The Influence If Dietary Dried Spinosum Seaweed Supplementation on Live Performance and Carcass Yield of Broiler Chickens
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM: Rationale and Background
Background of the Study Chickens play an important role in science, recreation, conservation, and agriculture. They are economically significant because of their value as research models, as pets and hobby animals and, of course, for their important role in food production.
Chickens are very delicate and need special care in order to survive, grow, and become productive adults. Thinking about what chicks need before they arrive will help ensure a healthy flock of chickens. Chicks need a clean environment that protect them from drafts and keep them at the proper temperature. Their environment must provide them with constant access to food and water, and it should have proper flooring material, and be located in a safe place away from predators.
Poultry animals are raised for home use or for profit, especially on a farm. The rearing of poultry and livestock solely as food is costly, because animals are positioned high in the food chain, meaning, that large amounts of energy have been lost en route; more simply, there are more calories in the fodder used to provide meat than in the meat itself.
Chickens need different types of feeds at different stages of their growing period. Each different feed provides different levels of nutrients, protein and energy levels which the bird needs at different stages of their life. As the intake of feeds increase, there is also corresponding increase in intake of food supplement. The amount of food supplements intake varies according to the different stages of a growing chicken. These supplements contain protein, calcium, iron, phosphorus and others which are needed by leaving organisms for metabolism and growth. The elements mentioned are found in Euchema denticulatum (N.L. Burman) which is also called, Spinosum.
Euchema denticulatum has been used as a source of food, used in industrial applications, food process aids, personal care, and well being (Bensky D and Barolet R, Chinese Herbal Medicine: Formulas and Strategies, 1990 rev. ed., Eastland Press, Seattle, WA.). Locally, Euchema denticulatum is called “Guso” and can be easily found in the coastline areas of the Philippines.
Statement of the Problem The study aimed to determine whether dietary dried Spinosum seaweed supplementation could increase the growth rate and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Specifically, it attempted to answer the following questions: 1. Was there a significant difference on the growth rate in grams of broiler chickens between the broiler ration with dietary dry milled Spinosum seaweed supplementation and the plain broiler ration? 2. Was there a significant difference on the carcass yield between broiler chickens treated with broiler ration with dietary dry milled Spinosum seaweed supplementation and the plain broiler ration?
Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework
Effect:
Live Performance * Body weight * Feed : gain ratio
Carcass Yield
Treatment: * Plain commercial broiler feeds plus 100.0 g per kg dried Spinosum seaweeds
* Plain commercial broiler feeds
Figure 1.1. Paradigm of the Independent Variables and Dependent Variables
Assumptions: The following assumptions served as the bases of this study: 1. The broiler chickens used as subjects were apparently healthy. 2. Fourteen (14) broiler chicks were exposed to the same environmental conditions. 3. The preparation method of the Spinosum seaweeds used was enough to cause an effect.
Hypotheses: Based on the prior research problem, the following hypotheses were put forward: 1. There was no significant difference on the live performance in grams between broilers treated with broiler feed ration with dietary dried Spinosum seaweed supplementation and the plain broiler ration. 2. There was no significant difference on the carcass yield between broilers treated with broiler ration with dietary dried Spinosum seaweed supplementation and the plain broiler ration.
Significance of the Study As one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, there are more chickens in the world than any other species of birds. Humans keep chickens primarily as a source of food, consuming both their meat and their eggs. Because of its relatively low cost, chickens are one of the most used meats in the world (Berri). However, studies show that there are more calories in the fodder used to provide meat than in the meat itself. Through this study of evaluating the live performance and carcass yield on broiler chickens fed with dietary dried Spinosum seaweed supplementation as an alternative feed, people will be surely ensured of the efficacy of the alternative feed. Moreover, people will be able to save money through using available resources that is cheap, though at least the same or better quality of commercial feeds. The outcome of the study could be a breakthrough in the field of animal nutrition in searching for alternative feed resource. This study is in support of chicken farms in their endeavor to find quality alternative feed, specifically, protein rich feed.
