...The Four Sub-Fields of Anthropology Anthropology is the discipline that examines all human beings and their beliefs. Since anthropology is extremely broad, no single anthropologists can master the entire discipline, therefore most of them specialize in one of the four principal subfields. This is so because the discipline of anthropology is subdivided into four discrete subfields, which include physical, Archaeology, Anthropological linguistic and cultural anthropology. Therefore, what brings the four sub-field of the anthropology together as a discipline is the history of the theoretical approaches, which promote cultural diversity and field research as a unique methodology. Therefore, the paper focuses on the four sub-fields of anthropology and what hold them together as part of one wide discipline. It also evaluates the historical reasons for their developments and example of the area of anthropological research that brings these four fields together. The physical anthropology deals with humans as biological organisms. This branch is concerned with two broader fields of investigation, which include reconstructing the evolutionary record of the human species and the evolution of human beings. The evolution fields try to explain how and why the physical characteristics of human population differ throughout the world. This field of investigation is referred to as human variation. Therefore, the physical anthropology investigates how culture and environment have influenced...
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...Concepts of inequality and structural violence is advanced by Farmer in his work, Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues. The novel shines light on the specific inequalities of women (Farmer 2011 [1996], 2001 [1999]), as well as those with various views and understanding of the disease on an individual and international aid sponsor country scale (Farmer 2006a [1992], 2006b [1994], 2011 [1996], 2001 [1999]). Farmer connects biomedicine and anthropology throughout the book addressing challenges involving the perceived causes of TB in Haiti. Identifying it as rationalized suffering (Farmer 2001 [1999]). Stating that “the anthropologist within me is perfectly satisfied to analyze such explanations, but to a physician it is nothing less...
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...Contrast and Continuities in Society OUSCC1504 [pic][pic] [pic] Combined Studies, Sociology, Level 4 This programme is currently validated by The Open University [pic] [pic] 2014-15 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] |Assessment type |Hand in date |Percentage of Marks |Assessment description | |Formative assessment |27 March 2015 |0% |Assignment Plan | |Summative assessment |11 May 2015 |10% |Group Presentation | |Summative assessment |25 May 2015 |30% |Individual Supporting Summary | | | | |750 words | |Summative assessment |12 June 2015 |60% |Essay 1,500 | [pic] | | |What’s the module all about? | |Module and Programme Learning Outcomes | |Assessments | |Handing in your work ...
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...to 22.7 million (or 68% of the global population) living with AIDS. The total population estimated to be living with AIDS is 33 million people, and out of those 33 million, 2 million die each year (Aids and hiv, 2010). The only way to overcome this horrific disease is to spread awareness on how to protect yourself and prevent the transmission of spreading AIDS. The three sources I found pertaining to the AIDS epidemic in Africa were an article by Desmond Cohen, an official government website, aids.gov, and a print source titled Encyclopedia of medical anthropology: health and illness in the world's cultures. Desmond Cohen is a reliable source because he was the director of HIV and development program as well as now being the senior advisor on HIV and development. The website I used is an official government website and is managed by the U.S. department of health and human services. Lastly, the Encyclopedia of medical anthropology: health and illness in the world's cultures is new, published in 2004 as well as it being a published encyclopedia. All of my sources are reliable and relate to the topic of AIDS in African and The United States. In Africa, HIV seems to be such a prevalent issue because they are a culture of poverty. Poverty is associated with weak endowments of human and financial resources, such as low...
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...Towards a Definition of Socio-Economic Research for the RESPECT Project A draft working paper by Ursula Huws, RESPECT Project Director Introduction The term ‘socio-economic research’ is in widespread use in the European Commission’s work programmes and elsewhere. In the Fourth Framework Programme, for instance, there was a programme entitled ‘Targeted Socio-Economic Research’ (TSER) and in the Fifth Framework Programme there were numerous calls for proposals to carry out socio-economic research related to Information Society Technologies (in the IST Programme) and to other issues of relevance to EU policy. At national level, there are also economic and social research funding councils in most European Countries. However, nowhere in this documentation, as far as I can tell, is any definition offered of ‘socio-economic research’. For the purposes of the RESPECT project, however, it is necessary to have some sort of functional definition. This short discussion paper is designed as the first step towards the development of such a definition. As the project develops, this definition will be tested in relation to the actual practices of socio-economic researchers, whose activities, qualifications and professional affiliations will be profiled as part of the project’s work. In the meantime, a brief survey of projects described as socioeconomic research projects indicates that they cover a very broad range in relation to the backgrounds and qualifications of...
