...Guidelines for Literature/Review Proposal DUE APRIL 9, 2008 Introduction The introduction to the literature review/proposal orients the reader to the problem under study and has three parts. First, you need to provide a statement of the problem. This statement sets out the general reasons that the research area is important. You might indicate the prevalence of the problem, its relevance or cost, its importance to theory, the relative absence of knowledge, some contradictory research, etc. Prevalence statistics, knowledge gaps, contradictory research, the need for theory testing, presence of puzzling anomalies, etc. help to make your case here. Secondary sources (books, chapters, review articles) or tertiary sources (newspapers, magazine articles) can be helpful in making a general case for research in his area. However, do not rely on tertiary sources to make your case. I expect you will use a majority of primary sources with a limited (small) number of secondary/tertiary sources. The second section of the Introduction sets out the purpose of the proposed study. This can be brief and simply clarifies how your proposed study will address the problem you have identified. The third part of the Introduction is a statement of the research question (or hypotheses). Write your research question according to the guidelines for good research questions discussed in class. Parts one and two set the stage for the research question. Recommended length: 1 - 2 pages Review of Literature The written...
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...Doing a literature review This Advice Sheet introduces you to the basics of compiling a Literature review. What is a literature review? 1 What it is not …. 1 Approaches needed …. 1 Approaching your review …. 2 Writing the review …. 3 What is a literature review? • • • Further reading …. 4 • It is a critical and evaluative account of what has been published on a chosen research topic. Its purpose is to summarise, synthesise and analyse the arguments of others. (It is not an academic research paper, the main purpose of which is to support your own argument.) You should describe and analyse the knowledge that exists and what gaps occur in research related to your field of interest. (This should clarify the relationship between your own research and the work that has previously been done.) It should reveal similarities and differences, consistencies and inconsistencies and controversies in previous research. What it is not It is not primarily an argument for the importance of what it is you are researching. While it is necessary to explain what is the primary purpose of your research, the reader of a literature review will assume that the need for undertaking the research has already been established. It is not a descriptive list of papers or summaries. You must not just list your sources and describe them in detail one at a time. A literature review is organised around ideas, not the sources themselves as an annotated bibliography would be organised. You should...
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...International Journal of Production Research Vol. 48, No. 17, 1 September 2010, 5137–5155 Supply chain performance measurement: a literature review Goknur Arzu Akyuz* and Turan Erman Erkan Department of Industrial Engineering, Atilim University, Kizilcasar Mahallesi, 06836 Incek Go¨lbasi, Ankara, Turkey (Received 19 February 2009; final version received 2 June 2009) This paper is intended to provide a critical literature review on supply chain performance measurement. The study aims at revealing the basic research methodologies/approaches followed, problem areas and requirements for the performance management of the new supply chain era. The review study covers articles coming from major journals related with the topic, including a taxonomy study and detailed investigation as to the methodologies, approaches and findings of these works. The methodology followed during the conduct of this research includes starting with a broad base of articles lying at the intersection of supply chain, information technology (IT), performance measurement and business process management topics and then screening the list to have a focus on supply chain performance measurement. Findings reveal that performance measurement in the new supply era is still an open area of research. Further need of research is identified regarding framework development, empirical cross-industry research and adoption of performance measurement systems for the requirements of the new era, to include...
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...How to Write a Research Proposal. Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher. A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study. Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it. The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound. The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research...
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...The importance of identity in falls prevention. Falls are frequently identified as one of the elderly giants. It mostly generates diagnostic and rehabilitative dilemmas in today's healthcare practice. The importance of a fall lies in its effect on the older person's health, function and independence. A fall can be the first indication of an undiagnosed disease and repeated falls often indicate a change in an older person's functional ability. The prevention of falls in the older population is the most important area in clinical practice which reduces fall associated mortality and morbidity. Fear of falling is commonly identified although poorly defined phenomena among older people (close, 2005). Approximately one third of adults over 65 years of age fall each year. Many will have some psychological consequences after a fall. A frequently expressed psychological factor is loss of confidence in self functioning. This may lead to physical deconditioning, depression, isolation from the society and a low quality of life. Low fall-related efficacy is associated with the number and severity of future falls in older adults with balance disorders (Bishop 2010). A critique of the qualitative study. The importance of identity in falls prevention is a qualitative study where author clearly offers a picture of the occurrence of falls, its prevention and the interventions in older adults who lives in our community. Each individual dreams to have a community where older adults can...