Because of this, the researcher evolved an idea of determining the influence of dietary dried Spinosum seaweed supplementation on live performance and on the carcass yield. Since Spinosum seaweeds are found everywhere and can be obtained at a little or no cost, their inclusion in diets of animals by farmers will significantly reduce the costs of production. This would enable the common people, especially farmers, to initiate and maximize resources which are cheap and abundant in the surroundings. Furthermore, this would also yield new information on the use of
Euchema denticulatum seaweeds as growth enhancer.
Scope and Limitations of the Study The study was conducted at the researcher’s residence at San
Vicente, Baclayon, Bohol. It was focused on the influence of dietary dried Spinosum seaweed supplementation on the live performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. The study was only limited on Spinosum seaweeds and would not consider any other type of Euchema seaweeds. Only two treatments were considered in this study namely: Group
A received the broiler ration with 10% dietary dried Spinosum seaweed. Group B, serving as the control group, received the plain broiler ration. The animals were weighed at one week interval to determine the growth rate. On day forty-two (42), birds were individually weighed and starved for twelve (12) hours in order to empty their crops and were slaughtered. The technical expertise of a veterinarian was sought in dealing with the animal welfare. Preliminary research and guidelines were done in the Office of the Provincial Veterinarian. The experiment lasted for six weeks that included the two-week acclimatization period.
Definition of Terms The terms used in this study are defined below: Broiler chickens. This refers to all young chickens reared for
meat purpose. They usually weigh more than a kilo at 6 to 8 weeks
(Damerow, 1995).
Carcass. This means the body of any slaughtered animals after bleeding and dressing. Carcass Yield. This refers to the proportion of the animal’s live weight salvaged at carcass point; the weight of the carcass after the removal of the entrails (Elsevier, 2007). Dressed weight. This refers to the weight of the carcass before
the removal of the entrails.
Dietary supplement. This is also known as food supplement or
nutritional supplement and it is a preparation intended to supplement
the diet, and to provide nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, fiber,
fatty acids, or amino acids, that may be missing or may not be
consumed in sufficient quantities in a person’s diet. Some countries
define dietary supplement as foods, while others, they are defined as
drugs or natural health products.
Dried. This means to free from moisture or excess moisture; not
anymore containing or yielding water or other liquid.
Dry milled Spinosum seaweeds. These are collected Spinosum
seaweeds that were washed, drained and milled by a meat grinder then
were sun dried for three (3) to four (4) days and were pounded to
convert into mash form. Effect. This is to bring or produce a result. It is something
brought about by a cause or to bring about.
Entrails. These are edible organs of broilers that include the
gizzard and liver.
Feed. This refers to any materials or substances ingested,
absorbed and metabolized by the animal’s body.
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). This is also called as Feed
Conversion Efficiency (FCE). It is the ability of livestock to turn
feed mass into body mass. A chicken's feed conversion ratio is 2:1, so
by consuming 2 pounds of feed, such as corn, the chicken's body weight
increases 1 pound. (Zhou, T.X. et al., 2009)
Growth. It is an increase in size or mass; development or maturity of the chicken. Growth Rate. This refers to the rate of gaining weight (in terms of grams) of the chicks. Influence. This means to affect the nature, development or condition; the action or process of producing effects. Live Performance. This refers to the growth rate or body weight gain. Mass. It is the amount of matter present in the chicks. Milled. This is the process of grinding, to pulverizing or breaking down into smaller particles in a mill or meat-grinder. Poultry. These are domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of producing eggs, meat and/or feathers. Proteins. These are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, which are arranged as strands of amino acids.
