...Sylvester Roles of Public License POS/335 John Demory June 1st 2014 Today, in this paper on GNU I will be talking to you about what a GNU general public license is. I will then go over the exact role that it plays in the world today. Let us first go cover what exactly is a GNU general public license. The GNU general public license in terms is a free copy left, license for software and other software related works. When software and any other computer-based applications are published and or designed the creator establishes copyright protection and licenses are put into place. This is to protect and ensure the software’s integrity. It is also meant to take away the users freedom to share and change the creator’s works. In comparison, the GNU public license is intended for the guarantee of the users freedom to share and manipulate all versions of almost any free-based software programs. This is to make sure that the software remains absolutely free for all users. The role that the GNU general public license plays today is mainly for the software developers. These software developers use the GNU general public license to assert copyright on the software and or programs that they create. The GNU general public license also offers the users this license as well, giving then permission to copy, modify, and distribute that particular software that they have modified. All users of the GNU general public license are granted for copyright on the programs, this license gives...
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...GNU Public License and its Role POS/355 July 21, 2014 GNU Public License and its Role The LINUX software and other products are restricted with a License or patents to keep individual from altering or modifying the software. Developers usually release their software programs the way they think it best suit the potential business owner or users. The General Public License (GNU) role is to ensure when new software is released that it remains free to everyone to use as they please. The GNU role is to remove any software that has no source code. The parts that do not contain a source code are called binary blob and firmware generally redistributable, do not give the user the freedom to modify or study them. General Public License know as (GNU) General Public License was created by Richard M. Stallman in 1970 when he was a programmer at MIT’s Artificial Intelligence lab. The General Public License (GNU/ GPL) is a copy left license for software and other kinds of work that are free to the public The General Public License is the most popular free and open source software (FOSS) license today. According to Ronald "free software and open source are often interchangeably used (and the respective movements share many common goals" (2006). The General Public License purpose is to guarantee individual or developers the freedom to share and alter any version of a program to ensure it remains free and available to every individual. The General Public License is used by...
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...GNU Project The GNU project and was founded by Richard Stallman in 1984. GNU is a recursive acronym and stands for GNU is Not Unix. (Free Software Foundation, 2014) The project was put together to make free operating system available to the programming community. The term free was not meant to mean as in money but free as in a person can change, add or develop from the source. The project itself was based on Unix and was created from scratch. This Unix like operating system was called the GNU OS. This free software or GNU packages were and are made available to the public and the programming community, which in turn have lead to other operating systems. To make all distributions free the GNU Public license was created. This license for years has played a big role in making “free” software available. GNU Public License According to the Free Software Foundation website (2014) the GNU packages can include a working OS like Ubuntu or Fedora or you can download specific packages through their distribution servers. All These products are available to download for free and can be modified or changed because of the GNU public license. To make the source code available and make sure that no one uses its source and tries to copyright it and distribute it for sale was one of the obstacles the GNU project faced. The method used to avoid this was called copyleft. “Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite of its usual purpose: instead of a means for restricting...
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...(Stallings, 2012). GNU is described as a free software set of packages and tolls for designed for developing a UNIX-like operating system that is often used with the Linux kernel. The Free Software Foundation’s GNU project, or GNU Not Linux, provides the necessary tools to developers and has approved the GNU Public License, or GPL (Stallings, 2012). According to Free Software Foundation, or FSF (2007), the GNU Public License discusses the freedom for designers to share and change all versions of the program. Linux is free software, as in free for anyone to use, modify, or copy without restraint. The GNU Public License, or GPL, provides a list of basic permissions, rights, and conveying verbatim copies (FSF, 2007). The main idea of publishing the GPL licensing terms is that no one who uses Linux and/or creates any Linux-derived copy can make the copy proprietary (Stallings, 2012). Under the GPL, basic permissions are granted to all who use, copy, or modify a GNU program. The basic permissions essentially grant unlimited permission to run an unmodified version of a program (FSF, 2007). According to the FSF (2007), permissions are also granted to convey a derivative of an unmodified program; however, the conditions listed below must be met: * The work must display a notice stating who modified and the date it was modified. * The work must display a notice that it is released under the GPL. * The entire work must be licensed under the GPL to ensure the license the whole...
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...| Open and Closed Source Systems | GNU Public License and It’s Role | Type College Here | [Type the author name] | 5/13/2013 | | GNU General Public License To start, a GNU is a Unix-like OS that gives users complete freedom to modify or edit the software as they see fit. (GNU.org, 2013) “A Unix-like operating system is a software collection of applications, libraries, and developer tools, plus a program to allocate resources and talk to the hardware, known as a kernel.” (GNU.org, 2013) The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works. (GNU.org, 2013) The GNU GPL is a license that allows users the freedom to change/modify a program or to share it with others for free. This opens up programs to be edited in a manner that better suits the user. If the original program worked, but not in the way a specific user needs it to, they have the right, through the GNU GPL, to modify it for their needs, or to work better in general. Modified versions of the original software can also be distributed as an individual program. There are a couple different ways to look at this. Positive aspects involve some of which was just discussed; the ability to change a program or share it with other users, along with also being able to share the modified version of the original program. The bright side of this is that there is no one that the user has to get permission from when modifying the program. Given it’s free nature...
