... Muhammad was born in approximately 570 C.E. in the town of Mecca. At the time of his birth the area of Mecca was populated by many people who practiced polytheism, and a minority of the population was devoted to Christianity and Judaism. Instead of pursuing any of these practices, instead Muhammad would find himself meditating in a cave on the outskirts of town quite frequently, and it is there where Muslims believe their religion was founded. One night while meditating it is said that an archangel visited Muhammad and declared him as one of God’s prophets. Over his lifetime he had many more visions and through the help of his wife and cousins the words he received were written down, and would later be used to form the Koran, or the fundamental doctrine of Islam. There are six key beliefs or articles of faith as far as the Islamic doctrine goes which are held true by all Muslims. The first belief is that there is only one God and they refer to him as Allah. This is a belief that is also held by all Christians, except they do not refer to God as Allah. The second article of...
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...PR CAMPAIGN An advertising effort is a progression of exercises that are arranged ahead of time and identify with a particular objective. This appears differently in relation to different ranges of PR, for example, general continuous attention strategies, paid promoting, and responding to occasions. Objective A decent advertising effort will have a reasonable target. In principle this could essentially be to bring issues to light of an item, administration or brand, yet in a perfect world it will be more particular. This could incorporate an organization expanding offers of an item or a weight bunch changing open or government conduct. A particular target not just makes it simpler to center the arranging and execution of a crusade, additionally to measure its prosperity. Message Advertising requires an unmistakable message for the association to impart. A decent general guideline is to make the message as clear and...
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...of post-war settlement and reconstruction. Just War theory postulates that war, while very terrible, is not always the worst option. There may be responsibilities so important, atrocities which can be prevented or outcomes so undesirable they justify war. Origins The Indian epic, the Mahabharata, offers one of the first written discussions of a 'just war'. In it, one of five ruling brothers asks if the suffering caused by war can ever be justified, and then a long discussion ensues between the siblings, establishing criteria like proportionality, just means, just cause, and fair treatment of captives and the wounded. The war in Mahabharata is preceded by context that develops the "just cause" for the war including last minute efforts to reconcile differences to avoid war. At the beginning of the war, there is the discussion of "just conduct" appropriate to the context of war. In ancient Rome, a "just cause" for war might include the necessity of repelling an invasion, or retaliation for pillaging or a breach of treaty. War was always potentially nefas, "wrong, forbidden", and risked religious pollution and divine disfavor. A just war thus required a ritualized declaration by the fetial priests. More broadly, conventions of war and...
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...Kyle Baldani Religious Studies Islam and Christianity: A Comparison October 4, 2010 Islam is one of the largest religions in the world, with more than one and a half billion followers worldwide it is the most rapidly growing religion today. While on the surface Islam and Christianity appear to be very different, the history of the two religions and the core beliefs behind them are very similar. Most of Islam’s population comes from the Middle East, but there are still large amount of Muslims all over the world including Africa, China, and the United States (NationMaster, np). Depending on the region in which they live some customs may vary. Within the United States Islam has grown significantly in the past twenty years, largely due to the high percentage of immigrants coming over from the Middle East. Fundamentally speaking there are a few major correlations between Islam and Christianity. Two of the biggest similarities are the monotheistic bases of the religion, or belief in one God and the belief that both religions result from the direct descendent of Abraham, a quality also shared with Judaism. While there may be many similarities in the area of which the two sects were founded, they still differ in many ways most of which come from the doctrinal beliefs at the heart of each religion. The most important figure in the world of Islam, and a name that is recognized by most around the world is the prophet Muhammad. Muhammad was born in approximately 570 C.E. in the town...
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...beginning of the Protestant Revolution by posting his 95 theses at Wittenberg’s castle. These 95 theses argued on the power and efficacy of indulgences and explained the fundamentals of justification by faith. Thus opened the eyes of the people who had begun to question centuries of Catholic beliefs. Luther and his supporters believed that the Church had been corrupted by power and wealth and therefore it needed to change for the better, however, the Church held strong to their own beliefs. With the constant attacks from the Protestants they fought back in what is known as the Counter-Reformation, also known as the Catholic Reformation. The goal of both reformations was to change the same basic cores of the Church that had been lost. The Protestant Revolution depicts the church as ruled in a totalitarian and authoritarian way by corrupt popes. They viewed the selling of indulgences, which had been initially given to people who went on the crusades, as a commercial exploitation to raise funds for non-religious purposes. The Catholic Church on the other hand, viewed this practice as a way of salvation for the community of Christian believers. Most of the funds raised by the selling of indulgences were used to build St. Peter’s Church. Luther’s followers and other Protestants believed that this was not a religious cause but a way to please the pope’s desire to show his superiority. Luther’s belief in Sola Fide damaged the Catholic Church by proving false their claims that indulgences...
