... The person typically remembers nothing about the episode in the morning. Also known as a night terror. Enuresis: Repeated urination in clothing or in bed. ● Brain Development Motor Skills ● ● ● Gross motor skills: Physical skills that involve the large muscles. Fine motor skills: Physical skills that involve the small muscles and hand-eye coordination. Systems of action: Increasingly complex combinations of skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment. Handedness ● Handedness: Preference for using a particular hand. Artistic Development ● ● ● ● Scribble: In the first stage of children’s artistic development, the vertical and zigzag lines drawn in patterns by young children. Shapes: Circles, squares, triangles, and other figures drawn by young children in the second stage of artistic development. Designs: The stage of artistic development in which children combine shapes into more complex designs. Pictorial: The stage of artistic development in which children draw actual depictions of objects, such as houses and trees. HEALTH AND SAFETY Nutrition: Preventing Obesity Malnutrition Deaths and Accidental Injuries Health in Context: Environmental Influences Socioeconomic Status and Race/Ethnicity Homelessness Exposure to Smoking, Air Pollution, and Pesticides, and Lead COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT PIAGETIAN APPROACH: THE PREOPERATIONAL CHILD ● Preoperational stage: In Piaget’s theory, the second major stage of cognitive...
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...Associate Level Material Appendix C Brain Response of Behavior Part I Note: Parts II and III follow below, complete all three. Write a 350- to 700-word response to the following: Explain the communication process of neurons in the brain. List some common neurotransmitters and describe their effect on behavior. Through an electrochemical process, the communication of neurons takes place. Neurons processes all the information in the human body. Neurons are responsible for the transmission of communication in the brain and several parts of the nervous system. Sensory receptors interact with stimuli such as sound, light, pain and temperature which transform into a code that is then carried to the brain by a chain of neurons. When this takes place, systems of neurons within the brain interpret this information. Dendrites play the role for receiving impulses from other neurons and then transmit them to the neuron that they are in. Axons are the fiber that carries the impulses to other dendrites of other neurons.The information is carried along axons and dendrites because of changes in electrical properties which we call action potential. An action potential is initiated when a messenger attaches itself to a receptor. When that occurs, an electrical signal is triggered to be generated through the neuron. Once the signal reaches the end of an axon, which is at the end of a neuron, a neurotransmitter is released and the process repeats. Because of this communication...
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...complete all three. Write a 350- to 700-word response to the following: Explain the communication process of neurons in the brain. List some common neurotransmitters and describe their effect on behavior. The communication process of neurons in the brain A brain of an average human contains approximately 100 billion nerve cells or best known as neurons. Neurons perform as information transmitters and receivers to other neurons or to muscles in the body. Neurons have these tiny fibers that extend from the body of the cell and its main function is to receive incoming messages and transmit them to the main cell. Outgoing messages to other neurons and muscles or glands are carried out by a single long fiber called the axon. Axons are covered with a white fatty tissue called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath provides insulation to avoid signals from other neurons to interfere with each other and it also increases speed when signals are been transmitted. Motor neurons carry messages from the spinal cord or the brain to the muscles and glands. Al l neurons in the nervous system only speak one language ON or OFF electrochemical impulses. The communication process of neurons in the work by impulses or what it’s also called firing. When a neuron receives a message from other neurons it automatically excites the neuron or tells the neuron to fire. This term is also known as electrochemical impulse or discharge. After the neuron has fired, it returns to a resting state and remains...
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...Video Games and Youth Aggression Reuben Steele Post University Abstract Due to technology advances, video games are becoming more graphically violent these days. Maybe we ask ourselves, is this the reason our youth are becoming more violent and aggressive? Some say that it’s not the video games that cause the aggression, but more of the individual. Our youth are more susceptible to influence, and violent video games are one of the many influences that promotes aggression. Parents/guardians are allowing the youth to purchase and play the games and the distributors are selling the games to minors when there are guidelines that need to be followed. Video Games and Youth Aggression Today in age, we are facing a rising epidemic. Youth aggression (violence) is constantly on the news and radio. What is the cause of this epidemic? Some say it is the music we listen to; others say it is what we watch on TV. And movies, but lately it is something that our youth is becoming more and more active in, video games. Video game over the years has become more violent and aggressive due to the advances in technology. It has come to the point where children can become more physical with the games that are out today. What does this say about how video gaming affecting our youth’s aggression? It is saying that our youth (mainly boys ages 10- 16) are easily influenced by violent acts that are displayed in video games and that what they see is what want to imitate (Punam¨aki, R., Rimpel¨a...