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...workers’ access to compensation, resources, and discursive tools for criticizing neoliberal labor conditions, even as it has produced new structures of surveillance. I unravel the neoliberal politics of a state that protects workers’ health yet governs worker–citizens through an apparatus of medical experts. I find that workers’ labor problems are experienced and managed as bodily problems in ways important to remaking Italian citizenship. [neoliberalism, state, labor, biopolitics, citizenship, bodies, Italy] An institution, even an economy, is complete and fully viable only if it is durably objectified . . . in bodies. —Pierre Bourdieu1 It was the spirit of capitalism made flesh. —Upton Sinclair2 n 2003, a new psychophysical disturbance, organizational coercion pathology (disturbi psichici e fisici da costrittivit` organizzativa sul a lavoro), or OCP, became a work-related illness that was insurable by an Italian state public-health institution (Istituto Nazionale per l’Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro [INAIL] 2003).3 Telltale symptoms, often likened to those of posttraumatic stress disorder (disturbo post traumatico del stress), include anxiety and depression. According to medical experts, its cause is related to a form of harassment recognized widely in much of Europe (e.g., Amato et al. 2002; Ege 2001)— something Italians call “mobbing” (il mobbing; Ege 1996; Leymann 1990).4 In the early 1990s, mobbing referred to the isolation, mistreatment, and...
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...Holistic health concentrates on the wellbeing of the body, mind, and spirit in conjunction with one another and incorporates the use of alternative therapies, counseling, prayer, traditional Chinese medicine, conventional (Western) medical treatments, and healthy lifestyle choices to further its ideals (Eliopoulos, 2010). Meanwhile, holistic nutrition utilizes various combinations of foods and nutrients to help individuals maintain, balance, and achieve their optimal mental, physical and spiritual health (Perkins, n.d.). According to the scholar Hans A. Baer, “foci of the holistic health movement have included stress and stress reduction, reliance on natural therapies, therapeutic eclecticism, the notion of healer as a teacher rather than a medical authority figure, the belief that the body is suffused by a flow of energy, the belief in vitalism, and individual responsibility for one’s health” (Baer, 2003, p. 235). This paper seeks to explore the dietary principles involved in holistic nutrition, the importance and value of exercise, and the function of the immune system in regards to achieving optimal health from a holistic point of view. In maintaining nutritional health, holistic practices find that it is important not only to consider the types of foods that are consumed, but to examine when food is consumed, what one does while eating, and the amount of food that is consumed (Eliopoulos, 2010). Health is dependent upon nutrition in that, if a person has dietary...
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...Daniel Hutton Ashford University ANT: 101 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Professor Chad Goings According to the history of the Navajo Tribe, the Holy People lived in the underworld and helped by guiding the First Man and First Woman to earth (McCoy 1988). The Holy People are said to be attracted to songs, dances, and chants during the ceremony along with the creation of Sand painting. The Sand painting is used in the healing process of the ceremony to draw a picture that tells a story of the Holy People. The Navajo culture have amazed so many people to how beautifully constructed the rituals are performed. Although, the ritual has been passed on from generation to generation, how the Navajo rituals are ways of communication has been questioned by so many. Many believe that it way for the patient to come into “…harmony… ” with the universe (Klukhohn and Leighton 1962). The hypothesis for the question was presented based on exploration of the culture done by researchers; concluding that, the Navajo rituals are a way of communication to their ancestors/the Holy People, who are worshiped in return of good lucks for the Navajo Community. It is believed that through this ceremony, people are cleansed from bad spirit and good luck is brought upon the family. For example, the rituals are performed on pregnant women, young men going to the army, and sick people. Naturally speaking, the most intriguing part of their belief is the ceremonial concepts of healing people...
