...test is incomplete, it cannot be part of a working paper. Due to lack of informations , including it to the working paper would mislead other auditors in using those figures. Thus, working papers should only contain results that are clear for the users to understand and interpret. But in this case, as for the amount of inventory that is under a very big impression of impossibility of existence, the auditor herself should have at least kept a documentation that an attempt of a roll forward has been made . A disclosure of such thing might be useful especially if she, herself is doubtful of the existence of the in-transit inventory. During the stand of Mr. Moore who is the plaintiff expert witness he emphasized that instead of completing an inventory rollback, the expert witness charged BDO Seidman with applying an "audit by conversation " approach to the in-transit inentory. That is, the expert charged auditors relied heavily on client representations to support the existence of that inventory. Young then told the expert witness that in the generally accepted auditing standards, that there's no such thing about inventory roll back as the main audit test for inventory to be used. Inventory rollback is typically performed to verify purchases and cost of sale records and thus establish accurate figures for starting and ending inventory. An auditor...
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...which provides audit and consulting services to their clients. Androids & Co started in 1913 when Arthur and Clarence, both from the audit firm of Price, bought out a small audit firm in Illinois to form Arthur, Clarence & Co, which became Androids & Co in 1918. Arthur Androids, who is the founder, headed the firm of Androids & Co until his death in 1945. He was a passionate supporter of high standards in the accounting industry. In 1945, Leonardo Sparky, who handled Androids at the founder’s death, continued this emphasis on honesty. For all these years, Android’s motto was “Think Straight, Talk Straight”. David Lawrence joined Androids twenty years ago and earned a salary of USD 700,000 per annum. David is Androids’ partner and auditor who are responsible in auditing Enronaa’s account since 1987. Enronaa is a client of Androids for the past 16 years. David is one of the Androids’ partners who are responsible to check on Enronaa’s account and to ensure that they fairly representing the state of the business. The issues arise when there are evidences suggesting that Androids assisted Enronaa to sort of increase reported returns of off-balance sheet activities by units called raptors. In addition, the second issue that arises in Enronaa is many off-book partnerships were not properly accounted for. From this issue, David stated that millions in debts and losses had to be reflected in Enronaa’s books. David also confessed to Ken Bailey, the junior partner that Androids used...
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...WORKING PAPER Auditor Independence: An Examination Independence Risk Factors and Mitigating Factors on Auditor Judgment Barbara M. Vinciguerra Penn State Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies Auditor Independence: An Examination Independence Risk Factors and Mitigating Factors on Auditor Judgment Abstract Professional standards require auditors to be independent in the performance of attestation services. Critics of the accounting profession have expressed concern that pressure to maintain and develop business opportunities may erode an auditor’s objectivity and independence when making audit judgments. The profession contends that aspects of the auditing environment such as peer review, consultation review, and auditor professionalism serve to mitigate this risk. This study examines the impact of financial dependence, consultation review requirement, and moral development on a judgment based audit decision. Fifty-four experienced auditors were asked to assess the appropriateness of an audit client’s proposed change in accounting estimate for warranties. Two levels of financial dependence (Large client with potential for additional consulting revenues / Small client) and two levels of consultation review requirement (Required / Not required) were manipulated in the case materials. Moral development was measured using the Defining Issues Test (DIT) p-score. Results of the tests indicate that the presence of a consultation review...
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...The fraud committed at WorldCom is an enigma in itself; internal auditors had a great deal of struggles to overcome. The company was bogged down by inefficiencies, with subsidiaries all over the country and little cohesion. WorldCom was governed by a tyrant whose goal was growth that could not be maintained except through constant acquisitions, which were put to a stop to protect markets. The company had no written policies or corporate code of conduct, with different divisions following different rules and policies. Employees were encouraged to fall in, not questioning decisions made by upper management providing no outlet for creativity or criticism. With so many areas of weakness and such a large and diverse company WorldCom needed a solid infrastructure of checks and balances, policies and procedures. Areas of a work plan that should have been included in prevention of WorldCom down fall are as follows; planning from top to bottom, chains of command for personnel and staffing including job descriptions, management levels controls and independence to report any suspicious or illegal activities, as well as a form of authority delegation of duties and accountability. Planning gives a company nation or individual a set of goals set down one after the other to ascertain, allowing for sense of purpose. Without purpose or direction we can get lost not sure what we want to do or where we want to go. The plan at WorldCom was to grow at dramatic rates to increase profits...