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...Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Textbook: i. The Need for Psychological Science a) Did We Know It All Along? Hindsight Bias i. Hindsight bias = Something has happened makes it seem inevitable ii. Not because common sense is usually wrong, but because common sense more easily describes what has happened than what will happen b) Overconfidence iii. We tend to think we know more than we do c) The Scientific Attitude iv. Curiosity 1. Empirical approach v. Skepticism = persistently asking two questions: What do you mean? How do you know? 2. Scientific attitude: being skeptical but not cynical, open but not gullible vi. Humility = an awareness of our own vulnerability to error and an openness to surprises and new perspectives d) Critical Thinking ii. How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions? e) The Scientific Method vii. A scientific theory explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviour or events. viii. Hypotheses ix. We should be aware that it can bias subjective observations x. Operational functions = a statement of the procedures used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test xi. Replicate – repeat xii. Finally – organizepredictionsrevised...
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...Introduction Hypnotherapy has often been associated with being strange and mysterious, curing people by unknown means. In order to explain what hypnosis is, this essay will be considering both the psychological and the physiological aspects of hypnosis. It will start with a brief history of hypnosis before explaining a person’s different states of mind and how these states of mind can be measured. It will then go on to discuss the importance of relaxation as a technique in order to establish the necessary state of mind of a client for hypnosis. The client being in this state of mind can then be used to make the beneficial changes that an individual may wish to make in their thought patterns, their behaviors or their physiological state through suggestion. By discussing the psychological and physiological aspects of hypnosis, the essay will reach a conclusion of “what is hypnosis?” Psychology of Hypnosis Historically, hypnosis could not be explained, it seemed that people were being cured by unknown means. Mesmer in the1770s believed that these unexplained cures were down to the laws of magnetism, placing magnets on patient’s bodies or filling tubs with water and iron rods that induced convulsions during his therapy. He believed that the convulsions released a block that a patient had in their fluid flow. Mesmer’s therapy, known as mesmerism, was observed by the Marquis de Puysegur who witnessed that the patients were falling asleep and that he could talk to them...
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...used definition is that aging is the total of all changes an organism undergoes from its conception to its death, including development, maturation and adulthood. There are many theories about how our bodies and minds change as we age, but no matter how much research or theories have been formed, one thing remains true is that our bodies and minds does, and will, change with age and one thing can be agree upon is that the end results in all these studies is that the body and minds does go through many changes during our life time. Since the life span varies between and within species and human longevity is partially hereditary, it is clear that genetic factors, the biology of the brain, and our culture effect the function of the brain and influence the aging process ( Johnson 1993, Schacter et al. 1993, Vijg et al. 1995). Twin studies show that genetic differences account for about a quarter of the variance in adult human lifespan. While a great deal of research has focused on diseases of aging, there are only a few informative studies on the molecular biology of the aging brain. Many molecular changes are due in part to a reduction in the size of the brain, as well as loss of brain plasticity, Recent genome-wide studies demonstrate that a relatively small number of genes exhibit age-dependent gene expression changes. Studies in rodent, monkey, and human brains estimate the number of genes exhibiting age-dependent changes to represent less than 10%, and commonly less than 5%, of...