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...The GNU General Public License (GPL) is a free, copy left license used primarily for software. The GNU GPL allows users to change and share all versions of a program. It’s provided through the Free Software Foundation, a nonprofit corporation that works to provide free software for the GNU Project. *** General Public License is intended to guarantee ones freedom to share and change free software and also to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. History The GNU Program was launched in 1984 for the express purpose of developing operating systems that are similar to Unix. Richard Stallman produced the first GPL through the GNU Program in 1989. Licensees must adhere to the designated terms and conditions of the GPLs and owners may sell copies of programs under GPL, or distribute them for free. With GPL owners are now allowed to modify digital materials as well. Role This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed...
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...Option One GNU Introduction The GNU or General Public License plays a major role today in the way people think of programs. Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation (FSF) was who originally written the GNU or simply GPL. The case is, most software’s don’t want you to share or change the program. This means that they are trying to take away freedoms of having the program. What the GNU General Public License is designed to do is the opposite of that because it offers freedom to share and change the software and to make sure it is free for all of its users. This creation caused it to be the most widely used free software license. The GPL accounted for nearly 65% of the 43,442 free software projects listed on Freshmeat as of August 2007. Some believe that the copyleft provided from the GPL was crucial to Linux’s Success because it gave assurance that the work done by programmers who were involved in the kernel would remain free and benefit the world. After the first version of the GPL, more were made that followed. The first GPL was made in 1989. After that, another version was made with similar licenses but there was concern over problems in the GPLv2 so they made another one in June 2007. Preamble The General Public License was designed so that it meant that the people won’t think of a free software as related to its price but more to freedom. What this means is that people can do almost anything to the program including, making copies, giving away copies, selling...
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...them. 2. REst See also: Java (software platform) § History Duke, the Java mascot James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991.[12] Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time.[13] The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office; it went by the name Green later, and was later renamed Java, from Java coffee,[14] said to be consumed in large quantities by the language's creators.[citation needed] Gosling aimed to implement a virtual machine and a language that had a familiar C/C++ style of notation.[15] Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995.[1] It promised "Write...
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...Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman Introduction by Lawrence Lessig Edited by Joshua Gay GNU Press www.gnupress.org Free Software Foundation Boston, MA USA First printing, first edition. Copyright © 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ISBN 1-882114-98-1 Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place Boston, MA Tel: 1-617-542-5942 Fax: 1-617-542-2652 Email: gnu@gnu.org Web: www.gnu.org GNU Press is an imprint of the FSF. Email: press@gnu.org Web: www.gnupress.org Please contact the GNU Press for information regarding bulk purchases for classroom or user group use, reselling, or any other questions or comments. Original artwork by Etienne Suvasa. Cover design by Jonathan Richard. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this book provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this book into another language, from the original English, with respect to the conditions on distribution of modified versions above, provided that it has been approved by the Free Software Foundation. i Short Contents Editor’s Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A Note on Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Topic Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...1. If you are using corporate e-mail for external communications that contain confidential information, what other security countermeasures can you employ to maximize the confidentiality of e-mail transmissions through the Internet? Encrypt email, email policy, security software, content checking tool, anti-spam tool, and secure firewall configurations. 2. Explain the role of a Certificate Authority and its obligations in authenticating the person or organization and issuing digital certificates. Certificate Authority or Certification Authority (CA) is an entity, which is core to many PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) schemes, whose purpose is to issue digital certificates to use by other parties. It exemplifies a trusted third party. 3. What would a successful Subversion Attack of a CA result in? An attacker can create a certificate for any domain. This certificate will appear to be signed by a trusted CA. Thus, you will see that the site's cert is trusted and you will never get any notification to the contrary. Normally, a trusted CA will issue and sign a certificate and then if the browser trusts the signing CA, you will see a padlock in the GUI and you will often times see a message that lets you know that the certificate of the web site is trusted. If the CA is not trusted, you are shown a message that the certificate is not signed by a trusted party and you are given the option to leave or continue. This is PKI in a nutshell. The entire system relies on trust of...
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...Linus Benedict Torvalds – (born December 28, 1969) is a Finnish American software engineer, who was the principal force behind the development of the Linux kernel. He later became the chief architect of the Linux kernel, and now acts as the project's coordinator. He also created the revision control system Git as well as the diving log software Subsurface. He was honored, along with Shinya Yamanaka, with the 2012 Millennium Technology Prize by the Technology Academy Finland "in recognition of his creation of a new open source operating system for computers leading to the widely used Linux kernel". Paul Gardner Allen - (born January 21, 1953) is an American business magnate, investor and philanthropist, best known as the co-founder, with Bill Gates, of Microsoft Corporation. As of March 2013, he was estimated to be the 53rd-richest person in the world, with an estimated wealth of $15 billion. He is the founder and chairman of Vulcan Inc., which manages his various business and philanthropic efforts. Allen also has a multi-billion dollar investment portfolio including technology companies, real estate holdings, and stakes in other technology, media, and content companies. Allen also owns two professional sports teams, the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL), and the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is also part-owner of the Seattle Sounders FC, which joined Major League Soccer (MLS) in 2009. Allen's memoir Idea Man: A...