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...“HENRI COANDA” AIR FORCE ACADEMY ROMANIA “GENERAL M.R. STEFANIK” ARMED FORCES ACADEMY SLOVAK REPUBLIC INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of SCIENTIFIC PAPER AFASES Brasov MANAGEMENT METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED TO ENSURE THE INTERNAL AUDIT PERFORMANCE Marian SFETCU Phd. Student, Faculty of Economics Sciences and Business Administration of „Babeș - Bolyai” University of Cluj Napoca.E-mail: marian_sfetcu@yahoo.com. Tel: 0720 760 220 Abstract: This approach shows a research on the usage of managemental methods on the internal audit activity through qualitative and quantitative indicators of performance assurance. Balanced Scorecard, the management method and tool, referred to the Dashboard, contributes to the internal audit performance through resource planning, setting objectives and scope of the audit, communication and approval, following the recommendations, deferring to the code of ethics and how to achieve the objectives. The listed indicators, are components of the proposed management methods and tools, and they define efficency, effectiveness, economy and quality, all elements of the internal audit performance. Keywords: methods and techniques, audit, corporate governance, internal control system, performance indicators, Balanced Scorecard, Dashboard. JEL: M 42 1. INTRODUCTION The importance of using the management methods and techniques concerning the internal audit, is given by providing a new approach to this problem, which highlights the need to ensure...
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...Five Reasons to Discharge Contracts | Contracts are a means to an end, not an end in themselves. They represent a promise to do something or to refrain from doing something. When both parties to a contract fulfill their promises, the contract has served its purpose and is terminated or discharged.However, if one or more of the parties to a contract are unable to perform what they promised and there is no legal excuse for this inability to perform, there is a breach of the contract. There are five valid reasons to terminate, or discharge, contracts. These five reasons are discussed below.1. Material breach Material breach occurs when one party to a contract doesn't fulfill the essential terms of the contract. It is so-called because it occurs when the contract is not met in a material way. It goes against the terms of the contract and has a material impact on the other party. This discharges the other party from its contractual obligations. Consequently, the other party may have grounds to sue for damages.2. Minor breach Minor breach occurs when the essential terms of the contract have been fulfilled but the other party is inconvenienced rather than suffering loss or damages. The nonbreaching party still has contractual obligations, but could suspend performance of the contract.3. Anticipatory breach Anticipatory breach occurs if one of the parties to the contract states, before the breach occurs, that it will not be able to fulfill its contractual obligations. Anticipatory...
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...Auditor Independence and Non-Audit Services: A Literature Review Vivien Beattie University of Stirling and Stella Fearnley University of Portsmouth TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of tables and list of figures About the authors v vi List of abbreviations vii Executive summary ix Part 1 Auditor independence 1 Introduction 1 1.1 1 1.2 The ‘problem’ of non-audit services (NAS) 1 1.3 The current UK regulatory and professional environment 2 1.4 Motivation for this study 3 1.5 2 The role of audit in regulating capital markets Structure of report 3 Auditor independence 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Definitions of auditor independence 4 2.3 Economic models of auditor independence not including NAS 5 2.4 Models of auditor pricing and independence in the presence of NAS 5 2.5 2.6 Economic power models of auditor independence Moral psychology, ethical reasoning and independence 8 8 2.7 Broader based studies into auditor decision making 9 2.8 Summary and comments 11 Part 2 Current regulatory frameworks 3 Auditor independence and NAS: analysis of current regulatory frameworks 3.1 Introduction 13 13 3.2 Regulation of auditor independence 13 3.3 Independence in professional and legal regulatory frameworks 13 3.4 3.5 Independence and NAS Overall economic dependence 19 22 3.6 Small companies 22 ...
