...ideal and less as an achievable condition. Environmental factors, internal or external stimuli, continually disrupt homeostasis; an organism’s present condition is a state in constant flux wavering about a homeostatic point that is that organism’s optimal condition for living. Factors causing an organism’s condition to waver away from homeostasis can be interpreted as stress. A life-threatening situation such as a physical insult or prolonged starvation can greatly disrupt homeostasis. On the other hand, an organism’s effortful attempt at restoring conditions back to or near homeostasis, oftentimes consuming energy and natural resources, can also be interpreted as stress. In such instances, an organism’s fight-or-flight response recruits the body’s energy stores and focuses attention to overcome the challenge at hand. The ambiguity in defining this...
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...The Endocrine System Dirty Sanchez BEH/225 Introduction to Behavioral Science 19 March 2014 Mrs. Piggy The Endocrine System Human behavior can be affected by several factors; a person’s upbringing, the surrounding environment, and one’s personality. These are all examples of what one sees on the outside of the body. Inside the body, there is a system that can have several effects on human behavior. This system is called the endocrine system. This system is made up of glands that secrete hormones into the lymph system, also known as the bloodstream. Glands such as the thyroid and adrenal secrete hormones that affect human behavior. The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones such as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which regulate the human body’s metabolism. The adrenal glands secrete hormones such as, adrenalin and noradrenalin which can be related to fear and anger. The endocrine system’s secretions of hormones throughout the human body plays a large role on how a human behavior. The Role of the Endocrine System Like the nervous system, the endocrine system goes hand-in-hand in controlling and coordinating the reflexes and reactions of the human body. The endocrine glands create and execute communications throughout the body that are just as important as the nervous system (Coon & Mitterer, p. 74, 2012). Through secretion of chemicals, also known as hormones, the endocrine system secretes these...
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...Human Body System Research Skeletal System Functions: The Skeletal system performs vital functions; supports movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation. That enables the human body to survive. Main Parts / Structures and Functions: The skeleton is divided into two major parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs. Example of Cell Specialization: Osteoprogenitor Cells: Osteoprogenitor cells are immature cells that are mainly based in the bone marrow (a soft fatty substance in the...
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...Endocrine System- Hormones and Behavior The Endocrine System Hormones & Behaviors Our behavior is not solely a product of the nervous system. The endocrine glands are equally important parallel communication system in the body. The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream or the lymph system. I have found a table that shows which glands are in the body and what exactly they produce or do for a human. Adrenal glands - Divided into 2 regions; secrete hormones that influence the body's metabolism, blood chemicals, and body characteristics, as well as influence the part of the nervous system that is involved in the response and defense against stress. Hypothalamus - Activates and controls the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary body functions, the hormonal system, and many body functions, such as regulating sleep and stimulating appetite. Ovaries and testicles - Secrete hormones that influence female and male characteristics, respectively. Pancreas -Secretes a hormone (insulin) that controls the use of glucose by the body. Parathyroid glands - Secrete a hormone that maintains the calcium level in the blood. Pineal body - Involved with daily biological cycles. Helps regulate the body rhythms and sleep cycles. Pituitary gland - Produces a number of different hormones that influence various other endocrine glands. Thymus gland - Plays a role in the body's immune system...
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...The Digestive System is made up of organs that break down food into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats, which the body needs for energy, growth, and repair. After the food is chewed and swallowed, it goes down the throat and enters the stomach. It is further broken down by powerful stomach acids. From the stomach the food travels into the small intestine. This is where your food is broken down into nutrients that can enter the bloodstream through tiny hair-like projections. The excess food that the body doesn't need or can't digest is turned into waste and is eliminated from the body. The digestive system is a key component of everyday life due to the fact it handles all the intake of water and food sources. The Endocrine System is made up of a group of glands that produce the body's long-distance messengers, or hormones. Hormones are chemicals that control body functions, such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development. The glands, which include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, thymus gland, pineal body, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, release hormones directly into the bloodstream, which transports the hormones to organs and tissues throughout the body. This system is not a major component but does play an important role in the growth process. The Lymphatic System is also a defense system for the body. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces white blood cells, and generates disease-fighting...
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...Human anatomy is the study of body systems which is made up of cells, tissues, and organs. Human anatomy is important to study to help explain how organs and other structures of the body work. There are eleven systems in the human body that i will discuss. Each system depends on the other to keep the body functioning.The systems of the body are the integumentary,circulatory, immune, skeletal, excretory, muscular, endocrine, digestive, nervous,reproductive and respiratory. It is important to understand how human body systems work together. The first body system is the nervous system.The body has connector neurons that signal throughout the body. Messages are sent through nerves called neurons that are responsible for communication in the body....
