...2 II. Motivation to have an EU. 3 III. Diversity in EU: a weakness? 4 1. The premises: coordination between states. 4 2. The premises: The Council of Europe. 4 3. The need for a United Europe. 4 4. Which Europe? 5 IV. The European Political Community. 5 5. More info 5 V. The main theories about European construction 5 6. European Economic Community (EEC) 1958-1985 6 7. The customs union 6 8. Policy coordination & harmonization 6 9. Common policies: 3 areas. 6 10. Permanent, single institutions are created 7 11. European social policy & investments 7 12. Surveillance of EU policies 7 13. Stagnation and euro-pessimism (1973-1985) 7 14. European leaders stop using The Luxembourg compromise. 7 15. What does it show? 7 16. Single European act 8 VI. Furthering European integration 8 17. Customs union without harmonization of norms & standards 8 VII. Maastricht treaty 8 VIII. The EU 4 freedoms 9 18. Free movement of goods 9 19. Free movement of persons 9 IX. Theory and practice of integration 10 20. Political view and gradual political process 10 21. international political developments push Europeans to reinforce cooperation 10 X. The different stages of economic union 12 XI. Treaty of Nice 12 XII. The council of European Union 12 22. Responsibilities 13 XIII. European parliament 13 XIV. Council of Europe 13 XV. Decision making in the EU 18 XVII. Bibliography 19 ...
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...EU & Turkey, Trade and Policies, Summary Chapter 1: The formation of the European Union United Europe has been the vision of many statesmen since the Roman Empire, and more recently of philosophers/politicians (17th century (). Winston Churchill; spoke of European Federation (1951) but true fathers of borderless continent were: Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet (supported/complemented by Paul Henri Spaak and Jacques Delores). Why was Europe created: They wanted to avoid repetition of wars between Europeans (especially avoid another conflict between France and Germany). Germany wasn’t punished because Americans learned from WWI. To avoid repetitions politicians/intellectuals came up with free commerce, democracy, and individual freedoms. The sincere collaboration (early 1950s until today) made peaceful Europe possible. They also wanted to rebuild Europe equitably after WWII, to share vital resources to mutual benefit, to counter threat of communism, to leverage with USSR and US, and eliminate acute nationalism and racism. The importance of the EU to Turkey: 1. number 1 trading partner for Turkey 2. one of 4 world’s major powers 3. Turkey aspires to join the EU 4. Turkey needs Europe to be democratic 1951 – Paris (ECSC) 1st form of Europe-wide collaboration among states was ECSC (European Coal & Steel Community) in 1951 and was developed in free trade and commerce within the newly formed EEC (European Economic Community). ECSC was created to...
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...Overview of the Implementation Status of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space in African Countries J-A. van Wyk Department of Political Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), P O Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa e-mail: vwykjak@unisa.ac.za Abstract. This paper presents an overview of the five major UN Treaties on Outer Space. Each of these Treaties are briefly discussed and assessed with particular emphasis on aspects relevant to Africa. Very few African countries have ratified these Treaties, as well as enacted domestic space legislation. The paper concludes with an assessment of Africa’s involvement in multilateral space fora such as OOSA and UNCOPUOS. It also offers recommendations to improve African countries’ ratification and compliance with these Treaties. Sommaire. Cet article est une introduction aux cinq traités majeurs de l’ONU, en matière d’espace extra-atmosphérique. Chacun des traités est brièvement discuté et évalué en insistant sur les aspects importants pour l’Afrique. Tres peu d’Etats africains ont ratifié ces traités, ainsi que mis sur pied une législation en matière d’espace. L’article se termine par une évaluation de l’engagement de l’Afrique dans des forums multilatéraux voués à l’espace tels que l’ OOSA et l’ UNCOPUOS. Des recommendations sont également suggérées pour l’amélioration de la ratification et le respect par les Etats africains de ces traités. International Space Law: Context and Text fact that no state can claim sovereignty...