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...part of the nervous system. It weighs about 3 pounds (1.3 kilograms), and contains about 100 billion neurons. Bateman, J. Fremont. "The Brain and Nervous System." The New Book of Popular Science. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug.2013. Cerebrum, one of the major divisions of the brain. "Cerebrum." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug. 2013. Cerebrum The cerebrum, which comprises about 85% of the weight of the human brain, is involved in the ability to plan, to exercise creativity, and to store information in memory. On its surface is the cerebral cortex, a sheet of gray matter named for its wrinkled appearance (cortex being the Latin word for tree bark). Cerebral Cortex. Varying in thickness from about 0.06 to 0.2 inch (1.5 to 4.5 mm), the cerebral cortex not only receives and processes information regarding taste, touch, sight, sound, and smell but also governs muscle movement, thus allowing humans to analyze their surroundings and to respond to them as well. The cerebral cortex is divided into three areas, with two less structurally developed areas respectively processing emotion and smell, and the more elaborate neocortex processing all other functions. The three-layered archicortex is the emotional portion of the brain and is the simplest of the three. The three- to five-layered paleocortex is the olfactory portion of the brain. The neocortex is a more complex six-layered structure. It makes up approximately 90% of the...
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...Biological Influences Neurotransmitters are a special chemical stored in vesicles in the terminal buttons. These buttons are located at the end of the axons. The neurotransmitters are released into the tiny spaces between the neurons called synapse. They carry signals from neuron to the dendrites of the next receiving neuron. (Davis & Palladino, pg 53). The effects of this action can vary depending on the neurotransmitter type and the location of the synapse. Two different outcomes can come out of this. One effect would be the neuron that receives the neurotransmitter might transmit the message to other neurons, which is called excitation. Or, the other effect would be that the neuron receiving the neurotransmitter becomes unlikely to transmit the message to other neurons, which is referred to as inhibition. This can have different effects on the body. Neurotransmitters actually impact our moods, aggression, motor skills, memory, and our sleeping behaviors. Too much or too little of particular neurotransmitters can play havoc with a persons health, and can cause a number of common illnesses. Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter to be discovered. It was found to control the activity with in the areas of the brain that relate to learning, memory, and attention. Acetylcholine also works within the junction of various nerves and skeletal muscles. (Davis & Palladino, pg.55). The muscles in our lungs that keep us breathing would be paralyzed without acetylcholine...
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...including the ventricles 3. Describe the organization of the sensory & motor areas of the cerebral cortex, & the nature of the basal ganglia 4. Distinguish between the functions of the right & left cerebral hemispheres, and describe the significance of the limbic system 5. Identify the areas of cerebral cortex involved in speech & language 6. Describe the brain regions involved in memory and events associated with learning & language Learning Objectives 7. Describe the locations & functions of the thalamus & hypothalamus 8. Identify the structures & functions of the midbrain & hindbrain 9. Describe the structure & function of the RAS 10. Describe the sensory & motor pathways 11. Describe the structure & function of the pyramidal & extrapyramidal motor tracts 12. Identify the structures of a spinal nerve and describe the neural pathways of a reflex arc. I. Structural Organization of the Brain A. Central Nervous System 1. Composed of the brain and spinal cord a. Receives input from sensory neurons and directs activity of motor neurons that innervate muscles and glands b. Association neurons integrate sensory information and help direct the appropriate response to maintain homeostasis and respond to the environment. Central Nervous System Gyrus Sulcus Corpus callosum Cerebrum Meninges Spinal cord Central canal Tentorium cerebelli Cerebellum B. Embryonic Development 1. From the ectoderm comes a groove...
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...history and what the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis are. Further to that I will be discussing the role of relaxation in hypnotherapy, why some of us are more susceptible and how hypnosis has been used in medicine, as well as the comparisons to hypnosis today. We have all been in a hypnotic state however most do not notice it because, at the time, it seemed a natural state of mind. However, the hypnotic state is natural for all humans and many animals. Neurologists believe that the left side of the brain is where the logical control centre of the brain exists (conscious mind), and the right side of the brain controls creativity (subconscious mind)(.website ,Hynosis.me.uk, hypnosis how does it work, clinical hypnosis and memory: guidelines for clinicians and forensic hypnosis by D. Corydon Hammond) This supports the idea that under hypnosis the conscious mind takes a back seat and the sub conscious mind takes over, e.g. when you are driving yourself along a familiar road past your exit, or you suddenly became aware of yourself behind the wheel and wondered where you were going. Everything we learn is stored in our subconscious. Because we have already learned to drive, our driving skill is stored in our subconscious (p11 hypnosis for change by Hadley and Staudacher) and our conscious mind drifts off, allowing our subconscious to become more active. When your attention is needed to avoid something in the road, your conscious mind comes back into play again....