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...Czarina Aya-ay Saloma-Akpedonu was granted Outstanding Young Scientist of the Philippines Award in 2007 and has published many works that have broadened the field of Sociology and Anthropology. 3. Francisco Quisumbing was a chemist, he invented the world famous Quink Ink that is used in pens all over the world. 4. Dr. Raymundo Santiago Punongbayan greatly advanced the understanding of volcanic eruption prediction and was the former director of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) 5. Baldomero Olivera is famous for the discovery of many cone snail toxins which hold great importance in the field of neuroscience. 6. León María Guerrero, before a career in politics, was an influential botanist. He was respected so much so that a genus of plants, Guerreroia monocephala, and a species of orchids, Dendrobium guerreroi, are named in his honor. He was also the first licensed pharmacist in the Philippines. 7. Dioscoro L. Umali's research helped improve yields of corn, rice and other economical plants, especially in upland areas. 8. Fe del Mundo (born November 27, 1911) is a pioneer in the field of pediatrics. She is the founder of the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines and is believed to be the first woman admitted as a student of the Harvard Medical School 9. Conrado Singian Dayrit, a former president of the Federation of Asian Scientific Academies and Societies was known as Dr. Coconut due to his advocacy of the health benefits...
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...lysis Topic Proposal by Mr. K.Harjo, Susan Shown. "Last Rites for Indian Dead." in Kennedy, X.J., et.al., eds. The Bedford Guide for College Writers. Boston: Bedford., 2002.Harjo's piece was originally published prior to the creation of Congress' N.A.G.P.R.A. legislation (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act), signed into law under the first Bush Administration in 1991. Harjo's central argument is that Native American peoples should no longer be considered the commodified property of all Americans. She decries the desecration and exploitation of Native American gravesites and holy sites. For far too long, Harjo argues, Native American people have been seen as nothing more than a people ripe for exploitation and plunder, especially since relics and bones can fetch hefty prices at museums or amongst collectors of such rare items. Harjo's intended audience is a lay one; she assumes that most people have been very uninformed and passive about her topic; as such, she makes concerted efforts to inform and persuade her audience that the desecration and exploitation of her people must stop.Ultimately, while Harjo's essay does a very good job of establishing an ethical and emotional warrant so as to support her initial claim, I contend that she fails to completely convince me as to why studying Indian relics and skulls on the part of scientists is a useless endeavor. She raises up a point about the futility of such ethnographic / scientific studies on the bones, but does...
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...PART I: • What is the purpose of each of the sections in a typical research article? The title of the research article is to present the article itself, the title of the article or paper has to be specific. The title needs to reflect the audience you are addressing. Author is the individual who wrote the paper this person is generally listed as the first author of a research paper. For published articles, other person who contributes to the work is also listed as authors. Ask your mentor's permission before including his/her name as co-author. The first Questionnaire I chose was about Breast Cancer. The sections varied because not all researches are the same. Section I: was the Profile of the patient, which included their medical history. Section II: Was bout the Diagnosis, the Questions were: Have you ever been diagnosed with breast cancer? Treatment Detection etc. Section III: Prevention and Medic taken. • What are the steps to critically evaluate research articles and how does the scientific method help you do this? When evaluating or analyzing a research article there a few different steps that a person can take it depends on what the article is about. First the person must make sure that the source is a valid source that wrote the article. Then the person looks at the research question and make sure that the research is clearly defined in a precise manner. The research should be correct as well to be considered a valid research article. In addition the reader...