They play an essential role in the cellular maintenance, growth and functioning of the human body. Serving as the basic structural molecule of all the tissues in the body, protein makes up nearly 17% of the total body weight. Seaweeds. These are plants (algae) that are generally aquatic, and grow in bodies of salt water or freshwater. They are sometimes called "sea vegetables." They extend from the uppermost reaches of sea spray on the shore to the lower limits of light beneath the surface of the water. They fringe all ocean coastlines, with few species found below 30-40 m depth. Seaweeds are most abundant in lower intertidal and shallower sub tidal zones. Spinosum Seaweeds. This is a cartilaginous, crimson to purplish red; green and brown algae, 20-60 mm long. The main axes are distinctly flattened, often narrower at base; the ultimate branches are short, often opposite each other, spine-like. Supplementation. It is something added to complete a thing, make up for a deficiency, or extend or strengthen the whole.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Broiler chicken. This is a type of chicken raised specifically for meat production. Modern commercial broilers, typically known as
Cornish crosses or Cornish-Rocks are specially bred for large scale, efficient meat production and grow much faster than egg or traditional dual purpose breeds. They are noted for having very fast growth rates, a high feed conversion ratio, and low levels of activity. Forrest et al., (1975) reported that protein is the principal constituent of muscle and organs and other soft tissues and it’s the animal food throughout each life for the growth and maintenance of the tissue. The minimum requirement of chickens for protein is 23%, calcium 0.9% and phosphorus 0.5%. The main nutrient requirements of broiler chicken are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Euchema denticulatum. This is commercially named as “Spinosum” and is locally known as “guso” here in Bohol. Spinosum is commercially cultivated on a substantial, continuous basis in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia (Sabah) and Tanzania. As they grow under the sea, Spinosum contain extraordinary amounts of minerals, which are found in the sea. In some species, the mineral content is so high that it's 36% of its dry mass. Some of the most common minerals include cobalt, nickel, boron, manganese, fluoride, molybdenum, selenium, copper, zinc, iron, iodine, phosphorous, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium. Hervey (2001) in his research about Spinosum seaweeds and their effects on the human says shows that, the body can adapt easily even if the iodine intake is high. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormone which in turn helps in the proper growth and development of the body. If the amount of iodine in the body is less than required, the body would show stunted growth. As the land plants produce very low levels of iodine it is recommended to have dried seaweeds to increase the iodine content in the body. However, make sure that you don't consume it in large quantities at a time or else it may be harmful. Many a time, iodine is mixed with table salt so as to ensure enough levels are maintained. Apart from iodine, dried Spinosum seaweed is also rich in calcium, but compared to the iodine content, the calcium content is not that high. Usually the calcium content is about 4 to 7% of dry mass. At around 7% a gram gives at least 70 mg of calcium. This is still higher compared to other food items rich in calcium, but of course, lower than milk based food items.
Dried Spinosum seaweed also contain high amounts of protein, but it varies as per species. In some species, it is only 5 to 11% of dried mass while in others 30 to 40%, but still higher than most protein rich foods. Vitamins constitute another essential part of seaweeds. They are a rich source of carotenes and many a time, is used as a dietary supplement. Vitamin A content ranges from about 20 to 170 parts per million. Moreover it is also rich in vitamin C and its content ranges from 500 to 3000 parts per million. Some of the other vitamins include vitamin B12, a vitamin which is found in very less amounts in land plants. (F.S.Collins et al., 2001). Growth Enhancer/Growth Promotant. When looking for food gain weight, one should check the protein count. Protein is the building block for muscle making and is a vital element to the weight gain diet. When one exercises, muscle protein is broken down and therefore one must make sure to provide the body with plenty of protein to help repair cells and rebuild muscles. Protein is also important for growth and development during childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy (Escott-Stump, 2008). Proteins. Proteins are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, which are arranged as strands of amino acids.
They play an essential role in the cellular maintenance, growth and functioning of the human body. Serving as the basic structural molecule of all the tissues in the body, protein makes up nearly 17% of the total body weight. To understand protein’s role and function in the human body, it is important to understand its basic structure and composition. Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of protein. Long chains of amino acids, called polypeptides, make up the multi- component, large complexes ofprotein. The arrangement of amino acids along the chain determines the structure and chemical properties of the protein. Amino acids consist of the following elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes, sulfur.