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...Student Name: Instructors Name: Date: Supply vs Demand Abstract Supply and demand are two important concepts in a marketplace. These concepts are dynamic and vary from market to market. The objective of this paper is to compare and contrast the supply and demand concepts based on available scholar material. The comparison involves reviewing the literature material under the definitions of demand and supply; the relationship between supply and demand; the effect of supply and demand on the market; and the factors affecting demand and supply in the United States of America. The review uses book materials in economics including the classical economics. Definition of demand and supply The demand in economics is defined as the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a given price during a given period of time, (Richard Ely, 1919). In economics, demand is greater than a desire to purchase. Richard argues that a beggar, for instance, may desire a good house, but due to lack of money to pay for the house, the demand becomes ineffective. Such a demand has no purchasing power. Thus, demand in a market is dependent on desire, affordability and willingness to purchase. Supply is defined as the number of goods and services that the seller is willing to sell at a given price, (Richard Ely, 1919). Richard clearly states that supply is seller-centered. Like the demand concept, supply depends on the availability of goods, the price of the goods...
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...An Investigation into the use of cord treatments on the newborns umbilical cord and the reduction of infection. A LITERATURE REVIEW. Kathrine Hill Student Health Visitor. Bolton University. 2014. Word count: 3720. An investigation into the use of cord treatments on the new-borns umbilical cord and the reduction of infection. A Literature Review. INTRODUCTION. The purpose of this literature review is to examine the evidence surrounding umbilical cord care in the new-born and what part the use of topical treatments play (if any) in the reduction of infection to the new-born infant. The umbilical cord is a unique tissue consisting of two arteries and one vein. Wharton’s jelly surrounds the vessels. During pregnancy the umbilical cord assists the placenta by transporting nutrients and waste products to and from the fetus. (Fraser, M. et al 2009). Following delivery of the neonate the cord goes through a process were it dries out, hardens and turns black. The area goes through a process of colonization due to non-pathogenic organisms that pass from mum to baby via skin to skin contact following delivery. The umbilical vessels remain patent for several days following birth and are a susceptible site for infection. Potentially harmful organisms can be spread by cross infection, often caused by poor hand washing techniques of Healthcare workers and the infant’s carers. (Davies, S. 2008). The World Health Organisation (WHO) reports each year one third of neonatal...
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...Ethics and Organizational Design- A Literature Review Abstract This literature review observes the views of organizational design and business ethics as they relate to one another in business. The first portion of this paper defines organizational design and business ethics to establish their importance and also examines managerial ethics and corporate social responsibility, sources of ethical principles. The second portion pursues to explain the relationship between business ethics and organizational design and how managers shape ethics through use of value-based leadership and formal structure systems. The third portion pursues to review the importance of ethics to organizational design and the structures that support or enforce ethical behavior in organizations. The fourth portion links literature reviewed and published over the past few years together based on their reference to ethics and organizational design. The literatures are linked together based on commonalities found in the opinions of the authors relating to a spiritual perspective, ethics and corporate structure, organizational and ethical theories, and ethical strategy. Last but not least, the review concludes with a summary of the important role that ethics plays in the organizational design and structure of a business and how it applies to members of management. Keywords: business ethics, organizational design, corporate social responsibility Outline INTRODUCTION I. Organizational Design/Business...
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...students and the teacher along with commentary. More specifically, the authors note that Ms. Simpson (the teacher) has shifted her language to include dialect that is non-standard English but is closer to the students’ own language. The authors state “Ms. Simpson’s comments, undoubtedly, have altered her professional image from one of “effective educator” to “unprofessional teacher” in the eyes of many teacher educators.” They go on to note “conventional wisdom fails to account for the importance of cultural context when analyzing teacher behaviors.” c. Research Questions/Hypotheses No specific research question or hypothesis is noted, but the authors do address the overall context for their qualitative study. They state that “we argue that researchers and teacher educators must carefully consider the salience of culture as related to effective classroom management techniques for low-income African American students who attend urban schools.” More specifically, after reviewing the literature, the authors state that the “purpose of the...
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...Evans(Psychology)-3589-03.qxd 6/15/2007 6:23 PM Page 21 3 CHOOSING A TOPIC AND THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL Objectives On reading this chapter you should: • • • • • • • • understand the importance of choosing a research topic that lends itself to a ’do-able’ project; be able to evaluate potential topics; be able to formulate a valid research question (and hypothesis); understand the importance of creativity, and its relationship to innovation in formulating your research question; understand the integral role played by the research question; understand the vital role of the research proposal; be aware of the common pitfalls to be avoided in writing a successful proposal; and be able to write a logical and persuasive research proposal. Overview Chapter 3 deals with the practical issues of choosing an appropriate topic for your research project, and with the all important task of developing a research proposal. Section 3.1 deals with the practicalities of evaluating topics from your potential list, in order to choose the most appropriate for your project. Section 3.2 focuses on how to formulate a good research question. The role of the research question and different types of questions are dealt with in Section 3.3. Section 3.4 highlights the functional importance of the research proposal, which is often neglected by undergraduate students. The proposal acts as an exercise in thought, a reference point for supervision, and also as a motivational device. Section 3.5 deconstructs the...
