than a luxury. Today’s child is technically more informed than our generation. But the cost this generation is bearing could be attributed to their physical appearances where glasses and obesity have become a common problem in America. Since computer games have obsessed the new generation, the trend of street games is essentially disappearing. We cannot simply blame computer games for limiting the physical activity. There are other social aspects as well that are restricting children from physical enjoyment opportunities. Over last five to ten years, street crimes have doubled...
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...History of Computer “Computer” is probably one of the most heard words nowadays. When we hear this word, we can picture a monitor with a rectangular box, keyboard and a mouse in technical sense. But literally what is computer? A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. But the computer that we are used to seeing now is not a result of one day. It’s a result of many years. Many scholars have shared their idea to develop this device, though Charles Babbage is called the main person behind the invention of computer. A brief history of computer is provided below: I would divide the history behind computer into two parts. First one is history before birth of Jesus and second one is history after birth of Jesus. History before birth of Jesus: Actually there are not many events in this period that contribute to today’s computers but this period has...
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...noter Introduction to Computer The word computer is derived from the Greek work “compute” which means to calculate and it is a device that can perform arithmetic operations and take logical decisions. Computer is an electronic device; used to convert Data into Information, it takes input (data) through input devices process it into CPU, stores it and also displays the result through output devices. A computer is a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are; it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). Modern computers are electronic and digital. CPU The actual machinery; wires, transistors, and circuits are called hardware while the instructions and Data are called software. All the general-purpose computers require the following hardware components: Central processing unit (CPU) The “heart” or “Brain” of the computer, the component that actually executes instructions is known as CPU or Central Processing Unit. Memory It is also known as main memory, primary memory or simply RAM (random access memory). It is volatile type of memory. It enables a computer to store data and programs temporarily. Input devices Devices used to input the data and instructions into the computer system. Usually a keyboard and mouse are used as input devices. Output devices Devices used to...
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...Improvements in technology have defined generations. Each addition of a new gadget into our electronic arsenal has provided us new ways to be creative. There is little doubt that the personal computer has been one of the most significant innovations in our day-to-day lives. Each user identifies to their computer, whether it be a PC or an Apple. Users develop a strong bond with their computers and are normally reluctant to accept any other computer. From the many companies that design and manufactures personal computers, one has an innate talent in producing a cult like following. The Apple Corporation has provided our generation with a line of products that has revolutionized the way we interact and use technology in our every day life. A lot of elements go into the success of Apple, including the stores, the advertisements, the products, and the fans; however there is still room for improvement. Apple turned thirty in 2006 (cnet1). From its conception in 1976, Apple computers have stood for a creative alternative for the PC. As a cornerstone for the company, the Apple computer has continued to distance its self from the PC. The computer underwent a makeover in 1998 turning into a fashion worthy piece of equipment (cnet1). However the Mac isn’t just an eye-appealing computer with convenient hot corners , an alternant layout, and an inter-changeable dock; it has become something more. While Microsoft’s stock has been flat lining, Apple’s stock has risen 2500% since January...
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...first calculator and then the computers. The term 'computer' is derived from the word 'compute', which means to calculate. A computer is an electronic machine, devised for performing calculations and controlling operations that can be expressed either in logical or numerical terms. In simple words, a computer is an electronic device that performs mathematical and non-mathematical operations with the help of instructions to process the data to achieve desired results. Although the application domain of a computer depends totally on human creativity and imagination, it covers a huge area of applications including education, industries, government, medicine, scientific research, law and even music and arts. This chapter provides a detailed description of evolution, generations and characteristics of computers along with their classification and applications. CHAPTER 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS Man developed computers so that it could perform intricate operations such as calculation and data processing or entertain him. Today, computers are everywhere—in our offices, homes, appliances and automobiles—the list is endless. Much of the world's infrastructure runs on computers, and the computers have profoundly changed our lives, mostly for the better. Let us discuss some of the characteristics of a computer, which make it an essential part of every emerging technology and such a desirable tool in human development. * Speed: The computers...
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...In the prompt by Joy Resmovits, she talks about the different sides of technology in school. Resmovits also speaks of how too much technology can take away from learning, but there is no finding that students that use computers frequently in school outperform students that do not. She also states that technology is getting more and more popular in education. Teachers want more tech support and Wi-Fi access on campus. On average, students across OECD countries spend around twenty-five minutes online at school daily. Some schools in California attempted to give all of their students iPADs and their plans did not go as well as they hoped. Some programs resulted in loss of billions of dollars. She also spoke of how students in the United States...
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... Date ------------------------------------------------- Committee Member: Dr. Denise Davis-Cotton Ed.D Date ------------------------------------------------- Program Chair: Dr. George Spagnola Ed.D Date TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF TABLES ii TABLE OF FIGURES vii TABLE OF APPENDICES ix CHAPTER ONE: THE PROBLEM AND ITS COMPONENTS 1 Introduction 1 Problem Background 1 Purpose of the Study 1 Problem Statement 2 Research Questions 2 Limitations and Delimitations 3 Definitions of Terms 4 Significance of the Study 8 Overview of Study 8 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 9 Introduction 10 Introduction to the i-Generation 12 Technology’s Role in School Reform 14 Technology and Student Achievement 19 Teaching Reading Through the use of Technology 23 Pearson’s Digital Learning Platform SuccessMaker 25 Summary 30 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 31 Introduction 31 Research Design 32 Target Population 33 Instrumentation 33 Assumptions 34 Procedures 34 Data Processing and Analysis 36 Summary 37 REFERENCES 38 CHAPTER ONE: THE PROBLEM AND ITS COMPONENTS Introduction America’s children are falling behind other nations. In 2012 the United States was ranked 17th among developed countries. Many say our education...
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