...Venezuela is located in South America and shares its borders with Columbia, Brazil, Guyana and islands of Trinidad & Tobago. The most significant resources found are petroleum, natural gas, iron, gold and other minerals. However the country has been in state of unrest from for quite some time now. The history of the story goes back to 1922 when huge well oil was discovered in Venezuela and all the major oil companies were attracted to the country. Venezuela became largest oil exporter in the world in 1928. However other sectors like agriculture, manufacturing were ignored. The global demand of oil rose with World War II and the country produced more than one million barrel oil per day. However during 1950s, Middle Eastern countries started...
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...often viewed in infamy to others such as Hitler, the people who benefited during the better years of their rule tend to view these revolutionists as heroes. One of these well known revolutionists is Hugo Chavez, and while he's known to be hated by both foreign and domestic groups, he is considered a hero to many others. Hugo Chavez was born July 28, 1954 in the town of Sabenta. He was of mixed race and lived in poverty for most of his childhood life (Kozloff 18). Despite being poor, both of his parents were highly educated compared to most people in Venezuela, and thus taught him the importance of studying and education. It was during his childhood that Hugo Chavez was introduced to Jose Esteban Ruiz Guevara, and thus Simon Bolivar (indepthinfo). Bolivar was a revolutionist who helped to free much of Latin America from Spanish control and even attempted to create a nationalist government in Latin America before his death (biography). Essentially, all of these events during Hugo Chavez's childhood helped to shape his goals and inspirations as president. While in college at Venezuelan Academy of Military Sciences, Chavez participated in a four year officer training program which by 1975 he graduated with the rank of sub-lieutenant (indepthinfo). During his time in the military, Chavez spent much of his early carrier experiencing the effects of neo liberalism...
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...profile of The Bolivarian Republican of Venezuela; in order to study the current situation of the country for further investigations in the future that may help to understand the opportunities and risk involve in importing and opening new markets in Venezuela. The analysis includes reviews and an extensive research about: First the geography and global information to introduce the country; second, the History since the arrival of the Spaniards. The Political analysis will be explained as much detailed as possible due to its specifics characteristics in the recent decades with the Hugo Chavez’s government. He report draws special attention in the Social analysis is one of the main issues to be reviewed due to its importance at the time of making any decision. The economic aspect of course will be in consideration with both: the Official’s figures and the international observer’s ones, the graphics will be analyzed. It will be also mentioned the Business environments and the principal sectors to invest or that could be interesting to sell. To support all the information in the report before any conclusion, it will be used THE SWOT tool to demonstrate why Venezuela is an interesting place to import, especially in the last 5 years. It is not just a country of striking natural beauty, which ranges from the snow-capped Andean peaks in the west, through the Amazonian jungles in the south, to the beaches of the north, Venezuela is among the most highly urbanized countries...
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...Colombia and the largest gas and oil company is South America: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. COLOMBIA ………………………………………………………….………………………3 HISTORY……………………………………………………..…………………………..3 POLITICS…………………………………………………..……………………………..3 FOREIGN RELATIONS…………………………………………………….……………5 FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH THE U.S………………………………………..………6 FOREIGN POLICY DECISION MAKING………………………………………………7 DEMOGRAPHICS……………………………………………………………..…………8 RELIGION…………………………………………………….…………………………..9 HEALTH………………………………………..………………………………………..10 INFRASTRUCTURE……………………………………………………………………10 ECONOMY……………………………………….………………………….……… …11 2. ECOPETROL S.A. COMPANY OVERVIEW…………………………….…………… …12 BACKGROUND………………………………………………………………… ……..12 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE……………………………………..…… ………12 MERGERS AND AQUITITIONS………………………………………………………14 COMPETITORS……………………………………………………….……… ………..14 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS…………………………………………………….. ………..15 RIVALRY COMPARISON…………………………………………………… ……….16 FUTURE GOALS…………………………………………………………..… ………..17 3. CAPITAL MARKET OVERVIEW…………………………………………………………18 INFLATION …………………………………………..………………….……………..18 CURRENT RISK……………………………………………………….………………..18 FINANCIAL CRISIS……………………………………………………..……………..19 INVESTMENT RECOMMENDATION………………………………..………………19 4. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….…….…………………..20 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………..………………………………..21 COLOMBIA HISTORY During the pre-Colombian period, the area now known as Colombia was inhabited by indigenous...
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...Colombia Colombia is a fairly large country located in South America. It is bordered by Panama, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and by two bodies of water. These bodies of water consist of the Caribbean and Pacific Ocean. This is the only country in South America that borders both oceans. According to Colombian Geography, Colombia has “a continental area of 1.141.748 km2 (440 829 square miles).” This makes it the fourth largest country in South America. Also, Colombia is one of the 13 countries in the world that the equator passes through (Colombian Geography). Colombia is made up of many cities but the capital is the largest city, Bogota. Bogota is one of the most populous cities along with Cali, Medellin, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Cucuta,...