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...aggression, and verbal abuse; inadequate control of anger and temper • A history of childhood conduct disorder • Recurring difficulties with the law • Promiscuity • Tendency to violate the boundaries and rights of others • Aggressive, often violent behavior; prone to getting involved in fights • Inability to tolerate boredom • Disregard for right and wrong • Poor or abusive relationships • Irresponsible work behavior • Disregard for safety Background of World Anti-Terrorism Day: Terrorist activities have increased multi-fold over the last decade. A global initiative uniting all nations is required to combat terrorism. After the 9/11 terrorist attack on the U.S, terrorism has become the primary cause of concern for nations. History of World Anti-Terrorism Day: The concept of World Anti-Terrorism Day was initiated because thousands of youth are lured into the folds of terrorist camps and organizations each year. May 21 is observed as Anti-terrorism day every year. Purpose of World Anti-Terrorism Day: The Purpose of observing World Anti-Terrorism Day is to: Spread the message of global peace and non-violence. Deter vulnerable youth from following cult practices and being misguided. Commemorate and honor the sacrifices made by thousands of soldiers who battled against terrorism. Pay homage to the victims who lost their lives in terrorist attacks. Device ways and hold awareness programs to protect the future generations from radical...
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...the most astounding quality preparing materials, courses and projects in CPR, medical aid and propelled crisis cardiovascular administer to medicinal services experts, specialists on call, representatives and the overall population. Since sparing lives is the reason. You can work with us as the volunteer by participating in the volunteer opportunities. Origin Initially framed in New York City in 1915 as the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease, it is right now headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The American Heart Association is a national willful wellbeing office. They are known for distributed benchmarks on fundamental life bolster and progress heart life bolster (ACLS), and in 2014 issued its first rules for averting strokes in ladies. They are known likewise to operate various profoundly obvious open administration crusades beginning in the 1970s, furthermore work various gathering pledges occasions. In 1994, the Chronicle of Philanthropy, an industry production, discharged a study that demonstrated the American Heart Association was positioned as the fifth "most well known philanthropy/non-benefit in America." Elliott Antman, M.D., is president of the American Heart...
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...Men and women of all races contributed their time and belief into the most important civil rights crusade in American history. The Abolitionist Movement was predominant in its role regarding the emancipation of slavery and racial segregation. The Abolitionist Movement was an organization that wanted the result in the immediate emancipation of slavery and the abolishment of racial segregation and discrimination. Abolitionists raised an abundance of controversy in the North and South leading to the Civil War. The movement did not come together as a effort until the 1830’s, in earlier time the North went through troubles...
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...How and to what extent did war and violence contribute to the definition of chivalry as both an historical and social phenomenon? It is largely acknowledged by historians that, while it is difficult to be definitive in the meaning of chivalry-with Maurice Keen believing it to be a ‘word elusive of definition’- it came to denote the culture of a martial estate which ‘regarded war as its hereditary profession’. Thus, it could be considered that the violence of war had large implications on what people began to perceive to be chivalry. Additionally, the focus on violence- such as the participating in tournaments and jousts- further emphasises the close link between carrying out violent acts and the idea that a knight was being chivalrous. However, there were alternative influences, such as literature written in the period, which presented people with a chivalric ideal that they may then have come to define it by and thus strive towards. Similarly, religion may be seen to have influenced what came to be viewed as chivalry as through ecclesiastical critiques of the noble class, derived the knights desire to adopt what the Church deemed proper Christian conduct. Ultimately it is likely that it was not simply war and violence, but a combination of these influences which culminated in the definition of what people of the period perceived to be chivalry. It is evident that war and violence were seen as intrinsic elements of chivalry. The idea that chivalry was synonymous with bloodshed...
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...The Muslim World and its Problems in the 21st Century The Prospects of Muslim Renaissance Problems of the Muslim world in 21st century and Prospects of Muslim renaissance In the twenty first century the Muslim world is passing through a very challenging and crucial situation. We will face countless problems in the near future and we have to fight for our survival. There are multidimensional external attacks as well as internal challenges in the Muslim world. The Muslim world is under cultural raid and very fatal conspiracies. In order to know about the problems of the Muslims, it is necessary to look briefly at some of the aspects of physical and demographic profile of the Muslim world Area and population of Muslim world The Muslim world represents one fifth of the humanity occupying a global land mass spreading over 57 countries. It represents 23% of world population. The birth rate in Muslim world is 3.4%. about 80% of Muslim population is living in Muslim countries and the rest in the non-Muslim countries. DEFENSE The Muslim world is very weak as far as their defense is concerned due to low literacy rate and short of science and technology. In this case they cannot compete with the western world. Most of the Muslim countries look to the west for their defense. Total army of the Muslim world is 67 lacks. Although the Muslim world spends almost 76 billion dollars...
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...We have been focusing upon how those in terrorist leadership positions communicate their agenda to those within their organizations, their affiliates, and to the world at large. Focusing upon Osama bin Laden, how would you compare and contrast his ability to communicate and exert influence upon these various audiences from the years preceding 9/11 until his death? Summary Al Qaeda leaders and affiliates have conducted sophisticated public relations and media campaigns since the mid-1990s. Terrorism analysts believe that these campaigns have been designed to elicit psychological reactions and communicate complex political messages to a global audience as well as to specific subpopulations in the Islamic world, the United States, Europe, and Asia. Some officials and analysts believe that Al Qaeda’s messages contain signals that inform and instruct operatives to prepare for and carry out new attacks. Bin Laden and other leading Al Qaeda figures have referred to their public statements as important primary sources for parties seeking to understand Al Qaeda’s ideology and political demands. Global counterterrorism operations since 2001 appear to have limited Bin Laden’s ability to provide command and control leadership to Al Qaeda operatives and affiliated groups. Other Al Qaeda leaders and affiliates continue to release statements that encourage and provide guidance for terrorist operations. Iraq has become a focal point for jihadist rhetoric, underscoring Al Qaeda...