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...Contents 1.HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL ACCOUNT OF EU-MOLDOVA RELATIONS 2 1.1.Political situation in Moldova. 2 1.2. Establishement of EU-Moldova relations. 3 2. EC-MOLDOVA PARTERSHIP AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT 6 3. THE TRANSNISTRIAN ISSUE AS A SECURITY THREAT FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION 9 4.THE FUTURE OF EU-MOLDOVA RELATIONS 12 REFERENCES: 18 ‘’You are well aware that the values on which the EU is built-freedom,democracy,respect for human rights and fundamental freedom,and the rule of law-lie precisely at the heart o the political association and economic integration process which the Eastern Partership offers and which we are pursuing with Moldova.(…) We want to create a new reality where all the citizens of Moldova, without exclusion, can enjoy all the benefits of a modern and effective political and economic system, respectful of their fundamental right’’. President Barroso. 1.HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL ACCOUNT OF EU-MOLDOVA RELATIONS 1.1.Political situation in Moldova. 1.The independence of the Republic of Moldova, which was declared in 1991, raised a great number of crucial questions for the future of the new country- problems that had to be solved without delay. One of them was them was the orientation of its foreign policy and external allies. Moldova is literally situated on the border between East and West the countries that have chosen a ‘Euro-Asian’...
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...innovation policies 24 3.2 Governance challenges 30 3.3 Recent demand-side innovation policy measures 3 1 3.3.1 Sectoral specificities 3 1 3.3.2 Good practice case 3 1 Appendix A : Plan to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of RDI expenditure (Summary of provisions) 32 Appendix B : Recommendations of World Bank’s Functional Review for the reform of the Romanian RDI system 34 Appendix C : Research and innovation policy measures for Romania 35 Appendix D : References 37 Mini Country Report/Romania i Preface The European TrendChart on innovation is the longest running policy benchmarking tool at European level. Since its launch in 1999 it has produced annual reports on national innovation policy and governance, created a...
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...EU action against climate change Working with developing countries to tackle climate change Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union New freephone number: (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://ec.europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007 ISBN 978-92-79-06576-7 © European Communities, 2007 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium Printed on recycled paper that has been awarded the EU eco-label for graphic paper (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel) EU action against climate change Working with developing countries to tackle climate change Introduction EU cooperation with developing countries on climate change Supporting adaptation and capacity building Providing clean and secure energy supplies Stimulating clean development through EU emissions trading Promoting sustainable forestry Assisting developing countries through climate research 5 10 14 17 20 22 24 Introduction As the world’s largest donor of development assistance, the European Union is strongly committed to supporting developing countries...
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...Indonesia Country Report Q1 2012 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND Indonesia has excellent prospects for long term growth, based on macroeconomic stability, supported by strong domestic consumption and stable political conditions. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s reputation remains high in international circles, boosted by the country’s focus on re-establishing its leadership role within ASEAN and as the incoming Chair of APEC 2013. The country has a demonstrated desire to take on a global role by promoting itself as the world’s third largest democracy and largest moderate Muslim-majority country, but also as a new Asian economic powerhouse with stable economic growth and sound macroeconomic outlook. A more influential role in G20 highlights how Indonesia now is placed alongside giants China and India as one of the most important emerging economies in the world. Yudhoyono has two and a half years left in office and should further accelerate the reforms of the country, before his term ends in 2014. However, the most pressing reform on subsidised fuel price has yet again been postponed. In late March Indonesia’s revised 2012 budget was discussed in parliament. Following violent demonstrations, the President lost crucial support within his coalition failing to push the fuel price hike vote through parliament. The President’s Party has taken a hit in terms of popularity. A survey by the Indonesian Survey Institute showed that domestic support for the ruling Democratic Party...