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...executions. For instance, in the late 18th century, when all murder in the United States was punishable by death, Pennsylvania pioneered in dividing murder into two categories. The state enacted laws that authorized punishment of first-degree murder by death, while second-degree murder was punishable by imprisonment only. Elsewhere, penal codes uniformly required death for certain serious crimes. In these jurisdictions, discretionary powers to commute death sentences gradually expanded. (A commutation substitutes a lesser penalty for a more severe one—for example, replacing execution with a life sentence.) Today in many nations, including Turkey and Japan, the death penalty remains legal but the number of executions has declined over time. Although many jurisdictions limited imposition of the death penalty, no government had formally abolished capital punishment until Michigan did so in 1846. Within 20 years Venezuela (1863) and Portugal (1867) had formally eliminated the practice as well. By the beginning of the 20th century the death sentence had been abolished in a handful of nations, such as Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Norway, and The Netherlands. Although not formally eliminated, it had fallen into disuse in many others, including Brazil, Cape Verde, Iceland, Monaco, and Panama. The defeat of the Axis powers provided a foundation for the elimination of the death penalty in Western Europe. Some of the nations involved in the war saw abolition of capital punishment as...
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...executions. For instance, in the late 18th century, when all murder in the United States was punishable by death, Pennsylvania pioneered in dividing murder into two categories. The state enacted laws that authorized punishment of first-degree murder by death, while second-degree murder was punishable by imprisonment only. Elsewhere, penal codes uniformly required death for certain serious crimes. In these jurisdictions, discretionary powers to commute death sentences gradually expanded. (A commutation substitutes a lesser penalty for a more severe one—for example, replacing execution with a life sentence.) Today in many nations, including Turkey and Japan, the death penalty remains legal but the number of executions has declined over time. Although many jurisdictions limited imposition of the death penalty, no government had formally abolished capital punishment until Michigan did so in 1846. Within 20 years Venezuela (1863) and Portugal (1867) had formally eliminated the practice as well. By the beginning of the 20th century the death sentence had been abolished in a handful of nations, such as Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Norway, and The Netherlands. Although not formally eliminated, it had fallen into disuse in many others, including Brazil, Cape Verde, Iceland, Monaco, and Panama. The defeat of the Axis powers provided a foundation for the elimination of the death penalty in Western Europe. Some of the nations involved in the war saw abolition of capital punishment as...
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...WWW.EUROMONITOR.COM SAMPLE REPORT FOR ILLUSTRATION ONLY LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES Wine in Venezuela - Category analysis .......................................................................................... 1 Headlines ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Trends ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Production, Imports and Exports................................................................................................. 3 Competitive Landscape .................................................................................................................. 3 Prospects ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Category Data ................................................................................................................................. 5 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Table 18 Table 19 Table 20 Table 21 Table 22 Table 23 Table 24 Table 25 Table 26 Table 27 Table 28 Table 29 Table 30 Table 31 Table 32 Sales of Wine by Category: Total Volume 2006-2011 .................................. 5 Sales of Wine by Category: Total Value 2006-2011 .....
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...COLOMBIA COUNTRY ORIENTATION : Location : Colombia, which capital is Bogota, is located in the northwest of South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama, to the east by Venezuela and Brazil, to the south by Ecuador and Peru. It is also bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Caribbean Sea. "Colombia." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia>. Size : 1,138,910 km2. It is 1/9 size of the USA, which is the size of Texas and California combined. It makes Colombia #26 in the world and #4 in South America. "Colombia." - Country Profile. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.indexmundi.com/colombia/>. Government structure and Leadership : Colombia is a presidential representative democratic republic established with the Constitution of 1991. It is an unitary State, decentralized where multi-party system is allowed. Thus, it is a Republic with separation of powers between : The executive branch : a President, Juan Manuel Santos since 2010, also Head of government, and a Council of Ministers. The President is elected by popular vote for a four-year terms, and then choose the members of the Council of Ministers. The legislative branch : the Congress is bicameral, between the Chamber of Representatives (166 seats) and the Senate (102 seats). The Congress is elected by popular vote too, for a four-year terms. The judicial branch refers to The Supreme Court, which is represented by 23 judges divided into three Chambers...
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...document Che Guevara Vietnam must not stand alone Now is the time of the furnaces, and only light should be seen. JOSÉ MARTI Twenty one years have already passed since the end of the last world conflagration; numerous publications, in every possible language, celebrate this event, symbolized by the defeat of Japan. There is a climate of apparent optimism in many areas of the different camps into which the world is divided. Twenty one years without a world war, in these times of maximum confrontations, of violent clashes and sudden changes, appears to be a very high figure. However, without analysing the practical results of this peace (poverty, degradation, increasingly large exploitation of enormous sectors of humanity) for which all of us have stated that we are willing to fight, we would do well to inquire if this peace is real. 79 It is not the purpose of these notes to detail the different conflicts of a local character that have been occurring since the surrender of Japan, neither do we intend to recount the numerous and increasing instances of civilian strife which have taken place during these years of apparent peace. It will be enough just to name, as an example against undue optimism, the wars of Korea and Vietnam. In the first one, after years of savage warfare, the Northern part of the country was submerged in the most terrible devastation known in the annals of modern warfare: riddled with bombs; without factories, schools or hospitals;...