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... |about 30lbs to meet the US standards weight. |-Object recognition. |-Infants start to become independent, granted a secure bond| | |-A child’s height increases a foot by 2, should be ½ their |-The process of information. |has formed. | | |adult height, age 2, A child’s height should be between 32-36 |-Objects in movement become interesting. |-If no bond is formed then avoidant, resistance behavior | | |inches |-Memory is still a little weak, but with help memory gets |has begun and will hinder learning. | | |-The child brain will becomes larger and begins to send...
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...response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment * Independent Variable * Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter * Psychiatrist * Medical Doctor * Can prescribe medication * Psychologist * Professional with an academic degree & specialized training in one or more areas of psychology * Cannot prescribe medications (except in 2 states) * Psychiatrist Social Worker * A social worker with training in therapy methods who focuses on environmental conditions that have an impact on mental disorders * Cannot prescribe medication * Placebo Effect * Phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study influence behavior * Think they are given a real pill so they say they feel the symptoms of the pill Chapter 2 * Central Nervous System * Communicates with the body through peripheral nervous system * Brain & Spinal Cord * Peripheral Nervous System * Transmits information to and from the central nervous system * Autonomic Nervous System * Automatically regulates glands, internal organs...
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...Physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of an individual at each life stage Physical development Conception to Birth | By the first two weeks, the embryo has attached itself to the uterine wall, the baby’s body starts to develop, the head and trunk appear, followed by tiny arms and buds. Also around 25 days baby’s heart will start beating, the by 30 days the baby will be about a quarter of an inch long, have a brain, eyes, ears, mouth, kidneys, liver and baby’s heart will be pumping blood that he created himself. In the second month the embryo drastically increases in size from 5mm to 40mm, figures and toes start to grow, by the seventh week baby has its own fingerprint, also eyes and ears start to appear, baby will start to move around nearing the eight week. In the third, four and fifth months the baby will be able to feel pain, baby kicks and has a strong grip. Also around that time baby’s hair, eyelashes and eyebrows start to grow as well as baby should by now have open eyes. In the end months before baby is born, baby is able to suck his thumb. The baby will be most active when the mother lays own at night, fatal activity will be affected by now the mother is feeling. | Infancy(0-3) | Reflex develop for survival, for example babies automatically sauce when presented with a nipple. When a mother speaks the child’s heal will automatically turn towards their parent voice. Skills like: blinking, grasping, stepping, sucking and more develop. Rapid growth...
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...Gabriel Test 1 Study Guide (Topics and Concepts) for Chapter 1 and 2: Chapter 1 * Define psychology Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes * Identify and explain psychology’s four primary goals.description, explanation, prediction, influence * Understand the meaning of a theory a theory organizes facts systematically and guides scientific reaserach * **Compare and contrast basic and applied research Basic research is to seek new knowledge and expore and advance scientific understanding. Applied research is to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life * Compare and contrast naturalistic and laboratory observations, case studies and survey research, including their advantages and limitations. Naturalistic Observation – where reasearchers observe behavior in its natural setting without attempting to influence or control it. It allows study of behavior in normal settings but you have to wait for things to happen and observer bias distrots observations. Laboratory Observation- Studying behavior in a labortatory, Reasearchers have more control and use morepresise equipment to measure responses but they lose sontaneirt that occurs when behaviours take place in a more natural setting Case study – an in depth study of one or a few participants consisting of info gathered through observations, interviews and psychological testing. Good for studying people who have uncommon psychological or physiological disorders or brain...
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