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...is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0268-6902.htm The changing role of the auditors R. Jayalakshmy, A. Seetharaman and Tan Wei Khong Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyber Jaya, Malaysia Abstract Purpose – To highlight the pressures that the auditors would face in the era of globalisation and the challenges they should be willing to accept in order to maintain trust and integrity. Design/methodology/approach – A wide range of articles and journals published in international journals as well as local journals has been reviewed. The areas covered include audit fraud, true and fair view interpretation, auditor independence and role of internal auditors. Further, ideas have also been obtained from critical write-ups in the business magazines on the fall of multinationals. Findings – A wide range of interpretation has been given by various groups of people on their understanding of the phrase “true and fair”. This has created great confusion as to the interpretation of the audit reports. This has been proven by the fall of many multinationals and the audit pioneers, Andersens. This is one of the causes of audit fraud and it is also seen that as the auditors face an enormous challenge as they enter the twenty-first century, they should be willing to change their attitudes towards their clients. Professionalism should be in the forefront, and an overhaul...
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...accounting fraud and auditor legal liability c a S eS inc lu de d in t hiS Se ction 4 89 99 4.1 Enron Corporation and Andersen, LLP Analyzing the Fall of Two Giants . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Comptronix Corporation 4.3 Cendant Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Identifying Inherent Risk and Control Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 119 127 137 Assessing the Control Environment and Evaluating Risk of Financial Statement Fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Waste Management, Inc. 4.5 Xerox Corporation 4.6 Phar-Mor, Inc. Manipulating Accounting Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluating Risk of Financial Statement Fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounting Fraud, Litigation, and Auditor Liability instructor resource Manual — do not coPy or redistribute instructor resource Manual — do not coPy or redistribute enron corporation and andersen, llP analyzing the fall of two giants inS tr uc t ional o b je c t ive S [1] c a s e 4.1 Mark S. Beasley · Frank A. Buckless · Steven M. Glover · Douglas F. Prawitt [2] [3] To help students understand what happened at Enron Corporation and how Andersen’s involvement with Enron led to the accounting firm’s downfall. To enhance students’ appreciation of the importance of understanding an audit client’s core business strategies. To develop students’...
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...A GUIDE TO FORENSIC ACCOUNTING INVESTIGATION THOMAS W. GOLDEN, STEVEN L. SKALAK, AND MONA M. CLAYTON JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. A GUIDE TO FORENSIC ACCOUNTING INVESTIGATION THOMAS W. GOLDEN, STEVEN L. SKALAK, AND MONA M. CLAYTON JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2006 by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. PricewaterhouseCoopers refers to the individual member firms of the worldwide PricewaterhouseCoopers organization. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201-748-6011, fax 201-748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this...
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... Your1040Return.com Evaluating eBusiness Revenue Recognition, Information Privacy, and Electronic Evidence Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.2 2.3 2.4 Dell Computer Corporation Evaluation of Client Business Risk Flash Technologies, Inc. Asher Farms Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Risk Analysis and Resolution of Client Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Understanding of Client’s Business Environment s e ct ion 3 Professional and ethical issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 S o l u tio nS inc lu de d in t h iS Section 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 A Day in the Life of Brent Dorsey Staff Auditor Professional Pressures Nathan Johnson’s Rental Car Reimbursement Solving Ethical Dilemmas–Should He Pocket the Cash? Recognizing It’s a Fraud and Evaluating What to Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 The Anonymous Caller WorldCom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 The Story of a Whistleblower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79...
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...Integrating ERP, CRM, Supply Chain Management, and Smart Materials Dimitris N. Chorafas AUERBACH Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chorafas, Dimitris N. Integrating ERP, CRM, supply chain management, and smart materials / Dimitris N. Chorafas. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1076-8 (alk. paper) 1. Business logistics. 2. Customer relations. I. Title. HD38.5 .C44 2001 658.5—dc21 2001022227 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks...