How to Calculate Live Performance or Growth Rate or Percent Change. A percent growth rate (or sometimes referred to as percent change, growth rate, or rate of change) is a useful indicator to look at how much a population is growing or declining in a particular area. It is also useful when comparing the growth or decline of populations in two different areas or regions. But percent growth rate can be used in other studies besides population (such as employment, unemployment, economic factors, etc.). Any number from one time and any number from another time can be put into the calculation to determine growth rate. The rate of change (percent change, growth rate, live performance) from one period to another is calculated as follows: Percent Change = (value at end of period – value at beginning of period)/ value at beginning of period * 100
How to Calculate Dressing Percentage. This is the percentage of the live animal that ends up as carcass. Dressing Percentage= weight after slaughter/weight before slaughter * 100
How to Calculate Carcass Cutting Yield. This is the percentage of the carcass that ends up as meat. CCY= Pounds of Meat/ Carcass Yield * 100
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Materials Dry milled Spinosum Seaweeds Broiler Feeds Fourteen (14) two-week old chicks Water
Equipment Incandescent light bulbs (15 watts) Two (2) bamboo cages Six (6) feeding troughs Two (2) plastic watering troughs Weighing scales
Procedure
A.) Before the chicks were purchased The brooder houses were cleaned and disinfected. This was completed days before the chicks were purchased so that the houses had ample time to dry. Electric lights were installed to the two cages to provide constant light and heat needed by the broiler chicks. B.) Sourcing and Grouping of Experimental Birds
Fourteen (14) one-day old chicks were purchased from a local agrivet supply. All chicks were placed in one brooder pen for seven days. The fourteen (14) day-old, chicks were given a standard chick starter diet. At 14 days of age, birds were randomly divided into two groups equal in number and were then distributed in two (2) floor pens with a dimension of 8 ft. by 3ft., each pen having 7 chicks. The 14 day old chicks were then individually weighed to the nearest gram. C.) Preparation of dried Spinosum seaweed Red or Brown or Green Spinosum seaweeds were collected freshly from the coastline area of Baclayon. Seaweeds were washed several times using tap water in order to get rid of associated salt and sand.
The test materials were milled using a meat grinder and were sun dried for 3-4 days and kept in bags until being used in the preparation of the experimental diets. D.) Dietary Regimens Dietary regimens were as follows: Group A birds received dried
Spinosum seaweeds from aged 14 day to 42 days in starter and grower diets or all throughout the study, Group B birds did not receive dried
Spinosum seaweeds in starter or grower diets from aged 14 day to 42 day. The dried seaweeds were added to the diet at 100.0 g per kg or
10% inclusion. Water and feed were provided ad libitum and lighting is continuous. E.) Effectiveness Test
Live Performance Determination Chicks were individually weighed upon arrival and after the initiation of the experiment, body weight was recorded on a pen basis at one week interval and at the age of 43, after a 12-hour feed withdrawal. Data Collection and Sampling
At the end of each phase, feed intake (FI) and BW gain (BWG) were recorded on a per-replicate basis, and feed conversion ratio FCR(feed intake/ weight gain) was calculated.
Carcass Yield Evaluation On day forty-two (42), birds from each pen were weighed and were starved of feed for 12 hours in order to empty their crops and to reduce the gastrointestinal contents, and consequently, fecal contamination of the carcass during transport and evisceration. Ten
(10) to twelve (12) h of FW is sufficient to minimize carcass contamination and yield loss. Ten hours have been suggested as the minimum time to empty the broilers’ gastrointestinal contents. Weight loss by the birds during the period between FW and processing is referred to as live shrink or shrinkage. After broilers have been without feed for more than ten (10) h, they begin to draw moisture and nutrients from their own body tissues, and this weight loss may then affect edible yield. After having been starved for twelve (12) hours, the birds were exsanguinated, defeathered and dressed. Before the birds were eviscerated, they were weighed individually to get their carcass weight. After weighing, they were eviscerated, then, once again were weighed, to get their carcass yield. Each bird’s carcass cut-up parts and internal organs were separately weighed and expressed as a percentage of carcass yield. Statistical Treatment Results were presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation. Statistical analyses were carried out using student ‘t’ test. T-test The T-test is a statistical test for small samples. It is a test of whether a sample of observations comes from a larger sample with a standard distribution of statistical properties. It shows the significances of the differences between two variables. Data obtained from the conduction of the experiment and the evaluation of the carcass yield of the set-ups. Analysis and interpretation of the data, and later the basis of the interpretations, were done through the use of the T-test, the formula of which is:
tc = x1 - x2 vr 1n1+ vr 2n2 where: tc = T-value x1 = Mean of the first group x2 = Mean of the second group n1 = Population of the first group n2 = Population of the second group vr1 = Variance of the first group vr2 = Variance of the second group
If |Computed t stat| > |Tabulated t value| = statistically significant change/ denotes significant difference (Reject Null
Hypothesis).