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...Survey of Open Source Integrated Library System in Thai University Libraries in Bangkok and Pathumthani by Pranee Kiriyanant The Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS) Kyoto University 2012 Survey of Open Source Integrated Library System in Thai University Libraries in Bangkok and Pathumthani by Pranee Kiriyanant Survey of Open Source Integrated Library System in Thai University Libraries in Bangkok and Pathumthani / Pranee Kiriyanant. Kyoto : The Library of Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 2012 CSEAS Bibliographical Series No. 10 ISBN 978-4-906332-07-6 Published by The Center for Southeast Asian Studies Library Kyoto University 46 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Copyright © 2012 Pranee Kiriyanant Contents Acknowledgments Abstract Abstract (in Thai language) Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature Review Open source software Integrated library system History of open source software Origin of open source software Adoption of open source software in libraries Open source software use in Thailand Descriptions of open source software Brief descriptions of integrated library system products Advantages and Disadvantages of open source software Chapter 3 Research method Chapter 4 Results Chapter 5 Conclusion References Appendix Appendix A: Request letter for participation (in Thai language) Appendix B: Request letter for participation (translation copy in English) Appendix...
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...King's peace (pg 31-32) Witan (pg 8) Doom ( pg 10) Doomsday book (pg 42-43) ritualized expression of jurisdictional theory; used to invoke royal court jurisdiction. encapsulated a long historical development. in early German history there was virtually no public law of crime. Victims or kin would retaliate for wrongs against them. Anglo saxon kings promoted measures to substitute money payments in restitution. Concept of the king's peace enabled monarchs to develop what amounted to a public law as a wrong against the king. From Germanic law - notion of man's "peace" surrounded his person & home. to disturb either was offense that justified him in repelling the breach. King as a semi-sacred figured - anyone who attacked him was guilty of a more serious crime. As the King's power grew, his peace was extended to religious shrines & people. By extending his peace, king brought them protection - attacking them was like attacking the king. By Norman times, the king's peace had expanded to royal officers & to highways over which the king traveled. Over time, it was projected over his entire realm. It was generalized into a jurisdictional principle - that jurisdiction over serious crime belonged to the king's courts. Criminal manners became know as placita coronae = pleas of the crown. That jurisdiction had a monopoly over jurisdiction for major crime. The remainder, lesser issues were punished in the hundred courts & in the manors of the towns. (pg 31-32) The king consulted...
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...Mai 2010 (zuletzt geringfügig korrigiert am 4. Januar 2012) Impressum Copyright c 2002 Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie1 Copyright c 2005 g10 Code GmbH Copyright c 2009, 2010 Intevation GmbH Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled „GNU Free Documentation License“. [Dieser Absatz ist eine unverbindliche Übersetzung des oben stehenden Hinweises.] Es wird die Erlaubnis gegeben, dieses Dokument zu kopieren, zu verteilen und/oder zu verändern unter den Bedingungen der GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 oder einer späteren, von der Free Software Foundation veröffentlichten Version. Es gibt keine unveränderlichen Abschnitte, keinen vorderen Umschlagtext und keinen hinteren Umschlagtext. Eine Kopie der „GNU Free Documentation License“ findet sich im Anhang mit dem gleichnamigen Titel. Inoffizielle Übersetzungen dieser Lizenz finden Sie unter http://www.gnu.org/licenses/translations.html. 1 Wenn dieses Dokument kopiert, verteilt und/oder verändert wird, soll außer dieser Copyright-Notiz in keiner Form der Eindruck eines Zusammenhanges mit dem Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie erweckt werden. Über dieses Kompendium Das Gpg4win-Kompendium besteht...
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...mandatory access controls, through the use of Linux Security Modules (LSM) in the Linux kernel. It is not a Linux distribution, but rather a set of Kernel modifications and user-space tools that can be added to various Linux distributions. Its architecture strives to separate enforcement of security decisions from the security policy itself and streamlines the volume of software charged with security policy enforcement. The key concepts underlying SELinux can be traced to several earlier projects by the United States National Security Agency (NSA), It has been integrated into the mainline Linux kernel since version 2.6. NSA, the original primary developer of SELinux, released the first version to the open source development community under the GNU GPL on December 22, 2000. Security-enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a reference implementation of the Flask security architecture for flexible mandatory access control. It was created to demonstrate the value of flexible mandatory access controls and how such controls could be added to an operating system. The Flask architecture has been subsequently mainstreamed into Linux and ported to several other systems, including the Solaris operating...
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