Dimensions of Latino Experience In the United States there are foreign and domestic born Latino groups. The Latino population is growing at a high rate in the United States. There are eight different Latino groups, which are Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican, Colombian, Ecuadorian Salvadoran Peruvian and Guatemalan. In regards to the literature review on Latino experience I have gathered in the semester is that. Puerto Ricans historically have been the 2nd largest Latino population in the New York City. I know from personal knowledge that the Cubans that are domestic born are the richest among all the Hispanic groups right now in 2015. Cuban’s Latino group is at the top in regards to socio economic and educational attainment. In Latino studies and survey’s focuses on comparing socio economic conditions and cultural conditions and problems found within in each primary Latino group. Latino group on the whole still control a small portion of wealth in New York City compared to non Hispanic White, Black, and Asian city residents. The socio economic lower income levels among Latinos maybe at least partially because of lower education attainment compared with Asian, Black and non Hispanic whites. Approximately two thirds of New York City Latinos over the age of 25 reported having no college education, which is higher than Asian, Black and non Hispanic. Puerto Ricans are also the only national group in the Latino population where the majority of respondents were born in the United States. For all other national groups being Latino generally also means being an immigrant. (Howard Caro-Lopez center for Latin American, Caribbean and Latino studies). In addition, in comparing poverty within the Latino groups. Puerto Ricans is facing a major economic crisis it has been characterized as being largely poor and part of the urban underclass in the United States. Studies and reports over the last forty years or so have documented the high poverty status of this community. However at the start of the 21st century also reveals significant socioeconomic progress and a community with a growing economic clot .The Economic status of Dominican in New York City, Dominican in the small business sector, in particular the bodega and supermarket and taxied and black car industries. In the past three decades they have made a substantial mark on New York neighborhoods and the city political economy. Dominican is in a higher bracket than Puerto Rican. The Mexican there considered number one according to the data collection. Both of these groups are more established than Puerto Ricans. The Dominican has improved since the early 1990. Their country is also doing better than Puerto Rico. The number of Mexican’s has been increasing dramatically due to Mexican immigration in the late 20th century. Mexican immigrants are vital to United States economy; large presents Mexican immigrants have historically contributed the most economies in California, Nevada, Arizona and Texas. They contribute the most to the agricultural sector, construction and accommodation and food services. Hispanic owned business generated $222 billion dollars on revenue. Forty five percent of these firms were owned by men and woman of Mexican background. In addtion to the social issues in the Hispanic communities over all the Puerto Rican domestic born has one of the highest incarceration and poverty rates as well as one of the lowest education attainment rate among all Hispanic groups in New York City. Puerto Rican youth are getting out performed even by newer immigrant groups, mainly Cubans, and Dominicans there are too many young Puerto Rican group incarcerated than in college. Dominican population has been the fastest growing ethnic population in New York City, in the Washington heights section of Manhattan since the 1980. Uninsured A large proportion of Hispanics with chronic conditions are uninsured. Almost one of every two (49percent) uninsured adults with chronic conditions reported forgoing needed medical care or prescription drug due to cost; one –third (34percent) reported unmet need for medical care and one of three (34 percent) reported unmet need for prescription drugs. More than one in 10(11 percent) reported unmet need for mental health service, 40 percent reported unmet need for dental care and one in four (25 percent) reported unmet need for vision care services. Hispanic adults with chronic conditions still face large out of pocket expenditures for their care. Hispanic uninsured adults with diabetes more than one in seven (15 percent) adults in the U.S. who report of having diabetes are uninsured. In addition, they face high out of pocket spending burdens. It is pretty much the same with asthma, heart disease, high cholesterol and hypertension. Source: Urban institute tabulations of 2003 national health interview Survey.
Percent of Non elderly adults with chronic conditions who lack health insurance coverage, Hispanic 35% compared to whites which is 13%. Percent of adults with chronic conditions reporting unmet need for health care in the past 12 months, overall and by uninsured status comparing only whites and Hispanic.
In the following categories:
Medical care Prescription Drugs Mental Health Care Dental Care vision Care
White 36% 36% 11% 43% 26%
Hispanic 26% 29% 10% 35% 24% Hispanics as a consumer in 2012 their purchasing power of the States Latinos totaled $85.2 billion and increase of 417.3% since 1990, according to the Selig Center for economic Growth at the University of Georgia. The States’ 193 183 Latino-owned businesses had sales and receipts of $ 18.2 billion and employed 86,329 people in 2007, according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s Survey of Business owners. Hispanic immigrants are responsible for $229 billion in economic output in the state, or 22.4% of the New York State gross domestic product (GDP) as of 2006, according to a study by the Fiscal Policy Institute.
Hispanic immigrants accounted for 28% of total economic output in the New York metropolitan area as of 2007, according to the Fiscal Policy Institute.
Latino Education Enrollment and Attainment levels in New York City. Domestic & Foreign Born Latino populations. By Nationality in New York City Metropolitan area, 2005.