If |Computed t stat| < |Tabulated t value| = statistically insignificant change / denotes no significant difference (Accept Null Hypothesis).
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
RESULTS A. Effect of Dietary Dried Spinosum Seaweed Supplementation on Live Performance
Table 4.1. Performance characteristics of broiler chickens fed with
Dried Spinosum Seaweed at 10% inclusion rate
Group | | Initial Weight (in grams) | 1st week | 2nd week | 3rd week | 4th week | Mean Difference (weight gain in grams) | Growth RATE (%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A | A.1 | 190 | 530 | 936 | 1640 | 1760 | | | | A.2 | 230 | 490 | 1130 | 1730 | 1760 | | | | A.3 | 240 | 470 | 1150 | 1500 | 1765 | | | | A.4 | 130 | 450 | 1020 | 1730 | 1780 | 1474.29 | 70.93% | | A.5 | 200 | 510 | 1090 | 1450 | 1560 | | | | A.6 | 225 | 460 | 1100 | 1550 | 1500 | | | | A.7 | 240 | 450 | 1050 | 1720 | 1650 | | | Mean | | 207.86 | 480 | 1068 | 1617.14 | 1682.14 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B | B.1 | 220 | 650 | 1000 | 1440 | 1400 | | | | B.2 | 280 | 600 | 860 | 1420 | 1450 | | | | B.3 | 260 | 520 | 930 | 1350 | 1400 | | | | B.4 | 230 | 570 | 940 | 1480 | 1510 | 1230 | 47.31% | | B.5 | 300 | 600 | 880 | 1510 | 1520 | | | | B.6 | 270 | 540 | 960 | 1200 | 1530 | | | | B.7 | 260 | 510 | 940 | 1360 | 1620 | | | Mean | | 260 | 570 | 930 | 1394.29 | 1490 | | | In a span of a four (4) week period of observation, all weights of experimental chickens increased. There were marked variations on growth rates between dried Spinosum seaweed fed group and the Control group. As shown in Table 4.1, the 10% dietary inclusion rate of dried
Spinosum seaweed revealed significant (p<0.05) higher growth rate as compared to the control group. The mean difference of group A and group B were 1474.29 (70.93%)grams and 1230 (47.31%)grams.
Figure 4.1. Effect of dried Spinosum Seaweed on growth rate in grams of experimental groups pre and post treatment period.
The influence of dietary dried Spinosum seaweed inclusion on the chicken’s live performance is shown in Table 4.1 and can be appreciated by graphical presentation in Figure 4.1
Table 4.2. Statistical Analysis on the Live Performance of Group A on Pre-treatment and Post-treatment: significant change
| Pre-treatment | Post-treatment | | | | Mean | 207.86 | 1682.14 | Standard Deviation | 18.55 | 53.64 | Variance | 344.10 | 2877.25 | Observations | 56 | 56 | Df | 54 | 54 | Level of Significance | 0.05 | | Computed t Stat | 137.40 | | Tabulated t value | 1.6725 | |
Table 4.2, it shows that Group A, which received the broiler ration with 10% dietary dried Spinosum seaweed, showed significant change between the pre-treatment and post-treatment results since the computed t Stat value (137.40) was greater than the tabulated t value
(1.6725).
Table 4.3. Statistical Analysis on the Live Performance of Group B on Pre-treatment and Post-treatment: significant change | Pre-treatment | Post-treatment | | | | Mean | 260 | 1490 | Standard Deviation | 13.05 | 37.32 | Variance | 170.30 | 1392.78 | Df | 54 | 54 | Level of Significance | 0.05 | | Computed t Stat | 164.62 | | Tabulated t value | 1.6725 | |
Table 4.3 shows that Group B, which received the broiler ration with 0% dietary dried Spinosum seaweed, showed significant change between the pre-treatment and post-treatment results since the computed t Stat value (164.62) was greater than the tabulated t value
(1.6725).
Table 4.4 Statistical Analysis on the Mean of the Live Performance between Group A and Group B:
| Variable A | Variable B | | | | Mean | 1011.03 | 928.86 | Standard Deviation | 254.45 | 202.54 | Variance | 64744.80 | 14022.45 | Df | 54 | 54 | Computed t Stat | 1.34 | | Tabulater t value | 1.6725 | | As shown in Table 4.4, there was no significant difference between the Experimental group and the Control group since computed t stat value (1.34) was lesser than the tabulated t value (1.6725).
