The Independence of Manors and Missions Economic activities were a vital source of income and support for the Medieval manors and California missions. These economic activities consisted of growing and making products that would be used to keep the manors and missions operative. Even though both manors and missions grew and made products, some of these products had different purposes, while others are similar or identical. The typical Medieval manor was run by a lord who controlled and supervised his stewards. Each steward was required to assemble an annual statement of all the income earned. Farmlands around the manor were cultivated by oxen. On this farmland, grew fruit trees, nut trees, and grafted trees. Some other things that were produced from the land are turnips, honey, wax, soap, wine, mead, vinegar, beer, eggs, mustard, and dairy products such as cheese and butter. Two thirds of these foods were for their own consumption, and the remainder was to be documented. Stewards had to provide these aliments with immense care and cleanliness. Stewards were also in charge of making sure the manor was stocked and provided with household items such as bedding, furniture, and weapons. Stewards also had to consist of workers with a trade, usually, blacksmiths, cobblers, carpenters, sword-makers, and many others. Life on a Medieval manor was all about hard work and efficiency; laziness could presumptively affect income. Mission San Juan Capistrano was not run by a sole leader, but was founded by Junípero Serra. Padres and indians maintained and provided for the mission. They planted gardens all around the mission and grew squash, beans, melons, and corn. Orchards were also built and had fig, olive, and orange trees. Oranges and grapes were brought to California by the Spanish, and planted in vineyards. These grapes were used to make vats of wine. Wheat, oats, and barley were also grown around the mission. The main foods eaten were atole and pozole. They were prepared in iron kettles over a fire. Atole was a hot cereal made of ground, roasted grain, and was breakfast and dinner for the monks and indians. Pozole is a meat stew containing vegetables and served with bread or more atole for lunch. Missions ground their own grains with large stones. Olive oil was one of the most important products for Mission San Juan Capistrano. Olives were gathered and crushed up by a mule attached to a millstone. The crushed up olives were retrieved and placed into sacks. The sacks were then placed in an olive press which squeezed out the oil, so it could be used. Missions also made their own candles out of cattle fat. Candles and sunlight were the only available light sources for the mission. Cattle fat was also used to produce soap. Spanish Missions in California were very self-sufficient and independent. Medieval manors and Spanish missions of California were run very differently. Medieval manors had a lord, whereas missions were run by a group of monks and indians. Medieval manors grew a wider variety of crops than missions, but manors and missions were both extremely self-sustaining. The Medieval manors not only provided for themselves, but produced enough food to sell as well. California missions mostly produced for themselves, but often times traded. Medieval manors were mostly run by stewards, but the lord was the one who actually indulged in the benefits of a manor. Missions were run by monks and indians, and they provided for themselves and operated the mission themselves. Medieval manors and Spanish missions of California seem dissimilar, but the main ideas of them were tantamount to each other. Economic activities were the essential support for the Medieval manors and California missions. Producing crops was an important resource which made meals easier to come by. Although manors and missions were operated in different styles, the main focus was independence and self-sufficiency. They acquired these traits through efficiency and toil, which led to a successful lifestyle.