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...KROK University of Economics and Law International Relations Faculty International Economics and Business Department Research Paper: “Ukraine on the world tourist market” 4th year student Scientific advisor: “International Economics-KROK Exclusive” PhD., Associate Professor Programme : Titarenko D.Y. Ilarionova N. M. _________ (signature) ______________________ ( resolution “For defence” ) ___________ _________________ ( date ) ( signature) Kiyv-2012 Contents Introduction 3 1.1. Characteristic of tourist activity and its influence on economy of Ukraine 7 1.2. Tourist resources and infrastructure - the main components of development of tourism at Ukraine 16 Section 2. A place of Ukraine in development of the international tourism 20 2.1. Development of the Ukrainian travel business and...
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...LO1 Understand the organizational purposes of businesses. ACs 1.1 identifies the purposes of different types of organization. Tasks 01 Legal Structure of Business Organization: A business Organization may have three legal option or structure, they are: Sole Trader: A person who runs unincorporated business on his or her own. Sometimes it is known as "sole proprietor" or "sole practitioner". Partnership: A partnership is an association of two or more people formed for the purpose of carrying on a business. Partnerships are governed by the Partnership Act (1890). Incorporated Company: Incorporating business actions into a company confers life on the business as a "separate legal person", Profits and losses are the company's and it has its own debts and obligations. Types of the Business Organization: Private Company: A company whose ownership is private. Private companies may issue stock and have shareholders. Public Company: Public Company may be defined as, A company that has issued securities through an initial public offering (IPO) and is traded on at least one stock exchange or in the over the counter market. Government Company: Government Company may be defined by, it is a legal entity created by a government to start money-making activities on behalf of a proprietor government. Voluntary Organization: Voluntary organizations may be defined as, organizations are non-profit ambitious, self-directed and non-statutory, that are run by persons...
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...is founded on the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law, principles which are common to the Member States.‖ - Article 6, Treaty on European Union The European Union is not a federation like the United States. Nor is it simply an organization for cooperation between governments, like the United Nations. Neither is it a State intended to replace existing states, but it is much more than any other international organization. The EU is, in fact, unique. Never before have countries voluntarily agreed to set up common institutions to which they delegate some of their sovereignty so that decisions on specific matters of joint interest can be made democratically at a higher, in this case European, level. All EU decisions and procedures are based on the treaties agreed to by all EU countries, under which sovereignty is shared in specified areas. The result is a union of 27 Member States covering 1.6 million square miles with roughly half a billion people producing almost a third of the world‘s gross national product and speaking more than 23 1 languages, bound together by a desire to promote peace, democracy, prosperity, stability, and the rule of law. The EU embraces the fundamental values shared by its Member States across a multitude of cultures, languages, and traditions. The Member States agree that democracy is the best form of government. They believe in societies that encourage pluralistic political thought...
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...Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Governance and Corporate Regulation 2.1 Introduction CSR is increasingly an essential issue for companies.1 It is a complex and multidimensional organisational phenomenon that is understood as the scope for which, and the ways in which, an organisation is consciously responsible for its actions and non-actions and their impact on its stakeholders. It represents not just a change to the commercial setting in which individual companies operates, but also a pragmatic response of a company to its consumers and society.2 It is increasingly being understood as a means by which companies may endeavour to achieve a balance between their efforts to generate profits and the societies that they impact in these efforts.3 This chapter discusses these issues. First, it describes CSR and its core principles. Second, it describes CG and narrates CG’s convergence with CSR. Third, it highlights how different economies are incorporating CSR notions in their corporate regulation. 1 Jeremy Moon and David Vogel, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility, Government, and Civil Society’ in Andrew Crane et al. (eds), Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility (2008) 303; David Vogel, The Market for Virtue: The Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility (2005); Nada K Kakabadse, Cecile Rozuel and Linda Lee-Davies, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Approach: A Conceptual Review’ (2005) 1(4) International Journal of...