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...over economic issues such as the tariff, a national bank, and government-supported public works (called internal improvements in the nineteenth century) proved divisive but posed no serious threat to the integrity of the Union. Despite fissures along ethnic and class lines, the majority of Americans had much in common. They were white, Christian, spoke English, and shared a heritage forged in the crucible of the Revolutionary War. Questions relating to the institution of slavery set the stage for secession and war. Most men and women at the time would have agreed with Abraham Lincoln’s assertion in his Second Inaugural Address that slavery “was, somehow, the cause of the war.” Alexander H. Stephens, the Confederacy’s vice president, minced no words when he proclaimed in March 1861 that slavery “was the immediate cause of the late rupture and the present revolution” to establish southern independence.[1] The framers of the United States Constitution had compromised regarding slavery, creating a democratic republic that sought to ensure its citizenry’s freedoms while also reassuring the South that individual states would have the power to maintain and regulate slavery within their boundaries. The paradox of white liberty that rested in part on a foundation of black slavery was thus imbedded in the origins of the United States. Debates over the expansion of slavery into federal territories, which were tied to the South’s effort to maintain an equal number of free and slave states...
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...AS LEVEL Specification HISTORY A H105 For first assessment in 2016 ocr.org.uk/alevelhistorya We will inform centres about any changes to the specification. We will also publish changes on our website. The latest version of our specification will always be the one on our website (ocr.org.uk) and this may differ from printed versions. Copyright © 2014 OCR. All rights reserved. Copyright OCR retains the copyright on all its publications, including the specifications. However, registered centres for OCR are permitted to copy material from this specification booklet for their own internal use. Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations is a Company Limited by Guarantee. Registered in England. Registered company number 3484466. Registered office: Hills Road 1 Cambridge CB1 2EU. OCR is an exempt charity. Contents Introducing… AS Level History A (from September 2015) Teaching and learning resources iv Why choose an OCR AS Level in History A? 1 1a. Why choose an OCR qualification? 1 1b. Why choose an OCR AS Level in History A? 2 1c. What are the key features of this specification? 3 1d. 2 iii Professional Development 1 ii How do I find out more information? 3 4 2a. Overview of AS Level in History A (H105) 4 2b. Content of AS Level in History A (H105) 5 2c. Content of unit group 1: British period study and enquiry (Units Y131 to Y143) 8 2c. ...
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...According to Christopher Hitchens, “Terrorism is the tactic of demanding the impossible, and demanding it at gun point,” of which is undeniably true. Terrorism is the extension of fear, trepidation and distress to project its views into the then current political spectrum, to alter the views, culture and ethos of the respective political power. Essentially, terrorism is about acquiring awareness in society for its cause, subsequently questioning the government’s stance or perspective. In doing so terrorism, as this essay will discuss, creates reservations about the legitimacy of the current government, raises doubts surrounding the power of the state; a manoeuvre that demands concessions. Moreover, terrorism has taken on a pseudo religious-political form that has resulted in an involuntary knee-jerk reaction throughout the modern liberal democracies in the Western World. Not many events, actions or ideologies have influenced politics as terrorism has done so consistently throughout history. Terrorism and politics intertwine more than many understand. Terrorism is a catalyst for political interaction and development; as politics is seldom contained to one opinion, it is home to a myriad of diverse beliefs and judgements. It is about command and control and is not regulated to a sole individual, but the interconnections of various people from differing backgrounds and faiths, prompting revolution, oppression and liberalisation (Delaware Criminal Justice...
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...PSY 487: Final Paper Lisa Maiorana Spring 2014 What is terrorism and why is it a part of our global society? Terrorism is often the result of some type of social or economic injustice, such as poverty, the unemployment rate, government-imposed restrictions on individual freedoms, and a lack of order or morality. For most Americans, the words “terrorist” or “terrorism,” instantly triggers a flashbulb memory of where they were when the Twin Towers fell on that fateful day, September 11, 2001. Many people continue to struggle with the notion that there are groups out there, brought together by their unanimous hatred for Americans. The 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center and Pentagon is arguably the most disastrous act of terrorism of all time, forcing Americans and the rest of the world to see the threat of terrorism in a new light (Borum, 2003). The 20th and 21st centuries saw new developments in technology that may have changed the game of terrorism, however, extremist ideology and justification of violence, is not a new political strategy (“Terrorism in the,”). Rebel groups have been establishing roots and sprouting up all over the world since the beginning of human history (*CITE #3). The formation of such groups has occurred across centuries, but the term “terrorism” wasn’t coined until the 18th century, during the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror. Revolutionary officials—referred to as terrorists—and their subordinates, enforced the policies of “The Terror...
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