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...Bodily Systems and the Spatial-Functional Structure of the Human Body Barry Smith, PhD1,2, Igor Papakin1, Katherine Munn1 1Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 2Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Abstract. The human body as conceived by medical science is a system made of systems. The body is divided into bodily systems proper, such as the endocrine and circulatory systems. These are subdivded into many subsystems at a variety of levels whereby all systems and subsystems engage in massive causal interaction with other systems and subsystems. In this essay we offer an explicit definition of bodily system, and explicit means for understanding these causal interactions. Whereas informality is acceptable in documentation created for human beings, it falls short of what is needed for computer representations. In our analysis we will define bodily system, and will take some first steps toward understanding the causal relationships bodily systems have with their subsystems. 1. Introduction Ontology plays an increasingly significant role in work on terminology and knowledge management systems in the domain of biomedical informatics, and we hold that it will play an essential role in biomedical research of the future. The term ‘ontology’ must, however, be understood in the right way [1]. The dominant paradigm might be referred to as ‘applications...
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...10 | The Internally Integrated Human Animal | | 10.1 | The Integrated Human | | | List the names of 10 body systems and the principle role of each in serving the rest of the body. | Muscular system does the work; Skeletal System provides leverage for the muscular system to get you up the stairs; Cardiovascular System services your muscles with nutrients and oxygen, while removing carbon dioxide and other molecular wastes from them; respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body as a whole; digestive system supplies the nutrients to be brought to the muscle tissues; integumentary system to remove the heat your muscles are generating; nervous system (the sympathetic part) responds to the physical stress you are putting on your body; endocrine system a collection of organs (glands) that secrete hormones into the bloodstream; the hormones in turn control many aspects of the body’s form and function; The wastes being produced by the muscles’ metabolism will be removed by the urinary system; your immune response, produced by the lymphatic system; | | As a student runs up the stairs, which 2 body systems would be most immediate in their support of the muscular system in this activity? | Muscular and Skeletal systems | | As a student runs up the stairs, her ____________ system serves her by providing moisture for evaporation to moderate her body temperature. | Integumentary System | 10.2 | The Muscular System | | | Muscle Structural Organization...
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...TMA 1 Describe the four basic human body structure unit and their functions. The four basic human body structures are cells, tissues, organs and systems. Cells Most cells have some common elements to them. These include the nucleus, cytoplasm and the membrane. The nucleus contains most of the genetic or hereditary information and controls the cells growth and reproduction. It also contains the chromosomes which in turn contain DNA. The cytoplasm makes up the rest of the cell, outside of the nucleus and enclosed in the cell membrane. This is a clear gel like liquid which contains the cells organelles and the cytoskeleton (fibres that hold the cells shape and give it support). The membrane is the cell wall that keeps everything in but it contains small holes that allow molecules in and out. It is made up mostly, of proteins and phospholipids. The phospholipids make up the wall and the proteins are found around the small holes and help to move the moleclues. The cells function is to stay alive and keep the body alive by sustaining the body's organ systems. If they don't have a purpose in the body, they will die. After that, they have different functions and they can work on their own or as a group. When they come together in a group, they are called tissues. Some of the most common cells are: Nerve cells: (or neurons) these cells are in the nervous system and they process and transmit information. They are the core components of the brain, spinal cord...
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...Cardiovascular system Main functions of the cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system transports nutrients and oxygen to all areas of the body. When the blood is travelling back to the heart, it flows through the veins. Whereas, after the blood has picked up oxygen from the lungs, it then flows away from the heart through the arteries. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels which run through the entire body. The right side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood, whereas, the left side contains oxygen rich blood. Superior vena cava - Carries deoxygenated blood into the heart from head, arms and the upper body. Inferior vena cava - Carries deoxygenated blood into the heart from the lower body. Aorta - The aorta is the main artery in the human body which carries oxygen rich blood away from the left ventricle and circulates it around the body. Pulmonary artery - The vessel that transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, carrying the blood away from the heart. Pulmonary vein - There are four pulmonary veins, two from each lung. These veins receive oxygenated blood from the lungs which then drain into the left atrium of the heart. Mitral valve - One of the four valves in the heart, it regulates blood flow from the left atrium (upper left chamber), into the left ventricle (lower left chamber). Aortic valve - This valve closes off the left ventricle that holds the oxygen rich blood before it is pumped out to...