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...The Plain People LaNise L. Heath ANT 101 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Professor Rachel Grabner October 15, 2012 The Plain People The mere mention of the Amish people brings about intrigue, wonder, and the nostalgia of days gone by. The Amish are a religious group that split from the Mennonites, an Anabaptist group that was severely persecuted in Europe. These people came to America and Canada during the Protestant Reformation. The Amish were founded by a Swiss Anabaptist leader, Jacob Amman. The Amish in 1693 split from the Mennonites because they believed in a much stricter allegiance to the total shunning of banished church members (Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World’s Cultures, 2004). As time has gone on the ways of the Amish people has continued to cause them to stand out. Some of the ways that they vary from the world around them are the plainness of clothing; religious beliefs, farming techniques, transportation choice of horse and buggy, education, and the lack of use of modern conveniences make this group stand out now and in the past (Crowley, 1978, pp. 249-264). The Amish are primarily an agricultural society who is ruled by church districts that make the decisions on what changes will be made in that districts way of life. By looking at the Amish way of life we will discuss gender relations, beliefs and values, and their social organization and see how these areas are impacted by their agricultural...
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...Anthropology & Medicine, 2013 Vol. 20, No. 1, 98–108, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2012.747594 ‘My wife, you are supposed to have a rest now’: an analysis of norms influencing men’s role in prenatal care in south-eastern Tanzania Karin Grossa,b,Ã, Iddy Mayumanac and Brigit Obrista,b,d a Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; bUniversity of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; cIfakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania; d University of Basel, Institute of Anthropology, Basel, Switzerland (Received 27 September 2011; final version received 19 July 2012) Men as sexual partners, fathers and household heads have a direct bearing on women’s reproductive health. However, little is known about the influence of changing norms and values on men’s role in ensuring women’s health during pregnancy and childbirth. This study from rural south-eastern Tanzania explores men’s and women’s discussions on men’s roles and responsibilities in prenatal care and links them to an analysis of norms and values at the household level and beyond. Data from eight focus group discussions with men and women were consensually coded and analysed using a qualitative content analysis. Four dimensions of norms and values, which emerged from analysis, bear upon men’s support towards pregnant women: changing gender identities; changing family and marriage structures; biomedical values disseminated in health education; and government regulations. The...
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...Cultural Relativism and Problems Associated with This Approach Cultural anthropology is the study of cultural variation among people. An essential concept that professional anthropologists apply in their fieldworks is - cultural relativism - an approach to study of the nature and role of values in a culture without judgment and comparison to their own. According to the Study Guide, Smillie and Kenny state that major contribution to the study of the concept of cultural relativism can be attributed to Boas and his students, who challenged a wide-spread idea that societies are staged along a line from the most undeveloped to most “civilized.” Rather, they suggested that each individual culture should be understood in terms of its unique beliefs and ideals. That is, in order to observe and understand how people live and operate in a particular culture, it is important to consider the way other view the world within the framework of their culture. A great example of this idea is depicted by Laura Bohannan in her work “Shakespeare in the bush.” With an argument in mind, that human nature is more or less universal, she travels to Africa and discusses a famous Shakespeare’s tragic play with native people of a tribe Tiv, expecting only slight variations in its interpretation accounted for discrepancies in culture. To her surprise, Bohannan finds out that customs, beliefs, translations and culture have an enormous role in the perception and interpretation of Shakespeare’s play and that...
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...Social Science & Medicine 66 (2008) 2520e2531 www.elsevier.com/locate/socscimed Biomedical scientists’ perception of the social sciences in health research* Mathieu Albert a,*, Suzanne Laberge b, Brian D. Hodges a, Glenn Regehr a, Lorelei Lingard a a b University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ´ ´ ´ Available online 11 March 2008 Abstract The growing interest in interdisciplinary research within the Canadian health sciences sector has been manifested by initiatives aimed at increasing the involvement of the social sciences in this sector. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concept of field and Knorr-Cetina’s concept of epistemic culture, this study explores the extent to which it is possible for the social sciences to integrate into, and thrive in, a field in which the experimental paradigm occupies a hegemonic position. Thirty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore biomedical scientists’ receptiveness toward the social sciences in general and to qualitative research in particular. We found that these respondents exhibited a predominantly negative posture toward the social sciences; however, we also found considerable variation in their judgments and explanations. Eight biomedical scientists tended to be receptive to the social sciences, 7 ambivalent, and 16 unreceptive. The main rationale expressed by receptive respondents is that the legitimacy of a method depends on its capacity to adequately...
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