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...all Member States and of the European Commission. Throughout Europe, hundreds of policy measures and support schemes aimed at innovation have been implemented or are under preparation. The diversity of these measures and schemes reflects the diversity of the framework conditions, cultural preferences and political priorities in the Member States. PRO INNO Europe is a new initiative of Directorate General Enterprise and Industry which aims to become the focal point for innovation policy analysis, learning and development in Europe, with a view to learning from the best and contributing to the development of new and better innovation policies in Europe. Run by the Innovation Policy Directorate of DG Enterprise and Industry, it pursues the collection, regular updating and analysis of information on innovation policies at national and European level. The INNO-Policy TrendChart serves the 'open policy coordination approach' laid down by the Lisbon Council in March 2000. It supports organisation and scheme managers in Europe with summarised and concise information and statistics on innovation policies, performances and trends in the European Union (EU). It is also a European forum for benchmarking and the exchange of good practices in the area of innovation policy. The INNO-Policy TrendChart products The INNO-Policy TrendChart, previously TrendChart on Innovation, has been running since January 2000. It now tracks innovation policy developments in all 27 EU Member States, plus Iceland...
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...Critical Social Policy http://csp.sagepub.com/ Capitalist globalization, corporate social responsibility and social policy Leslie Sklair and David Miller Critical Social Policy 2010 30: 472 DOI: 10.1177/0261018310376804 The online version of this article can be found at: http://csp.sagepub.com/content/30/4/472 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Critical Social Policy can be found at: Email Alerts: http://csp.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://csp.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://csp.sagepub.com/content/30/4/472.refs.html >> Version of Record - Nov 1, 2010 What is This? Downloaded from csp.sagepub.com by guest on May 2, 2012 E S L I E S K L A I R L London School of Economics D A V I D M I L L E R University of Strathclyde Capitalist globalization, corporate social responsibility and social policy Abstract This article outlines how the twin crises of capitalist globalization – of class polarization and ecological unsustainability – combine to produce the need for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to attempt to bridge the gap between the rhetoric and reality of corporate conduct. The first section outlines how CSR relates to capitalist globalization and how it is integrated into the activities of the Transnational Capitalist Class (TCC). The role of CSR in...
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...[Writer’s Name] [Institute’s Name] Introduction Employment law Employment law is the branch of law which governs the creation, operation and termination of employment, determines the mode of co-workers; the measure establishes safety and disposition of labour disputes. Labour law regulates not processes, and social relations of subjects of labour relations, that is, the social forms of labour. From this point of view of work of the scientist, inventor, writer, and other individual forms of labour are not subject to the regulation of labour law, as performed outside of public relations. Employment law contains rights and obligations of workers and employers. Employment law is characterized by a combination of centralized and local regulations. In the local regulations adopted by agreement of the parties shall be determined daily working hours, set at rest (break), consistent recording of leave and other issues in detail regulate the working conditions of employees. It is important that the rules of local acts do not conflict with federal law. The principle of equality has evolved into demands real equality of opportunity in all areas of life, necessitating the implementation of a full and comprehensive approach to gender equality. It has been important developments in the work related to equality, to equal results, because if people got only equal opportunity, not the liability of government and society in general to guarantee the result and the effectiveness of policies...
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...ENVIRONMENT A RESOURCE BOOK Edited by Adil Najam Mark Halle Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz Trade and Environment: A Resource Book © 2007 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and the Regional and International Networking Group (The Ring). Trade and Environment: A Resource Book Edited by Adil Najam, Mark Halle and Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz ISBN 978-1-895536-99-7 Published by International Institute for Sustainable Development, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, The Regional and International Networking Group This publication is available online at http://www.trade-environment.org http://www.iisd.org http://www.ictsd.org http://www.ring-alliance.org Cover photos from iStockphoto. Readers are encouraged to quote and reproduce this material for educational, not-for-profit purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. Printed on 100% post-consumer recycled paper. Trade and Environment: A Resource Book The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD, http://www.iisd.org) contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and assessment, and natural resources management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity...
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