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...everyday tasks. Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune disease is when a person immune system which is supposed to protect the body’s healthy cells from any foreign bodies such as infections or virus that have entered the body, decides that the body’s healthy cells are now the foreign bodies. The immune system starts to attack and destroy the body’s health cells which the body needs to survive. “Multiple Sclerosis happens when your immune system attacks a fatty material called myelin. Myelin wraps around your nerve fibers to protect them (WebMD).” With Multiple Sclerosis, the myelin is constantly under attack. Without this outer shell, your nerves become damaged. Scar tissue may form. The damage means your brain can’t send signals through your body correctly. Your nerves also don’t work as they should to help you move and feel. As a result of this autoimmune disease, the following symptoms may be caused trouble walking, feeling tired, muscle weakness or spasms, blurred or double vision numbness and tingling, sexual problems, poor bladder or bowel control, pain, depression, problems with focusing or remembering (WebMD).” Multiple Sclerosis starts at the central nervous system. The central nervous system is made of two subparts, the brain and the spinal cord. The nervous system is made of a complex system of nerve cells. The nerve cells of the central nervous system works as a messenger,...
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...activities • Homeostasis • Principle of feedback loops For the human body to function, cells within the body have to work and function correctly. Tissues, cells and organs all have different jobs with very different functions. The cells must have an internal environment which has to be stable to suit them for them. This enables survival for example things necessary are oxygen, nutrients or the removal of waste products. This ensures the human body is healthy and is able to function. This process where the body can control this internal environment no matter what is going out in the external environment this is known as homeostasis. Homeostasis involves the stability of equilibrium within a cell or within the human body. Homeostasis is maintaining a constant environment within the body for example homeostasis is very important making sure our bodies have the correct levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and maintain a correct body temperature. Homeostasis is vital to ensure all living things survival, keeping a stable and balanced internal environment which can constantly change within and out of the cell; this is known as homeostatic regulation. Homeostasis can be recognised as a dynamic equilibrium or steady state due to within a cell every mechanism that is kept alive is a...
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...to the blood flow is defined as the body’s blood pressure (Darovic, 2002). A normal range blood pressure (BP) must be between 100-130mmHg systolic (when the heart is beating) and 60-90mmHg diastolic pressure (between heart beats) (Sherwood, 1997). Many factors can change blood pressure, including exercise and diet. The regulation of BP within the body is tightly maintained by nerves, hormones and renal control in relation to three factors: cardiac output, peripheral resistance and blood volume. However, malfunction of the controlling mechanisms can cause abnormalities such as hypertension that could have dangerous outcomes such as stroke or heart failure. The body contains physiological mechanisms that work to precisely control the daily BP of an individual (Guyenet, 2006). Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute; it will be determined by the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles each heart beat (stroke volume) and the number of beats per minute (heart rate) (Sherwood, 1997). CO is one of the most important contributors to blood pressure. The capacity of the blood vessels to dilate and constrict will influence their resistance to blood flow (Williams, 2005); this is called peripheral resistance and together with the total amount of blood running in the circulation (blood volume) will also have a direct effect on the blood pressure of an individual (Seeley et al 2008). The autonomic nervous system (involuntary) is the short term controller...
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...The Gross Structure of Body Systems The Gross Structure of Body Systems Contents page: Cardiovascular: Page 1 Respiratory: Page 2 Digestive system: Page 3 Renal: Page 4 Nervous system: Page 5 Endocrine: Page 6, 7 Reproductive system (both genders): Page 8 Musculoskeletal: Page 9 Section through bone: Page 10 Skin: Page 11 Immune System: 12 Lymphatic System: 12 Cardiovascular: The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and about 5 litres of blood that the blood vessels transport. The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body. The cardiovascular system is powered by the body’s hardest-working organ, which is the heart. The heart: The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a closed fist that functions as the body’s circulatory pump. It takes in deoxygenated blood through the veins and delivers it to the lungs for oxygenation before pumping it into the various arteries (which provide oxygen and nutrients to body tissues by transporting the blood throughout the body). The heart is located in the thoracic cavity medial to the lungs and posterior to the sternum. Arteries: The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen to the blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Each artery is a muscular tube lined by smooth tissue and has three layers: •The intima, is the inner layer lined...
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...cold. Most animals regulate their body temperature at a particular level. For humans it is 37°C. If the temperature is too high the body will apply different mechanisms to decrease its temperature. E.g. sweating and dilation of blood vessels. If the temperature is to low the body will counteract to increase the temperature. E.g. shivering, constriction of blood vessels and goose bumps. This is a negative feedback system which allows us to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the process of keeping a constant internal condition. How do we keep things the same? To keep our body at a constant temperature we need three things: receptors, a processing centre and effectors. Thermoreceptors in the skin detect changes in external temperature. They pass this information on to the processing centre in the brain called the hypothalamus which is a tiny gland in the brain. An important job of the hypothalamus is to regulate body temperature. Your body’s reaction to heat loss is involuntary and controlled by the hypothalamus. When it receives the message from the thermoreceptors it automatically triggers changes to effectors. The effectors are tiny muscles called arrector pili found attached to the...
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