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...Research Report DCSF-RR051 Independent Learning Literature Review Bill Meyer, Naomi Haywood, Darshan Sachdev and Sally Faraday Learning and Skills Network Research Report No DCSF-RR051 Independent Learning Literature Review Bill Meyer, Naomi Haywood, Darshan Sachdev and Sally Faraday Learning and Skills Network The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department for Children, Schools and Families. © Learning and Skills Network 2008 ISBN 978 1 84775 239 0 Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Executive summary...............................................................................2 Introduction .........................................................................................10 Policy context ......................................................................................12 Methodology........................................................................................14 Defining independent learning.............................................................15 Key elements of independent learning ................................................21 Models of independent learning ..........................................................25 Skills required for independent learning ..............................................28 How teachers can promote independent learning ...............................32 How schools can promote independent learning.............
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...no: MSE-2011:64 September 2011 Adaptation of Agile Practices: A Systematic Review and Survey Budsadee Kongyai and Edi Edi School of Computing Blekinge Institute of Technology SE-371 79 Karlskrona Sweden This thesis is submitted to the School of Engineering at Blekinge Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Software Engineering. The thesis is equivalent to 40 weeks of full time studies. Contact Information: Author(s): Budsadee Kongyai Address: Kungsmarksvägen 43 Karlskrona 371 44, Sweden E-mail: nune.budsadee@gmail.com Edi Edi Address: Kungsmarksvägen 57 Karlskrona 371 44, Sweden E-mail: edi198@gmail.com University advisor(s): Dr. Jürgen Börstler School of Computing EMSE Co-supervisors: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. H. Dieter Rombach (TU Kaiserslautern) Dr. Ove Armbrust (Fraunhofer IESE, Germany) School of Computing Blekinge Institute of Technology SE-371 79 Karlskrona Sweden Internet: www.bth.se/com Phone : +46 455 38 50 00 Fax : +46 455 38 50 57 Abstract Context. Due to the uniqueness of software projects there is no single Agile development approach that ideally fits all project contexts. Each software project is unique, whether in its subject area, development team, or project size. Because of this, adapting Agile practices according to project circumstances is a must. There has been a number of literature published discussing Agile practices adaptation topic. However, it is still unclear...
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...States. The importance of Forensic Radiography has been emphasized throughout the study through looking at different ways through which it can be applied in the medical field. Some of the areas that the forensic radiography can be used is in the field of postmortem study to identify the cause of death or injury and evaluating non-accidental injury. The study found out that the United States was behind in incorporation of forensic radiography in the medical industry as compared to countries such as Australia, Japan and some of those found in Europe. The reading made a conclusion that it is time for the United States to identify the increasing importance of forensic radiography in forensics. Lumbar Spine Trauma Imaging Nadalo and Chew (2013) conducted the study. The study aimed at emphasizing the importance of forensic radiography in the treatment of spinal injuries. The study concluded that the primary goal of a radiologist was to identify spinal fractures correctly in order for him to give the surgeon the correct amount of information that can use the information to make a sound decision. One of the causes of Lumbar Spine Trauma can be as a result penetrating trauma that can be a result of a gunshot. Some of the imaging methods described in the study are Radiography, Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Ultrasonography, Nuclear Imaging and Angiography. Role of Maxillofacial Radiologist in Ballistic Wound: Case Report with Literature Review Sultana and...
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...Literature Research Literature reviews are completed by students to learn the proper format for setting up their own research projects. The following is information gleaned on what a literature review is, why it is conducted, and how to understand completing one . Additional information on how to write a review is covered as well. A literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits into the larger field of study. A literature review may consist of simple a summary of key sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual categories. A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information in a way that informs how you are planning to investigate a research problem. The analytical features of a literature review might: * Give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations, * Trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates, * Depending on the situation, evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the...
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...constructs used are derived from abstract concepts of the theoretical framework. Statement of the Problem Statement of the problem sets the direction of the study. It has to be stated vividly and explicitly in interrogative form. A good research problem should be SMART, that is, Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-Bound. Significance of the Study Significance of the study explains its importance. It defines the contribution of the study in relation to solving the problem and need; bridging a knowledge gap; improving social, economic and health conditions; enriching research instruments and methods; and supporting government thrusts. Significance of the study is presented either in inductive or deductive perspective. In and inductive way, the researcher moves from the particular to the general, and presents the importance of the study from target beneficiaries, to the researcher himself, to the people in the community, to the people in the province, region and nation. Likewise, in a deductive perspective, the discussion of the importance of the study is the exact reverse of the inductive process. Scope and Limitation of the Study Scope and limitations of the study...
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