Table 4.5 Weekly Feed Consumption of experimental groups on a pen basis Group | 14th-21st day | 21st-28th day | 28th-35th day | 35th-42nd day | Mean | | | | | | | | | | | | | A | 4030 | 4255 | 6250 | 6400 | 5233.75 | B | 4265 | 5200 | 6350 | 6400 | 5553.75 |
As shown in Table 4.5, Group B (Control group) consumed a mean of
320 g/week, which was more than the feed consumption of Group A
(Experimental group)
Table 4.5. Effect of experimental diet on performance of broilers at different ages (on a pen basis)
Performance Parameters | Dietary Treatments | | Commercial broiler feeds plus 100.0 g per kg (10%) dried Spinosum seaweed | Plain commercial broiler feeds | Body Weight (g) | | | 21 d | 480 | 570 | 28 d | 1068 | 930 | 35 d | 1617.14 | 1394.29 | 42 d | 1682.14 | 1490 | 14-42 d | 4639.42 | 4124.29 | Weekly feed intake (g/w) | | | 14-21 d | 4030 | 4265 | 21-28 d | 4255 | 5200 | 28-35 d | 6250 | 6350 | 35-42 | 6400 | 6400 | 14-42 d | 20935 | 22215 | Feed Conversion Ratio(FCR) | | | 12-21 d | 8.40 | 7.48 | 21-28 d | 3.98 | 5.59 | 28-35 d | 3.86 | 4.55 | 35-42 d | 3.80 | 4.30 | 14-42 d | 4.51 | 5.39 |
As shown in Table 4.5, Group A which was given the commercial broiler feeds, plus 100.0 g per kg (10% inclusion) dried Spinosum seaweed, weighed heavier than chickens in the Group B which was given the plain commercial broiler feeds. The weekly feed consumption of chickens on a pen basis was also demonstrated in the table above. It indicates that the Control group had consumed more than what the Experimental group had, yet, broilers in the Group B weighed lesser than the broilers in the Group A. Feed Conversion Ratio of the broiler chickens on a pen basis was also shown in the table above. From the computation done, feed conversion ratio on Group A was smaller compared to the feed conversion ratio on Group B. This indicated that Group A had consumed less broiler ration, thus, gaining more weight, and that Group B consumed more broiler ration yet, gaining less weight.
Table 4.6. Effect of Feed Withdrawal on chickens for twelve hours
After 12 hour of feed withdrawal, the chickens’ weights have decreased. As shown in Table 4.6, from a mean of 1682g before feed withdrawal, has decreased to a mean of 1618.57g giving a mean difference of 63.43g in the Experimental Group. Meanwhile, in the
Control Group, the mean of chickens before feed withdrawal (1490g) has decreased for a mean of 50g making the mean of the chickens after 12 hour FW to 1440 g.
B. Effect of Dietary Dried Spinosum Seaweed Supplementation on Carcass Yield
Table 4.7. The Carcass Yield in grams of broilers at day forty-two (42)
Group | | Carcass Yield | | | | | | | A | A.1 | 1440 | | A.2 | 1440 | | A.3 | 1300 | | A.4 | 1360 | | A.5 | 1230 | | A.6 | 1350 | | A.7 | 1480 | Mean | | 1371.43 | Group | | Carcass Yield | B | B.1 | 1100 | | B.2 | 1202 | | B.3 | 1230.57 | | B.4 | 1140.25 | | B.5 | 1180 | | B.6 | 1160.2 | | B.7 | 1090 | Mean | | 1157.57 | After forty-two (42) days, birds from each pen were weighed.
After weighing, their feed was withdrawn for ten (10) to twelve (12) hours to minimize carcass contamination. After having been starved for twelve (12) hours, the birds from each pen were weighed again and slaughtered. As shown in Table 4.7, the commercial broiler ration plus 10% dietary dried Spinosum seaweed supplementation revealed a higher carcass yield compared to the Control group. The mean weight of carcass of group A and group B were 1371.43 and 1157.57 respectively.