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...FUNDAMENTALS OF BUSINESS LAW & ETHICS INTRODUCTION TO CONTRACTS What is the definition of a contract? a promise that the law will enforce 4 Parts of a Contract Agreement: one party must make a valid offer, and the other party must accept it. Consideration: there has to be bargaining that leads to an exchange between the parties. Legality: the contract must be for a lawful purpose. Capacity: the parties must be adults of sound mind. Describe the various types of contracts. bilateral: BOTH parties make a promise. This is the most common and is used for services, sale of goods and almost anything else. A promise for a promise... unilateral: ONE party makes a promise the the other party can accept only by doing something. This is a less common contract. express: In an express contract the two parties explicitly state all important terms of their agreement. This is the majority of contracts. implied: In an implied contract, the words and conduct of the parties indicate the intended agreement. This is less common. executory: one or more parties has not fulfilled obligations executed: all parties have fulfilled their obligations valid: satisfies all of the law's requirements unenforceable agreement: the parties intend to form a valid bargain but a court declares that some rule of law prevents enforcing it voidable: the law permits one party to terminate the agreement void agreement: neither party can enforce, usually because the purpose of the deal is illegal or...
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...Enron and World Finance A Case Study in Ethics Edited by Paul H. Dembinski, Carole Lager, Andrew Cornford and Jean-Michel Bonvin Enron and World Finance Also by Observatoire de la Finance From Bretton Woods to Basel Finance & the Common Good/Bien Commun, no. 21, Spring 2005 Ethics of Taxation and Banking Secrecy Finance & the Common Good/Bien Commun, no. 12, Autumn 2002 Will the Euro Shape Europe? Finance & the Common Good/Bien Commun, no. 9, Winter 2001–2 Dommen, E. (ed.) Debt Beyond Contract Finance & the Common Good/Bien Commun, Supplement no. 2, 2001 Bonvin, J.-M. Debt and the Jubilee: Pacing the Economy Finance & the Common Good/Bien Commun, Supplement no. 1, 1999 Dembinski, P. H. (leading contributor) Economic and Financial Globalization: What the Numbers Say United Nations, Geneva, 2003 Enron and World Finance A Case Study in Ethics Edited by Paul H. Dembinski Carole Lager Andrew Cornford and Jean-Michel Bonvin in association with the Observatoire de la Finance Selection, editorial matter and Chapters 1, 2 and 16 © Observatoire de la Finance Remaining chapters © contributors 2006 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence ...
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...Enron and World Finance A Case Study in Ethics Edited by Paul H. Dembinski, Carole Lager, Andrew Cornford and Jean-Michel Bonvin Enron and World Finance Also by Observatoire de la Finance From Bretton Woods to Basel Finance & the Common Good/Bien Commun, no. 21, Spring 2005 Ethics of Taxation and Banking Secrecy Finance & the Common Good/Bien Commun, no. 12, Autumn 2002 Will the Euro Shape Europe? Finance & the Common Good/Bien Commun, no. 9, Winter 2001–2 Dommen, E. (ed.) Debt Beyond Contract Finance & the Common Good/Bien Commun, Supplement no. 2, 2001 Bonvin, J.-M. Debt and the Jubilee: Pacing the Economy Finance & the Common Good/Bien Commun, Supplement no. 1, 1999 Dembinski, P. H. (leading contributor) Economic and Financial Globalization: What the Numbers Say United Nations, Geneva, 2003 Enron and World Finance A Case Study in Ethics Edited by Paul H. Dembinski Carole Lager Andrew Cornford and Jean-Michel Bonvin in association with the Observatoire de la Finance Selection, editorial matter and Chapters 1, 2 and 16 © Observatoire de la Finance Remaining chapters © contributors 2006 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying...
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