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...argument for capital punishment can be formulated along the following lines: some acts are so vile and so destructive of community that they invalidate the right of the perpetrator to membership and even to life. Those who violate the personhood of others, especially if this is done persistently as a habit must pay the ultimate penalty. This punishment must be inflicted for the sake of maintaining the community whose foundation has been violated. We can debate whether some non-lethal alternative is a fitting substitute for the capital punishment. But the standard of judgment is whether the punishment fits the crime and sufficiently honors the nature of moral community. Definition of Capital Punishment: Capital punishment, also called the death...
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...Environmental, Institutional, and Cultural Context of Colombia Michael N. Yuede Missouri State University Abstract This paper studies the Colombian culture and how it affects business relations. First, the Colombian country is explored, examining the geographical location and environment, demographics, economy, religion, and the historical, legal and ethical, and social context. Geert Hofstede’s, Fons Trompenaars’, and GLOBE’s models of national culture infer ways to behave in any given culture, and in this case, Colombia. Differences can be seen between the United States’ and Colombia’s culture after exploring the models, suggesting ways to adapt to the new culture and act appropriately in a business environment. After studying the models, the cultural descriptions and aspects, including Colombia’s collectivistic and high power distance nature, give future managers and expatriates the implications necessary to become legitimized in the eyes of other businesses and the government. Additionally, the implications help predict employee behaviors and motivators, as well as human resource management policies that should be implemented into the business. However, in order to fully understand the Colombian culture, an individual must live in that country for a period of time to experience the culture first hand. Environmental, Institutional, and Cultural Context of Colombia In order to better understand how to interact in a business environment in Colombia, it is important...
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...inclusive Wealth report 2012 measuring progress toward sustainability Summary for DeciSion-makerS unu-iHDP Secretariat of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change conTriBuTorS Science Advisor Partha Dasgupta – university of cambridge Report Director anantha Duraiappah – iHDP executive Director Science Director Pablo muñoz – iHDP academic officer Report Authors matthew agarwala – London School of economics and Political Science Giles atkinson – London School of economics and Political Science/centre for climate change economics and Policy edward B. Barbier – university of Wyoming elorm Darkey – university of Bonn Partha Dasgupta – university of cambridge anantha Duraiappah – iHDP Secretariat Paul ekins – university college London Pablo fuentenebro – iHDP Secretariat Juan Sebastian Lozano – The nature conservancy (colombia) kevin mumford – Purdue university Pablo muñoz – iHDP Secretariat kirsten oleson – university of Hawaii Leonie Pearson – university of melbourne charles Perrings – arizona State university chris Perry – un-Water Decade Programme on capacity Development (unW-DPc) Steve Polasky – university of minnesota Heather Tallis – Stanford university Stacie Wolny – Stanford university Report Review Board John agnew – university of california, Los angeles Peter Bartelmus – Bergische universitaet Wuppertal/columbia university Julia Bucknall – World Bank Dabo Guan – university of Leeds michael Harris – university of Sydney...
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...Critically examine the impact of political, economic & legal factors affecting the airline industry. The airline industry has had its fair share of ups and downs the following are the factors that are affecting the airline industry Economic factors A huge amount is spend in landing fees, time spend in foreign lands and all these fees are paid in US Dollars and it might expensive to some airlines especially if the exchange rate is weak. Fuel prices are also in US Dollars so the stronger the currency of origin against the US Dollar the cheaper it becomes to reduce overall operational costs for the airlines however the sad story is that only a fewer currencies are stronger than the US Dollar. Fuel prices have consistently increased and is likely to continue into the future while price wars between airline companies have become ever more intensive due to increased competitive levels in the industry. Fuel costs as play a significant role in the day to day running of an airline as fuel costs constitutes 30% of total operational cost. This is due to existing rivalries as well as new entrants within the discount airline market segment. In contrast to its rivals SIA has preferred policies of adding extra value through customer service rather than ones of pure discounts on prices. Similarly investment in technology such as the development of an e-ticket system enhanced its strength in terms of cost effective sales and billing systems. These developments have been supported by skilled...
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...Foreign 99 Chapter III Direct investment by China in Latin America and the Caribbean A. Introduction Since 2008, China has become one of the world’s largest sources of direct investment. These flows first reached significant levels in Latin America in 2010, when it is estimated they surpassed US$ 15 billion. Chinese companies have in fact burst on the scene in the region so recently that several of the biggest projects were still being finalized in early 2011, or had only just been put into operation. Most investments have been made in natural resource extraction, but over the medium term this is expected to diversify into other sectors such as manufacturing and infrastructure construction. Paradoxically, there is a lack of data on this extremely important phenomenon, which poses a constant problem for policymakers and analysts studying Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI). Appraisals of the possible opportunities and challenges presented by this increased investment flow therefore tend to lack supporting empirical evidence. The aim of this chapter is to make some progress on this issue, at least as far as investment in the region is concerned. A variety of sources have been consulted, including investment announcements in the media and interviews with Chinese company managers and Latin American and Caribbean government authorities. Despite the evident limitations of this kind of material in terms of data quality and reliability, this course of action does provide...
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