Total population Enrolled Percentage 18-24 years of age Cuban 2192 806 36.8%
Colombian 9308 3353 36.8%
Peruvian 2744 950 34.6%
Dominican 52,087 14,467 27.8%
Ecuadorian 14,313 3197 22.3%
Puerto Rican 84,596 18,398 21.7%
Guatemalan 2378 499 21.0%
Mexican 35,775 2929 8.2%
Data on enrollment among Latino nationalities shows that Cubans (36.8%0, Colombians (36%), and Peruvians (34.6%), show significantly higher proportional enrollments than older, more established groups, such as Puerto Ricans (21.7%) and Dominican (27.8%). Mexicans constitute the third largest Latino population between 18 and 24 years of age of these nationalities, enrollment for this group is at the lowest percentage at 8.2% Cuban Latino population between 25-34 years of age attainment of Bachelor’s Degree is the highest among the other Latinos.
Percent below the Poverty level for specific Metropolitan areas of New York State, 2000 US Census.
NY State NYC Syracuse Nassau County
Puerto Ricans 31,800 30.000 25.000 68,300
Mexican 40,000 38,900 35,200 57,000
Cubans 48,000 44,000 27,910 88,300
Dominicans 32,600 32,000 10,390 55,100
Central South Americans 45,900 42,200 43,340 61,300
Culture
Puerto Rico the strongest influences come from the Taino Indians, Spain and Africa. Indeed over the centuries these cultures have left countless customs and traditions. The names of various town and villages, food, objects and domestic utensils all come from the Taino Indians. Today, objects such as the famous hammocks that they used to sleep in can still be seen in many Puerto Rican homes. The principal legacy passed on to us by the Spanish was Catholicism and Spanish language, the drum and the maraca. In addition when it comes to and literature, Puerto Rico has been a rich breeding ground for many outstanding writers and artiest including Julia de Burgos, Eugenio Maria de Hostos, Jose Gautier Bentiez, Jose Campeche and Francisco Oller. They are known throughout the world for their poetry. Puerto Rico is also famed for its music, its cultural and folk roots lie ‘bombia’, ‘plena’, ‘Trova’ and jibara’ rhythms. The island also boasts world-famous salsa, meringue, reggae ton and pop artist, such as Ricky Martin, Mark Anthony, Luis Fonsi, Chayanne, Victor Manual, Olga Tanon, Daddy Yankee, all of whom are proud of their Puerto Rican origins. Traditions at Christmas a traditional parrandas Puerto Rico’s version of carol singing this tradition tends to take place in the early hours of the morning in order to surprise the unsuspecting family members who are normally fast asleep. In addition to their love for Christmas traditions, Puerto Ricans also celebrate the night of Aait John (the Bapitist), where crowds of people flock to the beaches around the island to jump backwards into the sea seven times. They believe that this ritual rids them of their bad luck. Essentially it’s a kind of bapitism, accompanied by music, dancing, eating and drinking.
Dominican Society & Culture
Dominican Family Values, the family forms the basis of stability. The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the extended family, which generally encompasses three generations. Loyalty to the family comes before any other social relationship, even business. Nepotism is considered a good thing, since it implies employing people one knows and trust, which is of primary importance. The oldest male in the extended family makes decisions affecting the balances of the family. Dominican Hospitality - pride themselves on their hospitality. When someone visits, Dominicans go out of their way to make guests feel welcome and comfortable house guest are treated royally and Dominicans attempt to cater to their every desire. Class in the Dominican Republic determines social stratification. The upper classes are descended from the European settlers and have lighter skin than the lower classes that are darker skinned and descended from African slaves or Haitians. The middle class is comprised of mulattoes who are fixed African and European ancestry and form the majority of the population. Social class determines access to power and position, although in the large cities, the lines of democracy often blur slightly. Status is defined more by family background than by absolute wealth. The culture of Mexican put a high value on hierarchy and structure in business and family matters. Families are typically large and Mexicans are very conscious of their responsibilities to immediate family members and extended family such as cousins and even close friends. Hosting parties at their homes plays a large part of Mexican life and making visitors feel comfortable is a large part of Mexican life and making visitors feel comfortable is a large part of the values and customs of the country. Mexican art and literature, clay potter, embroidered cotton garments, wool shawls and outer garments with angular designs, colorful baskets and rugs are some of the common items associated with Mexican folk art. The Mariachi style of folk music, it involves a group of musicians playing violins, guitars, bass’s vihuelas and trumpets and wearing silver studded charro suits and elaborated hats.”LA CUCARACHA is a well known Mariachi staple. Two of Mexico most famous artists are Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. Their paintings include vibrant colors and depictions of life in Mexico. Holidays and celebrations The feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe, which is celebrated on Dec12, is a major Mexican holiday celebrating the appearance of the Virgin Mary to an Indian man in the first years of Spanish rule. She is the patron saint of the country. The day of the Dead, celebrated on Nov, 2 is a day set aside to remember and honor those who have died. To conclude in regards to the literature and studies of the social culture of Latino, I have learned the difference between all the Latino’s , in education, house hold income, the arts their know for and their belief and how they have expanded in society and their political power and what drives them as natinonality.