Table 4.8. Statistical Analysis on the Mean of the Carcass Yield between Group A and Group B: significant difference
| Variable A | Variable B | | | | | | | Mean | 1371.43 | 1157.57 | Standard Deviation | 88.4 | 51.63 | Variance | 7814.56 | 2665.66 | Df | 54 | 54 | Level of Significance | 0.05 | | Computed t Stat | 23.45 | | Tabulated t value | 1.6725 | |
As shown in Table 4.8, there was a significant difference between the Experimental group (Group A) and Control group (Group B) since computed t stat value (23.45) was greater than the tabulated t value
(1.6725).
Table 4.9. Effect of Dietary Dried Spinosum Seaweed Supplementation on Carwass weight, Carcass yield, Cut-up parts and Internal organ weight.
The carcass yield, cut-up parts and organ weights of broilers fed with commercial broiler feeds, plus 100.0g/kg dietary dried Spinosum seaweed supplementation and plain commercial broiler feeds are shown in Table 4.9. Broiler chickens fed with plain commercial feeds had a lesser percentage (10.84%) carcass yield compare to the carcass yield of commercial broiler feeds, plus 100.0g/kg dried Spinosum seaweed (91.60%).
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSIONS The main purpose of the study was to determine the influence of dietary dried Spinosum seaweed supplementation on live performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Specifically, it attempted to answer the following questions: 1. Was there a significant difference on the growth rate (live performance) in grams of broilers between the broiler ration with dietary dry milled Spinosum seaweed supplementation and the plain broiler ration? 2. Was there a significant difference on the carcass yield between broilers treated with broiler ration with dietary dry milled Spinosum seaweed supplementation and the plain broiler ration?
For this experiment the following hypotheses were put forward: 1. There was no significant difference on the live performance in grams between broilers treated with broiler feed ration with dietary dry milled Spinosum seaweed supplementation and the plain broiler ration. 2. There was no significant difference on the carcass yield between broilers treated with broiler ration with dietary dry milled Spinosum seaweed supplementation and the plain broiler ration.
The result showed that the inclusion of dietary dried Spinosum seaweed supplementation at 10% inclusion level gives results better than to the Control (plain broiler ration) in the live performance. It could be deduced that the dose investigated had an adverse effect on carcass yield of broiler chickens. The data presented in this study show that dietary dried
Spinosum seaweed supplementation is a good feed resource for chickens and can be included in such diets with a significant adverse effect on live performance and carcass yield.
RECOMMENDATIONS The researcher would like to recommend the following:
Chemical analysis on the test ingredient should be conducted to have clear understanding on the mechanism of actions which influence growth rate and carcass yield. Different levels of inclusions should also be included in future trial, to determine the maximum dosage since it is now proven to have its positive influence on live performance and carcass yield. The smell of the dried Spinosum seaweeds should also be improved in a way that it would be appealing to the chicken’s taste. Other biochemical tests should also be considered to specifically determine the cholesterol on the experimental chicken’s meat. The study should also be conducted in other livestock/poultry other than chicken to fully maximize its benefits.
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of dietary dried Spinosum (Euchema denticulatum) Seaweed supplementation on live performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Fourteen chickens, with seven (7) in each group, were weighed individually, then treated for four weeks. Group A received the broiler ration with 10% or 100.0 g/kg dietary dried Spinosum seaweed supplementation. Group B, serving as the control group received the plain broiler ration. Initial body weights of the birds were taken on replicate basis at the start of the experiment and thereafter on weekly basis, this determined the growth rate. Mean weekly weight gain, weekly feed intake and feed to gain ratio were thus calculated from the data obtained during the starter, finisher and overall experimental period.
Carcass yield evaluation was done after the treatment. The experiment lasted for six (6) weeks including the two-week acclimatization period. The results showed that the Group A (10% inclusion) yielded a better result relative to the Group B (control group). There were marked variations in growth rates and weight of carcass obtained between the Experimental group and the Control group. The data presented in this study showed that Dietary Dried
Spinosum Seaweed Supplementation is a good feed additive for chickens.
The Influence of Dietary Dried Spinosum (Euchema denticulatum) Seaweed Supplementation on Live Performance and
Carcass Yield of Broiler Chickens
